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^pplctons'  Classical  Scries. 


SELECTIONS 


FEOM   THE 


POEMS    OF    OVID 


WITH  NOTES  AND    VOCABULARY 


BY 

J.  L.  LINCOLN,  LL.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN   IN  BROWN  UNIVERSITY 


NEW  YORK 
D.  APPLETON   AND    COMPANY 

1,  3,  and  5  BOND  STREET 

1834 


COPYRIGIIT  BY 

D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 

18S2,  1888. 


ft 


/ 


PA!***** 


PREFACE  TO  THE  NEW  EDITION. 


In  the  preparation  of  a  new  edition  of  these  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Poems  of  Ovid,"  the  work  has  undergone 
a  careful  revision.  A  chief  result  of  the  revision  has 
been  the  insertion  of  words  in  the  Vocabulary,  which 
were  omitted  in  the  first  edition.  Corrections,  too,  have 
been  made  in  the  Vocabulary,  and  also  in  the  text  and 
the  notes.  I  hope,  therefore,  that  the  book  will  now 
be  found  to  be  a  better  one,  and  more  worthy  of  use. 
I  take  this  occasion  to  make  my  acknowledgments  to 
the  many  teachers  who  have  expressed  a  favorable  opin- 
ion of  the  work,  and  have  adopted  it  as  a  text-book.  I 
have  especially  to  express  my  sense  of  obligation  to  my 
friends  who  have  pointed  out  defects  in  the  work,  and 
have  called  my  attention  to  words  omitted  in  the  Vocabu- 
lary ;  particularly  am  I  indebted  for  such  service  to 
Professor  G.  N".  Dougherty,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools  in  Peoria,  Illinois,  and  to  my  former  pupils, 
Messrs.  William  T.  Peck,  of  the  Providence  High  School, 

Enoch   Perrine,   of  the   Peddie   Institute,    Hightstown, 
1 


ii  PREFACE  TO   THE   NEW  EDITION. 

New  Jersey,  William  C.  Joslin,  of  Belleville,  New  York, 
and  James  P.  Kelley,  of  the  Connecticut  Literary  Insti- 
tution, Suffield.  I  shall  be  thankful  to  any  teachers, 
who  may  use  the  book  with  their  classes,  for  suggestions 
or  criticisms,  which  may  help  to  make  the  work  a  more 
useful  one  in  the  study  of  Latin,  and  of  Ovid  as   a 

Latin  poet. 

—  "  Si  quid  novisti  rectius  istis, 

Candidus  imperti." 

J.  L.  Lincoln. 

Brown  University,  August  22,  1884. 


PREFACE. 


This  selection  is  intended  as  an  introduction  to  the 
reading  of  Latin  poetry.  It  is  the  opinion  of  experienced 
teachers  (and  it  is  at  the  request  of  such  that  this  volume 
has  been  prepared)  that  the  poetry  of  Ovid  is  better  fitted 
for  the  uses  of  beginners  than  that  of  Vergil.  It  is  in 
accordance  with  such  an  opinion  that,  in  the  course  of 
Latin  study  pursued  in  the  schools  of  Europe,  and  espe- 
cially of  England  and  Germany,  the  reading  of  Ovid  pre- 
cedes the  reading  of  Vergil.  It  is  desirable  that  the 
student  become  familiar  in  Ovid,  both  by  theory  and 
practice,  with  the  structure  of  the  Latin  hexameter,  and 
with  the  peculiarities  of  poetic  Latin,  before  he  comes  to 
the  statelier  numbers  and  the  loftier  diction  of  Vergil. 
And,  certainly,  in  respect  to  the  subjects  treated  by  the 
two  poets,  it  seems  fitting  that  those  immortal  stories 
from  the  Greek  and  Eoman  mythology,  which,  largely 
through  Ovid's  charming  versions,  have  entered  as  an 
enduring  possession  into  the  literature  of  modern  times, 
should  have  an  earlier  place  in  a  course  of  Latin  study 
than  Vergil's  great  national  epic,  which  traces,  in  finished 
heroic  verse,  the  grand  fortunes  of  Rome,  its  destined 


iv  PREFACE. 

universal  dominion,  and  all  that  was  noblest  and  best  in 
its  life — political,  moral,  and  religious. 

Some  selections  from  the  "Amores,"  the  "Fasti," 
and  the  "Tristia"  have  been  added  to  those  made  from 
the  "Metamorphoses,"  not  only  on  account  of  the  inter- 
esting themes  of  which  they  treat,  but  also  for  the  sake 
of  giving  the  student  an  opportunity  of  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  Latin  elegiac  verse,  of  which,  in  Latin 
poetry,  Ovid  is  the  acknowledged  master. 

If  this  volume  should  be  found  to  contain  more  than 
can  be  conveniently  read  in  an  introductory  course  of 
Latin  poetry,  perhaps  the  following  pieces  may  be  pre- 
ferred, from  their  superior  interest,  and  from  the  superior 
illustrations  they  present  of  Ovid's  genius  and  style  : 
From  the  "Metamorphoses,"  The  Golden  Age,  Deucalion 
and  Pyrrha,  Phaethon,  Py ramus  and  Thisbe,  Arachne 
or  the  Spider's  Web,  Latona's  Eevenge,  The  Golden 
Fleece,  Philemon  and  Baucis,  Atalanta's  Eace,  Alcyone, 
and  the  Epilogue ;  and  from  the  remaining  selections, 
the  three  from  the  "Amores,"  and  especially  the  three 
from  the  "Tristia." 

The  text  of  the  selections  is  that  of  Merkel  (1873), 
with  an  occasional  variation,  in  the  "Metamorphoses," 
adopted  from  Siebelis,  or  from  Haupt.  In  preparing  the 
Notes,  the  editor  has  been  indebted  to  the  edition  of 
Siebelis,  Leipsic,  1873,  edited  by  Dr.  Fr.  Polle ;  of  Mo- 
ritz  Haupt,  Berlin,  1876,  edited  by  Dr.  Otto  Korn ;  and 
of  William  Bamsay,  1868,  edited  by  Prof.  George  G. 
Bamsay. 


PREFACE.  T 

The  grammatical  references  (II.  or  Gr.)  are  to  the 
Latin  Grammar  of  Professor  Albert  Harkness,  revised 
edition  of  1881. 

J.  L.  LINCOLN. 

Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I., 
August  22,  1882. 


THE  LIFE  OF  OVID. 


The  poetry  of  Ovid,  like  that  of  his  predecessor, 
Horace,  contains  many  incidental  notices  of  his  own  life 
and  fortunes.  One  of  his  elegiac  poems,  indeed  (Tristia, 
iv.  10),  which  is  included  in  this  collection,  is  a  brief  auto- 
biography in  verse.  We  may  thus  gather  from  the  poet's 
works  all  that  is  needful  for  the  knowledge  of  his  life. 

Publius  Ovidius  Naso  was  born  on  the  20th  of 
March,  in  the  year  43  b.  c.  The  day  he  has  himself 
marked  *  as  the  second  of  the  festival  of  the  Quinquatria, 
and  the  year  f  as  the  one  made  memorable  by  the  death 
of  both  the  consuls,  Hirtius  and  Pansa.  His  native  place 
was  Sulmo,  now  Sulmone,  a  town  among  the  moist  hills 
of  the  Peligni,  about  ninety  miles  from  Kome.  J  He  be- 
longed to  a  family  which  for  many  generations  had  held 
equestrian  rank,  a  fact  which  the  poet  has  repeatedly 
recorded  in  verse. #  His  father  lived  to  the  advanced  age 
of  ninety  ;  and  Ovid,  while  mentioning  this  fact,  ||  as  well 
as  the  death  of  his  mother, A  and  the  grief  he  felt  for  their 
loss,  yet  counted  himself  happy  that  they  did  not  live  to 
know  the  calamity  which  afterward  befell  himself.  Q  The 
poet  had  a  brother,  born  just  twelve  months  before  him, 
but  who  died  at  the  age  of  twenty,  when  he  was  giving 

*  Tristia,  iv.  10,  14.  f  Ib-  6-  X  Ib-  3>  4- 

#  Amorcs,  iii.  15,  5 ;  Tristia,  iv.  10,  7  and  8;  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  8,  17. 
|  Tristia,  iv.  10,  77  and  78.  A  Ib.  80.  Q  Ib.  81  and  82. 


viii  THE  LIFE  OF  OYID. 

promise  of  rising  to  distinction  in  public  life.*  The 
father,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  practical  Koman 
character,  early  brought  his  sons  to  Kome,  and  gave 
them  the  best  advantages  of  education,  and  especially  the 
choicest  instruction  in  law  and  eloquence,  that  thus  they 
might,  like  all  Koman  youth,  be  trained  to  the  service  of 
the  state.  To  these  Koman  pursuits  the  elder  brother 
developed  an  inborn  tendency  ;  but  the  younger,  marked 
in  his  very  nature  by  the  Muse  for  her  own,  was  even  in 
his  boyish  years  drawn  into  her  service.  Even  in  his 
declamations  in  the  rhetorical  schools,  which  he  attended 
in  compliance  with  his  father's  will,  he  betrayed  his  poetic 
instincts  ;  and,  as  we  learn  from  the  rhetorician  Seneca,  f 
his  prose  diction  had  in  it  something  of  the  rhythm  of 
verse.  He  tells  us  also  himself,  in  a  characteristic  pas- 
sage, that  when,  to  please  his  father,  he  tried  to  write 
prose,  "the  verse  came  of  its  own  accord  into  fitting 
numbers."  J 

Soon  after  assuming  the  manly  gown,  our  student- 
poet,  when  about  seventeen  years  ci  age,  entered  upon  a 
course  of  foreign  travel  and  study,  visiting  Sicily,  and 
then  the  chief  cities  of  Asia,  in  the  company  of  his  friend, 
the  poet  Macer,#  and  especially  resorting  to  Athens,  || 
and  there  quickening  his  genius x  and  increasing  his  lit- 
erary resources  by  congenial  communion  with  the  master 
spirits  of  Greek  literature,  and  especially  of  Greek  poetry. 

On  his  return  to  Kome,  in  his  twentieth  year,  he  held 
in  succession  several  of  those  humbler  offices  A  with  which 

*  Tristia,  iv.  10,  10 ;  ib.  11  and  18 ;  ib.  31  and  32. 
f  Controversiac,  ii.   11:    Meinini  mc  videre  Nasonem  deelamarc. — 
Oratio  ejus  jam  turn  nihil  aliud  poterat  videri  quam  solutum  carmen. 
X  Tristia,  iv.  10,  25  and  26.  #  Ex  Ponto,  ii.  10,  21-30. 

I  — quas  quondam  petii  studiosus,  Athenas.     Tristia,  i.  2,  11. 
A  Tristia,  iv.  10,  33 ;  ib.  ii.  93 ;  Fasti,  iv.  381 ;  Tristia,  iv.  10,  35-38. 


THE  LIFE   OF  OVID.  ix 

young  Romans  of  his  rank  were  wont  to  open  for  them- 
selves a  career  of  statesmanship.  But  he  had  no  taste 
for  either  the  labors  or  the  rewards  of  public  life  ;  it  was 
distinctly  a  case  of  Horace's  invito,  Minerva,  quite  con- 
trary to  the  native  bent  of  his  mind  ;  and  so,  never  aspir- 
ing to  the  higher  offices  which  would  have  entitled  him 
to  senatorial  rank,  he  readily  yielded  his  will  to  the  gentle 
persuasions  of  the  Muses,*  and  gave  himself  exclusively 
to  their  service  as  a  poet. 

He  was  in  just  opening  manhood,  when  he  began  to 
read  his  poetry  in  public ;  so  he  records  it  himself  in  a 
passage  in  the  Tristia  (iv.  10,  57  and  58)  : 

Carmina  cum  primum  populo  juvenilia  legi, 
Barba  resecta  mihi  bisve  semelve  fuit. 

He  soon  won  his  way  into  favor  as  a  poet,  not  only  with 
the  people,  but  also  with  all  his  brother-poets  then  living 
in  Eome,  to  most  of  whom  he  became  united  by  ties  of 
personal  as  well  as  of  literary  companionship.  These  he 
mentions  in  an  interesting  passage  in  that  poem  f  in 
which  he  tells  us  so  much  of  his  life  ;  some  of  them,  now 
unknown  except  in  such  passages  as  this,  as  Macer,  Pon- 
ticus,  Bassus  ;  but  others  of  a  world-wide  fame,  as  Horace 
and  Vergil,  and  especially  the  three  who  with  himself 
make  now,  as  they  then  made,  the  quartette  of  Roman 
elegiac  poets,  Tibullus,  Gallus,  and  Propertius  : 

Successor  fuit  hie  (Tibullus)  tibi,  Galle ;  Propertius  illi ; 
Quartus  ab  his  serie  temporis  ipse  fui. 

As  the  companion  and  friend  of  such  literary  men  as 
these,  and  also  of  the  chief  political  characters  of  the 
time,  and  sharing  with  his  brother-poets  the  favor  and 

*  Et  petere  Aoniae  suadebant  tuta  sororcs 

Otia,  judicio  semper  amata  mco. — Tristia,  iv.  10,  39  and  40. 
f  Tristia,  iv.  10,  41-56. 


x  THE  LIFE  OF  OVID. 

patronage  of  the  emperor  ;  in  possession  of  a  comfortable 
home  near  by  the  Capitol,  and  a  fortune  with  it,  which 
made  him  independent,  he  developed,  amid  all  these 
fortunate  circumstances,  a  genius  distinctively  poetic  in 
quality,  and  also  far  more  productive  than  that  of  most 
of  his  contemporaries  in  Roman  poetry.  Yet  the  fruit- 
fulness  of  production  and  the  singular  facility  which  Ovid 
had  as  a  writer,  seem  never  to  have  betrayed  him  into 
careless  composition.  On  the  contrary,  the  style  of  no 
poet  in  that  highly  cultivated  Roman  society,  unless  it 
be  that  of  Horace,  shows  the  traces  of  a  more  assiduous 
culture,  of  more  patient  toil  in  the  exercise  of  his  art, 
than  that  of  Ovid  in  all  the  various  efforts  of  his  Muse. 

In  respect  to  the  family  relations  of  Ovid,  we  learn 
from  himself  that  he  was  thrice  married  :  first,*  when 
very  young,  to  one  whom  he  describes  as  "  neither  worthy 
nor  useful,"  a  union  which  was  a  very  brief  one ;  the 
second  time  f  to  one  who  was  of  blameless  character,  from 
whom,  however,  he  was  also  soon  divorced.  His  third 
wife  was  of  the  noble  Fabian  family  ;  J  and  with  her  the 
union  seems  to  have  been  long  and  happy,  their  mutual 
affection  continuing  through  all  the  many  weary  years  of 
the  husband's  exile  from  country  and  home.  The  poet 
had  one  daughter,  the  Perilla  to  *  whom  he  wrote  one  of 
the  most  touching  of  his  Tristia  (iii.  7)  ;  she  was  twice 
married,  and  was  the  mother  of  two  children.* 

Ovid's  life  flowed  on  undisturbed  in  a  current  of 
prosperous  fortune  till  his  fifty-first  year.  Then  it  was 
that,  when  his  genius  was  mature  and  was  yielding  its 
best  fruits,  there  fell  upon  it,  as  upon  his  whole  life, 
a  sudden  blight,  in  the  order  of  the  emperor,  that  he 

*  Tristia,  iv.  10,  G9  and  70.  f  lb.  71  and  72. 
%  lb.  IS  and  74;  Ex  Ponto,  i.  2,  138;  ib.  ii.  11,  13. 

#  Tristia,  iv.  10,  75  and  76. 


THE  LIFE  OF  OVID.  xi 

should  leave  Rome  forthwith  and  for  ever,  and  go  into 
banishment  at  Tomi,  a  colony  planted  among  the  Getae, 
on  the  western  shore  of  the  Black  Sea.  This  imperial 
order  was  inexorable  and  ultimate,  and  had  to  be  in- 
stantly obeyed ;  and  the  grief  it  brought  to  the  poet  in 
parting  from  his  wife  and  daughter,  and  from  all  his 
happy  surroundings  in  the  metropolis,  is  touchingly  de- 
scribed in  one  of  his  most  characteristic  elegies.*  It  was 
not  a  formal  exile,  a  Roman  exsilium,  which  was  always 
a  result  either  of  a  judicial  sentence  or  of  a  decree  of  the 
senate  ;  it  was  a  Roman  relegation,  which  emanated  sim- 
ply from  the  emperor's  will.  Many  have  been  the  labored 
and  curious  discussions  of  ingenious  writers  touching  the 
cause  of  this  relegation ;  but  they  have  all  left  it  an  un- 
solved problem.  In  several  passages  the  poet  lays  the 
blame  of  his  misfortune  upon  his  poetry.  For  instance, 
in  the  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  13,  41,  he  i 


Carmiua  nil  prosunt;  nocuerunt  carmina  quondam: 
Primaque  tarn  miser ae  causa  fuere  fugae. 

He  refers  here  to  one  of  his  early  poems,  the  "Ars 
Amatoria,"  as  having  brought  upon  him,  by  its  immoral 
character,  the  emperor's  displeasure  ;  this  he  himself 
makes  clear  in  the  Ex  Ponto,  ii.  10,  15,  where  he  says  : 

Naso  parum  prudens,  artem  dum  tradit  amandi, 
Doctrinae  pretium  triste  magister  haoet; 

and  he  speaks  with  equal  clearness  on  this  head  in  several 
passages  f  of  the  second  book  of  the  Tristia ;  indeed,  the 
burden  of  that  book  is  an  elaborate  defense  of  that  youth- 
ful and  licentious  poem.  It  were  easy  to  believe  that 
Augustus,  who  had  sent  away  into  hopeless  exile,  for 
their  profligacy,  his  only  daughter  Julia,  and  his  daugh- 

*  Tristia,  i.  3.  f  Tristia,  ii.  211,  240,  345. 


xii  THE  LIFE  OF  OVID. 

ter's  daughter,  the  second  Julia,  would  visit  a  like  pun- 
ishment upon  a  poet  whose  writings  might  directly  min- 
ister to  such  profligacy  ;  but  apart  from  the  fact  that  this 
poem  was  published  ten  years  before  Ovid's  banishment, 
there  are  other  passages  in  the  poet's  writings  which 
clearly  show  that  there  was  another  and  probably  the  di- 
rect and  chief  cause  of  the  emperor's  severe  displeasure. 
This  cause,  of  which  the  poet  always  speaks  in  a  cau- 
tiously reticent  tone,  he  yet  insists  was  no  crime  of  his, 
but  rather  a  blameless  error.  Thus,  when  addressing  the 
manes  of  his  parents  in  Tristia,  iv.  10,  89  and  90,  he  says : 

Scite,  precor,  causam — nee  vos  mihi  fallere  fas  est — 
Err  or  em  jussae,  non  scelus,  esse  fugae. 

In  another  passage*  he  couples  this  cause  with  the 
other,  which  has  just  been  mentioned  : 

Perdiderint  cum  me  duo  crimina,  carmen  et  error, 
Alterius  facti  culpa  silenda  mihi. 

While,  however,  he  does  not  venture  to  reveal  what  this 
error  was,  lest  he  should  further  displease  the  emperor, 

Quem  nimio  plus  est  indoluisse  semel,t 

yet  he  says  distinctly  in  two  passages  J  that  it  consisted  in 
his  having  been  a  witness  of  something,  though  quite  un- 
intentionally, and  by  mere  accident,  and  that  thus  Ids 
having  had  eyes  constituted  his  only  offense.  In  the  first 
passage  his  words  are  these  : 

Cur  aliquid  vidi  ?  cur  noxia  lumina  feci  ? 

Cur  imprudenti  cognita  culpa  mihi  ? 
Inscius  Actaeon  vidit  sine  veste  Dianam : 

Praeda  fuit  canibus  non  minus  ille  suis. 

*  Tristia,  ii.  207,  208.  t  Tristia,  ii.  210. 

J  Tristia,  ii.  103-106 ;  ib.  iii.  5,  49  and  50. 


THE  LIFE  OF  OVID.  xiii 

And  in  the  other,  as  follows  : 

Inscia  quod  crimen  viderunt  lumina,  plector: 
Peccatumque  oculos  est  habuisse  meum. 

What  that  something  was  which  his  eyes  unwittingly 
saiv,  he  nowhere  reveals  ;  but  in  one  place*  he  gives  his 
readers  to  understand  that  it  was  something  of  a  deadly 
bad  quality : 

Nee  breve  nee  tutum,  quo  sint  mea,  dicere,  casu 
Lumina  fanesti  conscia  facta  radii. 

What  this  very  evil  thing  was,  it  is  of  course  impossible 
to  determine;  but  there  is  an  air  of  probability  in  the  con- 
jecture made  by  several  writers,  and  well  put  by  Professor 
William  Eamsay,  that  Ovid  "  had  become  accidentally  ac- 
quainted with  some  of  the  intrigues  of  Julia,  the  grand- 
daughter of  the  emperor,  whose  well-known  sensibility  in 
all  matters  affecting  the  honor  of  his  family  rendered  him 
unable  to  tolerate  the  presence  of  a  man  who  had  been  an 
eye-witness  to  the  infamy  of  one  of  its  members."  This 
view  is  more  friendly  to  the  self-love  of  Augustus  than  to 
his  sense  of  justice  and  right ;  but  if  he  cared  to  defend 
his  decree  of  the  poet's  banishment,  he  could  readily  de- 
fend it  by  the  consideration  of  the  immoral  influence  of 
Ovid's  "  Ars  Amatoria."  But  whatever  were  the  grounds 
on  which  the  poet  was  punished,  it  was  a  punishment 
greater  than  he  could  bear.  Imperial  power  in  its  most 
ingenious  exercise  could  hardly  have  devised  a  more  ex- 
quisite penalty  than  to  doom  to  a  dreary  existence  on  the 
bleak  shores  of  the  Euxine,  and  to  companionship  with  the 
rude  soldiers  of  a  frontier  garrison  and  with  the  yet  ruder 
barbarian  natives,  a  highly  cultivated  Roman,  who  had 
always  lived  in  the  midst  of  the  most  polished  society  of 

*  Tristia,  iii.  6,  27  and  28. 


xiv  THE  LIFE   OF '  OVID. 

the  metropolis  of  the  world,  where  all  was  congenial  to 
his  cherished  tastes  and  pursuits,  and  where  he  was  loved 
as  a  man,  and  admired  and  honored  as  a  poet.  Yet  to 
this  strange  solitude  into  which  he  was  thrust,  his  genius 
went  with  him  (as  he  writes  in  his  poem  to  his  daughter), 
to  be  his  company  and  his  joy  ;  *  over  that,  he  exclaims, 
even  Caesar  could  have  no  jurisdiction  ; 

Ingenio  tamen  ipse  mco  comitorque  fruorque : 
Caesar  in  hoc  potuit  juris  habere  nihil. 

Poetry  was  now  both  his  chief  occupation  and  his 
exceeding  great  reward,  though  his  Muse,  whom  he  grate- 
fully thanks  for  the  rest  and  solace  she  gave  him,f  now 
with  his  changed  fortune  wore  only  the  garb  of  mourn- 
ing, and  sang  in  the  tones  of  sad  elegy.  It  is  a  token  of 
the  kindliness  of  his  nature,  and  of  his  intellectual  activ- 
ity, that  he  came  to  love  the  people  of  Tomi,J  though 
he  hated  the  place  itself ;  and  that  he  mastered  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Getae,  and  wrote  poetry  in  it.  Siebelis,  one 
of  the  German  editors  of  Ovid,  notes  the  curious  fact 
that  Jacob  Grimm,  who  held  the  Getic  and  the  Gothic 
race  and  tongue  to  be  one  and  the  same,  speaks  of  Ovid, 
in  his  "  History  of  the  German  Language/' #  as  the  oldest 
German  poet !  Of  one  of  these  Getic  poems  Ovid  makes 
mention  in  his  epistle  to  his  friend  CarusJ  a  poem  writ- 
ten after  the  death  of  Augustus,  in  which  he  sang  the 
praises  of  the  deceased  emperor.  Singularly  enough,  he 
recited  this  poem  to  an  assembly  of  the  Getae,  and  by  it 
stirred  to  a  quite  demonstrative  admiration  the  rude  na- 

*  Tristia,  iii.  7,  47  and  48. 
f  Tristia,  iv.  10,  115-120. 

%  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  14,  23  and  24 : — Tomitae, 

Quos  ego,  cum  loca  sim  vestra  perosus,  amo. 

#  Second  edition,  p.  137.  1  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  13,  19-38. 


THE  LIFE   OF  OVID.  xv 

tures  of  his  barbarian  hearers,  so  that  one  of  them  shouted 
from  the  crowd  :  "As  you  can  write  such  things  about 
Caesar,  you  ought  to  have  been  restored  by  Caesar's  com- 
mand." The  people  of  Tomi  were  not  slow  to  recognize 
and  requite  the  poet's  friendly  spirit  and  conduct.  They 
granted  him  exemption  from  all  taxes  or  other  civic  bur- 
dens, a  favor  which  Ovid  records  as  done  never  before  to 
any  one  else  ;  *  and  yet  more,  they  honored  him  with  a 
civic  crown,  f  thus  making  him,  in  a  sense,  their  poet- 
laureate,  a  strange  distinction  for  a  Koman  poet  to 
achieve,  on  that  far-off  Euxine  shore,  at  the  hands  of  a 
half -civilized  race  ! 

Ovid  died  at  Tomi  in  the  year  18  a.  d.,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  tenth  of  his  banishment.  In  an 
elegy  J  which  he  addressed  to  his  wife,  he  had  begged 
that  his  ashes  might  be  brought  to  Eome  and  there  in- 
terred, with  the  following  inscription  on  his  tomb  : 

Hie  ego  qui  jaceo,  tenerorum  lusor  amorum, 

Ingenio  perii  Naso  poeta  meo. 
At  tibi,  qui  transis,  ne  sit  grave,  quisquis  amasti 

Dicere  :  Nasonis  molliter  ossa  cubeut! 

Thus  it  appears  from  the  tenerorum  lusor  amorum  in 
this  epitaph — an  expression  which  also  occurs  in  the  first 
line  of  the  autobiography4*  —  that  Ovid  wished  to  be 
knowrn  to  posterity  by  his  erotic  poetry  ;  and  yet  it  was 
this  part  of  his  poetic  work  which  probably  wrought  the 
ruin  of  his  fortunes,  as  it  has  certainly  fixed  an  indelible 
stain  upon  his  fame  as  a  writer.  It  were  not  just,  how- 
ever, in  the  absence  of  evidence  from  contemporary  writers, 
to  infer,  from  the  licentious  character  of  his  "  Ars  Ama- 
toria,"  the  licentious  character  of  the  poet.     It  is  fair, 

*  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  14,  51-54.  f  Tb-  55  and  56- 

%  Tristia,  iii.  3,  73-76.  *  Trisiia,  iv.  10,  1. 


xvi  THE  LIFE   OF  OVID. 

too,  to  put  into  the  case  his  own  testimony,  that  he  was 
himself  better  than  his  poetry  : 

Crede  mihi,  distant  mores  a  Carmine  nostro. 
Yita  verecunda  est,  Musa  jocosa  mea ;  * 

that  no  talk  of  the  totvn  had  ever  made  any  strictures 
upon  Ms  name : 

Strinxerit  tit  nomen  fdbula  nulla  meum ;  t 

and  that  his  diameter  would  be  found,  upon  inquiry, 
to  be  free  from  blemish  : 

Sive  velis,  qui  sint,  mores  inquirere  nostros, — 
Errorem  misero  detrahe — lade  carent.% 

But  we  have  to  bear  in  mind  that,  in  putting  forth  this 
claim  of  unblemished  morals,  the  poet  is  judging  himself, 
as  the  people  of  his  time  would  judge  him,  by  the  low 
moral  standard  which  then  prevailed  in  Eoman  society. 
He  may  have  been,  in  his  personal  life,  no  worse  than 
most  men  of  his  rank  and  position  in  Eome;  he  may  have 
been  free  from  the  dominant  vices  of  a  dissolute  age ;  but 
it  is  an  abiding  reproach  to  his  fame  that,  richly  gifted 
and  cultivated  as  he  was,  and  possessed  of  such  a  faculty 
of  graceful  and  finished  poetic  expression,  he  allowed  him- 
self, like  other  men  of  genius  in ;  modern  as  well  as  in 
ancient  times,  to  minister  by  his  writings  to  the  low  and 
vicious  tastes  of  his  age,  when  he  might  have  elevated 
and  purified  them.  But  let  us  not  forget  that,  when  he 
was  in  his  best  years,  he  bade  farewell  to  love-poems ;  and 
that  his  other  works,  more  numerous  and  of  larger  com- 
pass, and  nowise  inferior  in  poetic  and  literary  merit,  are 
not  obnoxious  to  moral  censure.  We  have  his  "Meta- 
morphoses," that  marvelous  wonder-book  of  Roman  let- 

*  Tristia,  ii.  353  and  354.  \  Tristia,  ii.  350. 

%  Ex  Ponto,  iv.  8,  19  and  20. 


THE  LIFE  OF  OVID.  xvii 

ters,  in  which  the  old  myths  of  Greek  and  Italic  fable 
were  made  young  again  by  the  creative  touch  of  Ovid's 
imagination,  and  enriched  by  his  literary  genius  with  a 
new  and  precious  wealth  of  poetical  adornment ;  his 
"Fasti/'  in  which  his  patriotic  spirit  brought  his  Muse 
into  the  service  of  the  religion  of  his  country ;  and  his 
"Tristia,"  and  the  "Epistolae  ex  Ponto,"  which,  though 
seldom  varying  from  the  monotone  of  sad  complaint  over 
his  sufferings  in  exile,  yet  reveal  fine  sensibilities  of  na- 
ture, and  especially  a  tenderness  of  pathos,  which  the 
writer's  gay  Eoman  life  had  never  made  known.  It  is 
such  merits  as  these  that  won  for  Ovid  as  a  poet  the 
admiring  recognition  of  his  own  countrymen,  and  have 
made  him  ever  since  one  of  the  favorite  and  most  read  of 
the  ancient  classic  writers  ;  so  that  his  own  prediction  of 
his  fame  has  been  fulfilled  : 

— in  toto  plurimus  orbe  logor.* 

To  this  sketch  of  our  poet's  life,  I  add  here  a  com- 
plete list  of 

THE  WORKS   OF  OVID. 

I.  Amores,  published  probably  in  the  year  9  b.  c.  This  work 
consists  of  forty-nine  poems  in  elegiac  verse,  originally  arranged 
in  five  books,  and  afterwards  reduced  to  three,  as  we  learn  from 
the  Prologue  to  the  work : 

Qui  modo  Kasonis  fueramus  quinque  libelli, 
Tres  sumus.     Hoc  illi  praetulit  auctor  opus. 

II.  Heroides,  a  collection  of  twenty-one  letters,  also  in  elegiac 
verse,  purporting  to  have  been  written  by  famous  heroines  of 
classic  mythology  to  their  absent  husbands.     Published  4  n.  c. 

III.  Ars  Amatoria,  a  poem  in  three  books,  in  the  same  kind 
of  verse  as  the  two  preceding  works.  The  date  of  the  poem  is  2 
b.  o.     This  was  followed  in  the  year  2  b.  o.  by — 

*  Tristia,  iv.  10,  128. 


xviii  THE  LIFE  OF  OVID. 

IV.  Remedia  Amoeis,  a  poem,  consisting  of  eight  hundred  and 
fourteen  elegiac  verses. 

V.  Metamorphoses,  in  fifteen  books,  in  dactylic  hexameters, 
forming  a  collection  of  those  fables  of  the  ancient  mythology 
which  involved,  as  the  title  indicates,  transformations,  or  changes 
of  form.  The  poet  was  occupied  with  this  work  during  the  seven 
years  following  the  publication  of  his  "  Remedia  Amoris  " ;  and,  as 
we  learn  from  himself,*  he  had  not  completed  it  when  he  was 
ordered  into  exile.  In  his  despair,  on  receiving  this  order,  he 
burned  f  his  manuscript  of  the  poem,  as  well  as  of  some  other  com- 
positions. But,  fortunately,  other  copies  of  the  u  Metamorphoses  " 
had  been  circulated  among  his  friends,  and  so  the  destruction  of 
the  work  wTas  prevented. 

VI.  Fasti,  in  six  books  of  elegiac  verse,  containing  an  exposi- 
tion of  the  holy  days  in  the  Roman  calendar,  with  the  rites  and 
ceremonies  of  the  Roman  religion  pertaining  to  their  observance. 
The  plan  of  the  work  was  to  take  up  the  holy  days  in  succession 
by  months,  and  to  have  a  book  devoted  to  each  month.  It  was 
carried  out,  however,  only  to  the  end  of  June.  This  work  also 
was  unfinished  at  the  time  of  the  poet's  banishment,  as  we  learn 
from  Tristia,  ii.  549-552. 

VII.,  VIII.  These  are  the  Teistia,  in  five  books,  and  the  Epis- 
tolae  ex  Ponto,  in  four  books — all  in  elegiac  verse.  They  are  here 
classed  together,  because  they  are  the  chief  wrorks  belonging,  in 
their  composition  and  publication,  to  the  period  of  the  poet's  exile, 
and  are  devoted  to  themes  which  all  have  to  do  with  that  event. 

IX.  Ibis.  An  elegiac  poem  in  six  hundred  and  forty-six  lines, 
consisting  of  reproaches  against  some  enemy  of  the  poet,  whose 
name,  however,  does  not  appear.  It  was  written  immediately 
after  the  banishment. 

X.  Halieutioa,  a  fragment  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-two 
lines,  in  hexameters,  of  a  "  Natural  History  of  Fishes." 

XI.  Medicamixa  Faciei,  a  fragment,  in  elegiac  verse,  of  a 
poem  on  "  Cosmetics."     Only  one  hundred  lines  are  extant. 

Ovid  also  wrote  a  tragedy  called  "Medea,"  which  is  men- 
tioned by  Quintilian  in  terms  of  praise;  but  this  is  not  extant. 

*  Tristia,  i.  7,  13  and  14.  f  Ib-  15  and  16- 


VERSIFICATION. 


For  a  general  view  of  the  subject  of  Latin  versification,  the  stu- 
dent is  referred  to  Harkness's  Latin  Grammar,  articles  596-608. 

Ovid  uses  in  his  poetry  two  kinds  of  verse,  the  dactylic  hex- 
ameter, and  elegiac,  verse. 

I.   TnE  Dactylic  Hexameter  Verse. 

In  this  verse  the  "  Metamorphoses "  are  composed.  A  full 
account  of  it  is  given  in  the  Grammar,  609-613.  To  that  account, 
which  contains  all  that  is  necessary  for  the  metrical  reading  of 
the  ''Metamorphoses,"  I  subjoin,  from  Siebelis,*  some  curious 
details  touching  the  technics  of  Ovid's  versification. 

1.  Words  having  a  dactylic  ending  suffer  elision  t  when  the 
dactyl  occurs  in  the  second  and  third  places  in  the  verse.  An 
apparent  exception  exists  in  the  word  nescio  ;  but  this  always  is 
used  by  Ovid  with  quis  (nescio  quis),  and  the  two  words  are  treated 
as  a  single  word. 

(1.)  Dactyls  occur  in  the  second  place  twelve  times,  and  in  the 
third  only  five  times. 

(2.)  The  following  is  a  view  of  the  number  of  times  in  which 
in  the  other  places  the  dactyls  are  elided,  and  of  the  number  of 
times  in  which  they  occur  as  pure  dactyls : 

a.  Elided: 

First  foot.  Fourth  foot.  Fifth  foot. 

68  6  57 

b.  Pure : 

First  foot.  Fourth  foot.  Fifth  foot. 

2,535  1,288  5,435 

*  "  Worterb.  zu  Ovid's  Metamorphoscn,"  von  Dr.  Johannes  Siebelis. 
3te  Aufl.,  besorgt  von  Dr.  Fr.  Polle.    Leipzig,  18*79.  f  See  Gr.  608,  L 


xx  VERSIFICATION. 

2.  From  Ovid's  aversion  to  the  ecthlipsis,*  or  elision  of  a  final 
m  with  the  preceding  vowel,  he  does  not  use  words  having  a  dac- 
tylic ending  in  m.  A  single  exception  to  this  remark,  however, 
occurs  in  Metain.  vi.  524 — virgin6"1  et  unam. 

As  this  course  on  the  part  of  the  poet  leads  him  to  exclude 
many  words,  he  resorts  to  various  devices  by  which  to  make  good 
such  losses : 

(1.)  In  the  case  of  substantives  like  terminus,  only  nus  and  ne 
are  used,  and  the  ace.  sing,  is  not  used  at  all.  Here  the  resort  is 
to  synonymes.  For  instance,  f  ilium  is  supplied  by  such  words 
as  ndtum,  satum,  prolem,  and  the  like. 

(2.)  For  the  neuter  substantives  in  um — as  Paldtium,  vocdbu- 
lum — the  plural  is  used — as  Paldtia,  tocabula — or  the  vowel  is 
treated  as  a  consonant ;  e.  g.,  i  as  j — as  Antjum. 

(3.)  In  such  words  as  insula,  only  this  form  is  used ;  hence 
such  an  unusual  expression  as  insula  (Marsya)  nomen  liabet. 

(4.)  In  adjectives  like  horridus,  only  dus,  de9  and  da  are  em- 
ployed ;  hence  occur  such  expressions  as  lactea  nomen  Tidbet,  and 
cui  fecimus  aurea  nomen. 

(5.)  In  such  words  as  spiritus,  this  form  only  is  used.  Impete 
also  occurs  instead  of  impetu. 

(6.)  The  genitive  plural  of  participles  in  ns  is  used  without 
the  */  as  dicentum;  so  also  agrestum,  and  the  like. 

3.  Of  the  words  abominor,  auguror,  comprecor,  suspicor,  glo- 
rior,  gratulor,  pigneror,  only  the  forms  in  or  and  er  are  employed. 

4.  Verse-endings. 

The  "Metamorphoses"  contain  11,959  verses.  The  words 
that  end  the  lines  occur,  as  to  metrical  form,  as  follows : 

^       65  times. 
-  ^  7,062      " 
^  _  w  4^88      « 

v^  Y  " 

^       21      " 

_  w  w  _  ^         2      " 


11,959      " 
*  See  Gr.  608, 1.,  Note  4. 


VERSIFICATION.  xxi 

II.   The  Elegiac  Veese. 

This  verse  Ovid  employs  in  the  u  Amores,"  the  "Fasti,"  and 
the  "  Tristia."  It  is  called  the  elegiac  distich,  and  consists  of  the 
hexameter,  as  ahove,  and  the  pentameter  (see  Gr.  614),  so  that 
a  poem  composed  in  elegiac  verse  consists  of  alternate  hexameters 
and  pentameters. 

Ovid  shares  with  Vergil  the  palm  of  excellence  in  the  compo- 
sition of  Latin  hexameters;  and  in  the  composition  of  elegiac 
verse  he  holds  the  highest  rank  among  Latin  poets. 


INDEX  OF  SELECTIONS. 


I.   METAMORPHOSES. 

1.  The  Creation.     I.  1-88  . 

2.  The  Four  Ages  of  the  World.     I.  89-150 

3.  The  Flood.     I.  244-312 

4.  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha.     I.  313-415 

5.  Python.     I.  434-451 

6.  Daphne.    I.  452-567 

7.  Phaethon.     I.  748-779.     II.  1-339 

8.  The  Heliades.     II.  340-366 

9.  Cycnus — Grief  of  Phoebus.     II.  367-400 

10.  The  House  of  Envy.     II.  760-796 

11.  Cadmus  and  the  Dragon's  Teeth.     III.  14-137 

12.  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.     IV.  55-166 

13.  Cadmus  and  Hermione.     IV.  563-603  . 

14.  Andromeda's  Release.     IV.  663-752 

15.  Proserpine.     V.  338-571 

16.  Arachne,  or  the  Spider's  Web.     VI.  1-145 

17.  Niobe,  or  Latona's  Revenge.     VI.  146-312 

18.  The  Lycians  ;  and  Marsyas.     VI.  313-400 

19.  The  Golden  Fleece.    VII.   1-158 

20.  The  Death  of  Icarus.     VIII.  183-259 

21.  Philemon  and  Baucis.     VIII.  616-724 

22.  The  Wooing  of  Deianira.     IX.  1-97 

23.  The  Death  of  Hercules.     IX.  134-272 

24.  Orpheus  and  Eurydice.     X.  1-77  . 

25.  Hyacinthus.     X.  162-219 

26.  Atalanta's  Race.     X.  560-680 

27.  The  Death  of  Orpheus.     XI.  1-84 


PAGE 

.  1 

4 


12 
12 
16 
28 
29 
30 
32 
3G 
39 
41 
44 
52 
56 
62 
65 
70 
73 
76 
79 
84 
87 
89 
93 


xxiv  INDEX  OF  SELECTIONS. 

PAGE 

28.  Midas;  or,  the  King  of  the  Golden  Touch.     XI.  85-193  .       96 

29.  Ceyx  and  Alcyone.     XI.  410-748             .             .             .  99 

30.  The  House  of  Fame.     XII.  39-63       .            .             .  .110 

31.  Acis,  Galatea,  and  the  Cyclops.     XIII.  750-897             .  Ill 

32.  The  Epilogue.    XV.  871-879  .            .            .            .  .116 

II.   AMORES. 

1.  The  Poet's  Defense.     I.  15     .            .            .            .  .117 

2.  The  Death  of  Tibullus.     III.  9  .            .            .            .  118 

3.  Farewell  to  Love -Songs.     III.  15                  .            .  .121 

III.   FASTI. 

1.  Romulus  and  Remus.     II.  383-422     .            .             .  .122 

2.  The  Deification  of  Romulus.     II.  475-512         .            .  123 

3.  Lucretia.     II.  710-758             .             .                         .  .125 

4.  The  Building  of  Rome.     IV.  809-862      .            .            .  126 

IV.   TRISTIA.       ' 

1.  The  Poet's  Departure  from  Rome.    I.  3       .            .  .129 

2.  To  his  Daughter  Perilla.     III.  7            ...  132 

3.  The  Poet's  Life.    IV.  10 134 


METAMORPHOSES. 


1.   The  Creation. 

I.  1-88. 

The  Proem,  1-4.     Chaos,   5-20.     The  Elements,  and  living 
things  in  them,  21-75.    Man,  76-88. 

In  nova  fert  animus  mutatas  dicere  formas 
Corpora.     Di,  coeptis — nam  vos  mutastis  et  illas — 
Aspirate  meis,  primaque  ab  origine  mundi 
Ad  mea  perpetuum  deducite  tempora  carmen. 

Ante  mare  et  terras  et,  quod  tegit  omnia,  caelum,     5 
Unus  erat  toto  naturae  vultus  in  orbe, 
Quern  dixere  Chaos  ;  rudis  indigestaque  moles, 
Nee  quicquam  nisi  pondus  iners,  congestaque  eodem 
Non  bene  junctarum  discordia  semina  rerum. 
Nullus  adhuc  mundo  praebebat  lumina  Titan,  10 

Nee  nova  crescendo  reparabat  cornua  Phoebe, 
Nee  circumfuso  pendebat  in  aere  tellus 
Ponderibus  librata  suis,  nee  bracchia  longo 
Margine  terrarum  porrexerat  Amphitrite. 
Utque  erat  et  tellus  illic  et  pontus  et  aer,  15 

Sic  erat  instabilis  tellus,  innabilis  unda, 
Lucis  egens  aer  :  nulli  sua  forma  manebat, 


2  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   1-88. 

Obstabatque  aliis  aliud,  quia  corpore  in  uno 

Frigida  pugnabant  calidis,  umentia  siccis, 

Mollia  cum  duris,  sine  pondere  habentia  pondus.         20 

Hanc  deus  et  melior  litem  natura  diremit ; 
Nam  caelo  terras  et  terris  abscidit  undas 
Et  liquidum  spisso  secrevit  ab  aere  caelum. 
Quae  postquam  evolvit  caecoque  exemit  acervo, 
Dissociata  locis  concordi  pace  ligavit.  25 

Ignea  convexi  vis  et  sine  pondere  caeli 
Emicuit  summaque  locum  sibi  fecit  in  arce. 
Proximus  est  aer  illi  levitate  locoque  ; 
Densior  his  tellus,  elementaque  grandia  traxit 
Et  pressa  est*  gravitate  sua  :  circumfluus  umor  30 

Ultima  possedit  solidumque  coercuit  orbem. 

Sic  ubi  dispositam,  quisquis  f  uit  ille  deorum, 
Congeriem  secuit  sectamque  in  membra  redegit, 
Principio  terram,  ne  non  aequalis  ab  omni 
Parte  foret,  magni  speciem  glomeravit  in  orbis.  35 

Turn  freta  diffundi  rapidisque  tumescere  ventis 
Jussit  et  ambitae  circumdare  litora  terrae. 
Addidit  et  f  ontes  et  stagna  immensa  lacusque, 
Fluminaque  obliquis  cinxit  declivia  ripis, 
Quae,  diversa  locis,  partim  sorbentur  ab  ipsa,  40 

In  mare  perveniunt  partim,  campoque  recepta 
Liberioris  aquae  pro  ripis  litora  pulsant. 
Jussit  et  extendi  campos,  subsidere  valles, 
Fronde  tegi  silvas,  lapidosos  surgere  montes. 
Utque  duae  dextra  caelum  totidemque  sinistra  45 

Parte  secant  zonae,  quinta  est  ardentior  illis ; 
Sic  onus  inclusum  numero  distinxit  eodem 
Cura  dei,  totidemque  plagae  tellure  premuntur. 
Quarum  quae  media  est,  non  est  habitabilis  aestu ; 


1.   THE  CREATION.  3 

Nix  tegit  alta  duas  :  totidem  inter  utramque  locavit,  50 
Temperiemque  dedit  mixta  cum  frigore  flamma. 

Imminet  his  aer  ;  qui,  quanto  est  pondere  terrae 
Pondus  aquae  levius,  tanto  est  onerosior  igni. 
Illic  et  nebulas,  illic  consistere  nubes 
Jussit,  et  humanas  motura  tonitrua  mentes  55 

Et  cum  fulminibus  facientes  frigora  ventos. 
His  quoque  non  passim  mundi  fabricator  habendum 
Aera  permisit :  vix  nunc  obsistitur  illis, 
Cum  sua  quisque  regant  diverso  flamina  traetu, 
Quin  lanient  mundum  ;  tanta  est  discordia  fratrum.    GO 
Eurus  ad  auroram  Nabataeaque  regna  recessit 
Persidaque  et  radiis  juga  subdita  matutinis. 
Yesper  et  occiduo  quae  litora  sole  tepescunt, 
Proxima  sunt  zephyro  :  Scythiam  septemque  trionem 
Horrifer  invasit  boreas  :  contraria  tellus  65 

Nubibus  assiduis  pluvioque  madescit  ab  austro. 
Haec  super  imposuit  liquidum  et  gravitate  carentem 
Aethera  nee  quicquam  terrenae  faecis  habentem. 

Yix  ita  limitibus  dissaepserat  omnia  certis, 
Cum,  quae  pressa  diu  massa  latuere  sub  ilia,  70 

Sidera  coeperunt  toto  effervescere  caelo. 
Neu  regio  foret  ulla  suis  animantibus  orba, 
Astra  tenent  caeleste  solum  formaeque  deorum, 
Cesserunt  nitidis  liabitandae  piscibus  undae, 
Terra  feras  cepit,  volucres  agitabilis  aer.  75 

Sanctius  his  animal  mentisque  capacius  altae 
Deerat  adhuc,  et  quod  dominari  in  cetera  posset. 
Xatus  homo  est :  sive  hunc  divino  semine  fecit 
Ille  opifex  rerum,  mundi  melioris  origo, 
Sive  recens  tellus  seductaque  nuper  ab  alto  80 

Aethere  cognati  retinebat  semina  caeli ; 


4:  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   89-150. 

Quam  satus  Iapeto,  mixtam  fluvialibus  undis, 

Finxit  in  effigiem  moderantum  cuncta  deorum. 

Pronaque  cum  spectent  animalia  cetera  terrain, 

Os  homini  sublime  dedit,  caelumque  videre  85 

Jussit  et  erectos  ad  sidera  tollere  vultus. 

Sic,  modo  quae  fuerat  rudis  et  sine  imagine,  tellus 

Induit  ignotas  liominum  con  versa  figuras. 

2.  The  Foue  Ages. 

I.  89-150. 

Aurea  prima  sata  est  aetas,  quae  vindice  nullo, 
Sponte  sua,  sine  lege  fidem  rectumque  colebat.  90 

Poena  metusque  aberant,  nee  verba  minacia  fixo 
Aere  legebantur,  nee  supplex  turba  timebat 
Judicis  ora  sui,  sed  erant  sine  judice  tuti. 
Nondum  caesa  suis,  peregrinum  ut  viseret  orbem, 
Montibus  in  liquidas  pinus  descenderat  undas,  95 

Nullaque  mortal es  praeter  sua  litora  norant. 
Nondum  praecipites  cingebant  oppida  fossae  ; 
Non  tuba  directi,  non  aeris  cornua  flexi, 
Non  galeae,  non  ensis  erant :  sine  militis  usu 
Mollia  securae  peragebant  otia  gentes.  100 

Ipsa  quoque  immunis  rastroque  intacta  nee  ullis 
Saucia  vomeribus  per  se  dabat  omnia  tellus ; 
Contentique  cibis  nullo  cogente  creatis 
Arbuteos  fetus  montanaque  fraga  legebant, 
Cornaque  et  in  duris  haerentia  mora  rubetis,  105 

Et  quae  deciderant  patula  Jo  vis  arbore  glandes. 
Yer  erat  aeternum,  placidique  tepentibus  auris 
Mulcebant  zephyri  natos  sine  semine  flores. 
Mox  etiam  fruges  tellus  inarata  ferebat, 


2.  THE  FOUR  AGES.  5 

Nee  renovatus  ager  gravidis  canebat  aristis  :  110 

Flumina  jam  lactis,  jam  flumina  nectaris  ibant, 
Flavaque  de  viridi  stillabant  ilice  mella. 

Postquam  Saturno  tenebrosa  in  Tartara  misso 
Sub  Jove  mundus  erat,  subiit  argentea  proles, 
Auro  deterior,  fulvo  pretiosior  aere.  115 

Juppiter  antiqui  contraxit  tempora  veris, 
Perque  hiemes  aestusque  et  inaequales  autumnos 
Et  breve  ver  spatiis  exegit  quattuor  annum. 
Turn  primum  siccis  aer  fervoribus  ustus 
Canduit,  et  ventis  glacies  astricta  pependit.  120 

Turn  primum  subiere  domus.     Domus  antra  fuerunt 
Et  densi  frutices  et  vinctae  cortice  virgae. 
Semina  turn  primum  longis  Cerealia  suleis 
Obruta  sunt,  pressique  jugo  gemuere  juvenci. 

Tertia  post  illam  successit  aenea  proles,  125 

Saevior  ingeniis  et  ad  horrida  promptior  arma, 
Non  scelerata  tamen.     De  duro  est  ultima  ferro. 
Protinus  irrupit  venae  pejoris  in  aevum 
Omne  nefas  :  fugere  pudor  verumque  fidesque  ; 
In  quorum  subiere  locum  fraudesque  dolique  130 

Insidiaeque  et  vis  et  amor  sceleratus  habendi. 
Vela  dabant  ventis,  nee  adhue  bene  noverat  illos 
Navita  ;  quaeque  diu  steterant  in  montibus  altis, 
Fluctibus  ignotis  insultavere  carinae. 
Communemque  prius  ceu  lumina  solis  et  auras  135 

Cautus  humum  longo  signavit  limite  mensor. 
INec  tantum  segetes  alimentaque  debita  dives 
Poscebatur  humus,  sed  itum  est  in  viscera  terrae, 
Quasque  recondiderat  Stygiisque  admoverat  umbris, 
Effodiuntur  opes,  irritamenta  malorum.  140 

Jamque  nocens  f errum  f erroque  nocentius  aurum 


§  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   244-312. 

Prodierat :  prodit  bellum,  quod  pugnat  utroque, 

Sanguineaque  manu  crepitantia  concutit  arma. 

Yivitur  ex  rapto ;  non  hospes  ab  hospite  tutus, 

Non  socer  a  genero ;  f ratrum  quoque  gratia  rara  est ; 

Imminet  exitio  vir  conjugis,  ilia  mariti ; 

Lurid  a  terribiles  miscent  aconita  novercae ; 

Filius  ante  diem  patrios  inquirit  in  annos. 

Victa  jacet  pietas,  et  Yirgo  caede  madentes, 

Ultima  caelestum,  terras  Astraea  reliquit.  150 

3.  The  Flood. 

I.  244-312. 

Dicta  Jo  vis  pars  voce  probant  stimulosque  frementi 
Adiciunt,  alii  partes  assensibus  implent.  245 

Est  tarn  en  humani  generis  jactura  dolori 
Omnibus,  et,  quae  sit  terrae  mortalibus  orbae 
Forma  futura,  rogant :  quis  sit  laturus  in  aras 
Tura,  ferisne  paret  populandas  tradere  terras. 
Talia  quaerentes,  sibi  eriim  fore  cetera  curae,  250 

Rex  superum  trepidare  vetat,  subolemque  priori 
Dissimilem  populo  promittit  origine  mira. 

Jamque  erat  in  totas  sparsurus  fulmina  terras : 
Sed  timuit,  ne  forte  sacer  tot  ab  ignibus  aether 
Conciperet  flammas,  longusque  ardesceret  axis.  255 

Esse  quoque  in  fatis  reminiscitur,  adf ore  tempus, 
Quo  mare,  quo  tellus  correptaque  regia  caeli 
Ardeat  et  mundi  moles  operosa  laboret. 
Tela  reponuntur  manibus  fabricata  Cyclopum. 
Poena  placet  diversa,  genus  mortale  sub  undis  260 

Perdere  et  ex  omni  nimbos  demittere  caelo. 

Protinus  Aeoliis  Aquilonem  claudit  in  antris 


3.   THE  FLOOD.  7 

Et  quaecumque  fugant  inductas  flamina  nubes, 
Emittitque  Notum.     Madidis  Notus  evolat  alis, 
Terribilem  picea  tectus  caligine  vultum :  265 

Barba  gravis  nimbis,  canis  fluit  unda  capillis, 
Fronte  sedent  nebulae,  rorant  pennaeque  sinusque. 
Utque  mami  late  pendentia  nubila  pressit, 
Fit  fragor,  inclusi  f unduntur  ab  aethere  nimbi. 
Nuntia  Junonis,  varios  induta  colores,  270 

Concipit  Iris  aquas,  alimentaque  nubibus  adfert. 
Sternuntur  segetes,  et  deplorata  coloni 
Vota  jacent,  longique  perit  labor  irritus  anni. 

Nee  caelo  contenta  suo  est  Jovis  ira,  sed  ilium 
Caeruleus  frater  juvat  anxiliaribus  nndis.  275 

Convocat  hie  Amnes.     Qui  postquam  tecta  tyranni 
Intravere  sui,  "Non  est  hortamine  longo 
Nunc"  ait  "utendum.     Yires  effundite  vestras, 
Sic  opus  est.     Aperite  domos,  ac  mole  remota 
Fluminibus  vestris  totas  immittite  habenas."  280 

Jusserat.     Hi  redeunt,  ac  fontibus  ora  relaxant, 
Et  defrenato  volvuntur  in  aequora  cursu. 
Ipse  tridente  suo  terram  percussit ;  at  ilia 
Intremuit  motuqne  vias  patefecit  aquarum. 
Exspatiata  niunt  per  apertos  flumina  campos,  285 

Cumque  satis  arbusta  simul  pecudesque  virosque 
Tectaque,  enmque  suis  rapiunt  penetralia  sacris. 
Siqua  domus  mansit  potuitque  resistere  tanto 
Indejecta  malo,  culmen  tamen  altior  hujus 
Unda  tegit,  pressaeque  latent  sub  gurgite  turres.       290 

Jamque  mare  et  tellus  nullum  discrimen  habebant : 
Omnia  pontus  erant.     Deerant  quoque  litora  ponto. 
Occupat  hie  collem  :  cumba  sedet  alter  adunca 
Et  ducit  remos  illic  ubi  nuper  ararat ; 


8  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  313-415. 

Ille  super  segetes  aut  mersae  culmina  villae  295 

Navigat,  hie  summa  piscem  deprendit  in  ulmo  ; 
Figitur  in  viridi,  si  f  ors  tulit,  ancora  prato, 
Aut  subjecta  terunt  curvae  vineta  carinae. 
Et,  modo  qua  graciles  gramen  carpsere  capellae, 
Nunc  ibi  deformes  ponunt  sua  corpora  pliocae.  300 

Mirantur  sub  aqua  lucos  urbesque  domosque 
Nereides,  silvasque  tenent  delphines,  et  altis 
Incursant  ramis,  agitataque  robora  pulsant. 
Nat  lupus  inter  oves,  fulvos  vehit  unda  leones, 
Unda  vehit  tigres,  nee  vires  fulminis  apro,  305 

Crura  nee  ablato  prosunt  velocia  cervo. 
Quaesitisque  diu  terris,  ubi  sistere  detur, 
In  mare  lassatis  volucris  vaga  decidit  alis. 
Obruerat  tumulos  immensa  Jicentia  ponti, 
Pulsabantque  novi  montana  cacumina  fluctus.  310 

Maxima  pars  unda  rapitur  :  quibus  unda  pepercit, 
Illos  longa  domant  inopi  jejunia  victu. 


4.  Deucalion  and  Pykriia. 

I.  313-415. 

Separat  Aonios  Oetaeis  Phocis  ab  arvis, 
Terra  ferax,  dum  terra  fuit :  sed  tempore  in  illo 
Pars  maris  et  latus  subitarum  campus  aquarum.         315 
Mons  ibi  verticibus  petit  arduus  astra  duobus, 
Nomine  Parnasus,  superantque  cacumina  nubes. 
Hie  ubi  Deucalion,  nam  cetera  texerat  aequor, 
Cum  consorte  tori  parva  rate  vectus  adhaesit, 
Corycidas  nymphas  et  numina  montis  adorant,  320 

Fatidicamque  Themin,  quae  tunc  oracla  tenebat. 


4.  DEUCALION  AND  PYRRIIA.  9 

Non  illo  melior  quisquam  nee  amantior  aequi 
Vir  fuit,  aut  ilia  metuentior  ulla  deorum. 

Juppiter  lit  liquidis  stagnare  paludibus  orbem, 
Et  superesse  virum  de  tot  modo  milibus  unum,         325 
Et  superesse  videt  de  tot  modo  milibus  unam, 
Innocuos  ambos,  cultores  nu  minis  ambos, 
Nubila  disjecit,  nimbisque  aquilone  remotis 
Et  caelo  terras  ostendit  et  aethera  terris. 
Nee  maris  ira  manet,  positoque  tricuspid e  telo  330 

Mulcet  aquas  rector  pelagi,  supraque  profundum 
Exstantem  atque  umeros  innato  murice  tectum 
Caeruleum  Tritona  vocat,  conchaeque  sonanti 
Inspirare  jubet,  fluctusque  et  flumina  signo 
Jam  revocare  dato.     Cava  bucina  sumitur  illi  335 

Tortilis,  in  latum  quae  turbine  crescit  ab  imo, 
Bucina,  quae,  medio  concepit  ubi  aera  ponto, 
Litora  voce  replet  sub  utroque  jacentia  Phoebo. 
Tunc  quoque,  ut  ora  dei  madida  rorantia  barba 
Contigit,  et  cecinit  jussos  inflata  receptus,  340 

Omnibus  audita  est  telluris  et  aequoris  undis, 
Et  quibus  est  undis  audita,  coercuit  omnes. 
Flumina  subsidunt,  collesque  exire  videntur : 
Jam  mare  litus  habet,  plenos  capit  alveus  amnes, 
Surgit  humus  ;  crescunt  loca  decrescentibus  undis.   345 
Postque  diem  longam  nudata  cacumina  silvae 
Ostendunt,  limumque  tenent  in  fronde  relictum. 

Redditus  orbis  erat.     Quern  postquam  vidit  inanem 
Et  desolatas  agere  alta  silentia  terras, 
Deucalion  lacrimis  ita  Pyrrham  adfatur  obortis :       350 
"  O  soror,  o  conjunx,  o  femina  sola  superstes, 
Quam  commune  mihi  genus  et  patruelis  origo, 
Deinde  torus  junxit,  nunc  ipsa  pericula  jungunt : 


10  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   313-415. 

Terrarum,  quascumque  violent  occasus  et  ortus, 
Nos  duo  turba  sumus  :  possedit  cetera  pontus.  355 

Haec  quoque  adhuc  vitae  non  est  fiducia  nostrae 
Certa  satis ;  terrent  etiamimnc  nubila  mentem. 
Quid  tibi,  si  sine  me  fatis  erepta  fuisses, 
Nunc  animi,  miseranda,  foret  ?  quo  sola  timorem 
Ferre  modo  posses  ?  quo  consolante  doleres  ?  360 

Namque  ego,  crede  milii,  si  te  quoque  pontus  haberet, 
Te  sequerer,  conjunx,  et  me  quoque  pontus  haberet. 
O  utinam  possem  populos  reparare  paternis 
Artibus  atque  animas  formatae  infundere  terrae  ! 
Nunc  genus  in  nobis  restat  mortale  duobus  ;  365 

Sic  visum  est  superis :  hominumque  exempla  maneraus." 

Dixerat,  et  flebant.     Placuit  caeleste  precari 
Numen,  et  auxilium  per  sacras  quaerere  sortes. 
Nulla  mora  est,  adeunt  pariter  Cephisidas  undas, 
TJt  nondum  liquidas,  sic  jam  vada  nota  secantes.       370 
Inde  ubi  libatos  irroravere  liquores 
Vestibus  et  capiti,  flectunt  vestigia  sanctae 
Ad  delubra  deae,  quorum  f astigia  turpi 
Pallebant  musco  stabantque  sine  ignibus  arae. 
Ut  templi  tetigere  gradus,  procumbit  uterque  375 

Pronus  humi,  gelidoque  pavens  dedit  oscula  saxo. 
Atque  ita  "  Si  precibus  "  dixerunt  "  numina  justis 
Victa  remollescunt,  si  flectitur  ira  deorum, 
Die,  Themi,  qua  generis  damnum  reparabile  nostri 
Arte  sit,  et  mersis  fer  opem,  mitissima,  rebus."         380 

Mota  dea  est  sortemque  dedit :  u  Discedite  templo, 
Et  velate  caput,  cinctasque  resolvite  vestes, 
Ossaque  post  tergum  magnae  jactate  parentis." 

Obstipuere  diu,  rumpitque  silentia  voce 
Pyrrha  prior,  jussisque  deae  parere  recusat,  385 


4.  DEUCALION  AND  PYRRHA.  H 

Detque  sibi  veniam,  pavido  rogat  ore,  pavetque 

Laedere  jactatis  maternas  ossibus  umbras. 

Interea  repetunt  caecis  obscura  latebris 

Verba  datae  sortis  secum,  inter  seque  volutant : 

Inde  Promethides  placidis  Epimethida  dictis  390 

Mulcet  et  "  Ant  f  allax  "  ait  u  est  sollertia  nobis. 

Ant  pia  snnt  nullnmque  nefas  oracula  suadent. 

Magna  parens  terra  est :  lapides  in  corpore  terrae 

Ossa  reor  dici :  jacere  hos  post  terga  jubemur." 

Conjngis  angurio  qnamqnam  Titania  mota  est,  395 

Spes  tamen  in  dubio  est :  adeo  caelestibus  ambo 

Diffidunt  monitis.     Sed  quid  temptare  nocebit  ? 

Descendunt  velantque  caput  tunicasque  recingunt 

Et  jussos  lapides  sua  post  vestigia  mittunt. 

Saxa — quis  hoc  credat,  nisi  sit  pro  teste  vetustas  ? —    400 

Ponere  duritiem  coepere  suumque  rigorem, 

Mollirique  mora,  mollitaque  ducere  formam. 

Mox  ubi  creverunt,  naturaque  mitior  illis 

Contigit,  ut  quaedam,  sic  non  manifesta,  videri 

Forma  potest  hominis,  sed  uti  de  marmore  coepto,    405 

ISTon  exacta  satis  rudibusque  simillima  signis. 

Quae  tamen  ex  illis  aliquo  pars  umida  suco 

Et  terrena  fuit,  versa  est  in  corporis  usum  : 

Quod  solidum  est  flectique  nequit,  mutatur  in  ossa  ; 

Quae  modo  vena  fuit,  sub  eodem  nomine  mansit :     410 

Inque  brevi  spatio  superorum  numine  saxa 

Missa  viri  manibus  faciem  traxere  virorum, 

Et  de  femineo  reparata  est  femina  jactu. 

Inde  genus  durum  sumus  experiensque  laborum, 

Et  documenta  damus,  qua  simus  origine  nati.  415 


12  METAMORPHOSES,  I.  434-451.    452-567. 

5.  Python. 

I.  434-451. 

Ergo  ubi  diluvio  tellus  lutulenta  recenti 

Solibus  aetheriis  almoque  recanduit  aestu,  435 

Edidit  innumeras  species,  partimque  figuras 

Rettulit  antiquas,  partim  nova  monstra  creavit. 

Ilia  quidem  nollet,  sed  te  quoque,  maxime  Python, 

Turn  genuit,  populisque  novis,  incognite  serpens, 

Terror  eras ;  tantum  spatii  de  monte  tenebas.  440 

Hunc  deus  arcitenens,  et  nunquam  talibus  armis 

Ante  nisi  in  dammis  capreisqne  f  ugacibus  usus, 

Mille  gravem  telis,  exhausta  paene  pliaretra, 

Perdidit  effuso  per  vnlnera  nigra  veneno. 

Neve  operis  famam  possit  delere  vetustas,  445 

Instituit  sacros  eelebri  certamine  ludos, 

Pythia  perdomitae  serpentis  nomine  dictos. 

His  juvenum  quicumque  manu  pedibusve  rotave 

Vicerat,  aesculeae  capiebat  frondis  lionorem. 

Nondum  laurns  erat,  longoque  decentia  crine  450 

Tempora  cingebat  de  qualibet  arbore  Phoebus. 

6.  Daphne. 

I.  452-567. 

Daphne,  the  daughter  of  the  river-god  Peneus,  having  rejected 
Apollo's  love,  is  changed  by  him  into  a  bay-tree. 

Primus  amor  Phoebi  Daphne  Peneia,  quern  non 
Fors  ignara  dedit,  sed  saeva  Cupidinis  ira. 
Delius  hunc  nuper,  victo  serpente  superbus, 
Viderat  adducto  flectentem  cornua  nervo,  455 


6.   DAPHNE.  13 

"Quid"  que  "tibi,  lascive  puer,  cum  fortibus  armis?" 

Dixerat ;  "  ista  decent  umeros  gestamina  nostros, 

Qui  dare  certa  ferae,  dare  vulnera  possumus  hosti, 

Qui  modo  pestifero  tot  jugera  ventre  prementem 

Stravimus  innumeris  tumidum  Pythona  sagittis.        460 

Tu  face  nescio  quos  esto  contentus  amores 

Indagare  tua,  nee  laudes  assere  nostras." 

Filius  huic  Veneris  "  Figat  tuus  omnia,  Phoebe, 

Te  meus  arcus ; "  ait  "  quantoque  animalia  cedunt 

Cuncta  deo,  tanto  minor  est  tua  gloria  nostra."  465 

Dixit,  et  eliso  percussis  aere  pennis 

Impiger  umbrosa  Parnasi  constitit  arce 

Eque  sagittifera  prompsit  duo  tela  pharetra 

Diversorum  operum  ;  fugat  hoc,  facit  illud  amorem. 

Quod  facit,  auratum  est  et  cuspide  f ulget  acuta :        470 

Quod  fugat,  obtusum  est  et  habet  sub  harundine  plumbum. 

Hoc  deus  in  nympha  Peneide  fixit ;  at  illo 

Laesit  Apollineas  trajecta  per  ossa  medullas. 

Protinus  alter  amat ;  fugit  altera  no  men  amantis, 

Sil  varum  tenebris  capti  varum  que  ferarum  475 

Exuviis  gaudens  innuptaeque  aemula  Phoebes. 

Vitta  coercebat  positos  sine  lege  capillos. 

Multi  illam  petiere,  ilia  aversata  petentes 

Impatiens  expersque  viri  nemorum  avia  lustrat, 

Nee  quid  Hymen,  quid  Amor,  quid  sint  conubia,  curat. 

Saepe  pater  dixit  "  Generum  mihi,  filia,  debes." 

Saepe  pater  dixit  "  Debes  mihi,  nata,  nepotes." 

Ilia,  velut  crimen  taedas  exosa  jugales 

Pulchra  verecundo  suffunditur  ora  rubore, 

Inque  patris  blandis  haerens  cervice  lacertis  485 

"  Da  mihi  perpetua,  genitor  carissime,"  dixit 

"  Virginitate  frui :  dedit  hoc  pater  ante  Dianae." 


14:  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  452-567. 

Hie  quidem  obsequitur,  sed  te  decor  iste  quod  optas 

Esse  vetat,  votoque  tuo  tua  forma  repugnat. 

Phoebus  amat,  visaeque  cupit  conubia  Daphnes,        490 

Quodque  cupit,  sperat ;  suaque  ilium  oracula  fallunt. 

Utque  leves  stipulae  demptis  adolentur  aristis, 

Ut  f acibus  saepes  ardent,  quas  forte  viator 

Vel  nimis  admovit,  vel  jam  sub  luce  reliquit, 

Sic  deus  in  flam  mas  abiit,  sic  pectore  toto  495 

Uritur  et  sterilem  sperando  nutrit  amorem. 

Spectat  inornatos  collo  pendere  capillos, 

Et  "  Quid,  si  comantur  ? "  ait.     Videt  igne  micantes 

Sideribus  similes  oculos,  videt  oscula,  quae  non 

Est  vidisse  satis ;  laudat  digitosque  manusque  500 

Bracchiaque  et  nudos  media  plus  parte  lacertos : 

Siqua  latent,  meliora  putat.     Fugit  ocior  aura 

Ilia  levi,  neque  ad  haec  revocantis  verba  resistit : 

"  Nympha,  precor,  Penei,  mane !  non  insequor  hostis : 

Nympha,  mane !  sic  agna  lupum,  sic  cerva  leonem,  505 

Sic  aquilam  penna  fugiunt  trepidante  columbae, 

Hostes  quaeque  suos ;  amor  est  mihi  causa  sequendi. 

Me  miserum !  ne  prona  cadas,  indignave  laedi 

Crura  notent  sentes,  et  sim  tibi  causa  doloris. 

Aspera,  qua  properas,  loca  sunt ;  moderatius,  oro,     510 

Curre,  fugamque  inhibe  ;  moderatius  insequar  ipse. 

Cui  placeas,  inquire  tamen  ;  non  incola  montis, 

Non  ego  sum  pastor,  non  hie  armenta  gregesque 

Horridus  observo.     Nescis,  temeraria,  nescis, 

Quern  fugias,  ideoque  fugis.     Mihi  Delphica  tellus  515 

Et  Claros  et  Tenedos  Patareaque  regia  servit. 

Juppiter  est  genitor  :  per  me  quod  eritque  fuitque 

Estque,  patet :  per  me  concordant  carmina  nervis. 

Certa  quidem  nostra  est,  nostra  tamen  una  sagitta 


6.   DAPHNE.  15 

Certior,  in  vacuo  quae  vulnera  pectore  fecit.  520 

Inventum  medicina  meum  est,  opiferque  per  orbem 

Dicor,  et  herbarum  subjecta  potentia  nobis. 

Ei  mihi,  quod  nullis  amor  est  sanabilis  herbis, 

Kec  prosunt  domino,  quae  prosunt  omnibus,  artes !  " 

Plura  locuturum  timido  Peneia  cursu  525 

Fugit  cum  que  ipso  verba  imperfecta  reliquit, 

Turn  quoque  visa  decens.     Nudabant  corpora  venti, 

Obviaque  adversas  vibrabant  flamina  vestes, 

Et  levis  impulsos  retro  dabat  aura  capillos  ; 

Auctaque  forma  fuga  est.     Sed  enim  non  sustinet  ultra 

Perdere  blanditias  juvenis  deus,  utque  movebat 

Ipse  amor,  admisso  sequitur  vestigia  passu. 

Ut  canis  in  vacuo  leporem  cum  Gallicus  arvo 

Vidit,  et  hie  praedam  pedibus  petit,  ille  salutem ; 

Alter  inhaesuro  similis  jam  jamque  tenere  535 

Sperat,  et  extento  stringit  vestigia  rostro  : 

Alter  in  ambiguo  est,  an  sit  comprensus,  et  ipsis 

Morsibus  eripitur  tangentiaque  ora  relinquit : 

Sic  deus  et  virgo,  est  hie  spe  celer,  ilia  timore. 

Qui  tamen  insequitur,  pennis  adjutus  am  oris  540 

Ocior  est  requiemque  negat  tergoque  f  ugacis 

Imminet  et  crinem  sj)arsum  cervicibus  adflat. 

Yiribus  absumptis  expalluit  ilia,  citaeque 

Victa  labore  fugae,  spectans  Peneidas  undas,  544 

"  Per,  pater,"  inquit  "  opem,  si  flumina  numen  habetis ! 

Qua  nimium  placui,  mutando  perde  figuram  ! "         547 

Vix  prece  Anita,  torpor  gravis  occupat  artus, 

Mollia  cinguntur  tenui  praecordia  libro, 

In  frondem  crines,  in  ramos  braccliia  crescunt :         550 

Pes,  modo  tarn  velox,  pigris  radicibus  haeret, 

Ora  cacumen  obit.     Pemanet  nitor  unus  in  ilia. 


16  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  748-779.     II.   1-339. 

Hanc  quoque  Phoebus  amat,  positaque  in  stipite  dextra 
Sentit  adhuc  trepidare  novo  sub  cortice  pectus, 
Complexusque  suis  ramos,  ut  membra,  lacertis  555 

Oscula  dat  ligno  :  refugit  tamen  oscula  lignum. 
Cui  deus  "  at  quoniam  conjunx  mea  non  potes  esse, 
Arbor  eris  certe  "  dixit  "  mea.     Semper  habebunt 
Te  coma,  te  citharae,  te  nostrae,  laure,  pharetrae. 
Tu  ducibus  Latiis  aderis,  cum  laeta  Triumphum       560 
Vox  canet  et  visent  longas  Capitolia  pompas. 
Postibus  Augustis  eadem  fidissima  custos 
Ante  fores  stabis,  mediamque  tuebere  quercum. 
Utque  meum  intonsis  caput  est  juvenale  capillis, 
Tu  quoque  perpetuos  semper  gere  frondis  honores."  565 
Finierat  Paean.     Factis  modo  laurea  ramis 
Adnuit,  utque  caput  visa  est  agitasse  cacumen. 

7.  Phaethon. 

I.  748-779.    II.  1-339. 

"  When  drove,  so  poets  sing,  the  Sun-born  youth, 
Devious  through  Heaven's  affrighted  signs  his  sire's 
Ill-granted  chariot." — Milman's  u  Samor." 

Huic  Epaphus  magni  genitus  de  semine  tandem 
Creditur  esse  Jovis,  perque  urbes  juncta  parenti 
Templa  tenet.     Fuit  huic  animis  aequalis  et  annis    750 
Sole  satus  Phaethon.    Quern  quondam  magna  loquentem 
Nee  sibi  cedentem  Phoeboque  parente  superbum 
Non  tulit  Inachides,  "  matri "  que  ait  u  omnia  demens 
Credis,  et  es  tumidus  genitoris  imagine  falsi." 
Erubuit  Phaethon,  iramque  pudore  repressit,  755 

Et  tulit  ad  Clymenen  Epaphi  convicia  matrem : 
"Quoque  magis  doleas,  genetrix,"  ait  "ille  ego  liber, 


7.   PHAETHON.  17 

I  lie  ferox  tacui.     Pudet  haec  opprobria  nobis 

Et  dici  potuisse  et  non  potuisse  refelli. 

At  tu,  si  modo  sum  caelesti  stirpe  creatus,  760 

Ede  notam  tanti  generis,  meque  assere  caelo." 

Dixit  et  implicuit  materno  bracchia  collo, 

Perque  suum  Meropisque  caput  taedasque  sororum, 

Traderet,  oravit,  veri  sibi  signa  parentis. 

Ambiguum,  Clymene,  precibus  Phaethontis,  an  ira  765 
Mota  magis  dicti  sibi  criminis,  utraque  caelo 
Bracchia  porrexit,  spectansque  ad  lumina  solis 
"  Per  jubar  hoc  "  inquit  "  radiis  insigne  coruscis, 
Nate,  tibi  juro,  quod  nos  auditque  videtque, 
Hoc  te,  quern  spectas,  hoc  te,  qui  temperat  orbern,    770 
Sole  satum.     Si  ficta  loquor,  neget  ipse  videndum 
Se  mihi,  sitque  oculis  lux  ista  novissima  nostris. 
Nee  longus  patrios  labor  est  tibi  nosse  penates. 
Unde  oritur,  domus  est  terrae  contermina  nostrae. 
Si  modo  fert  animus,  gradere,  et  scitabere  ab  ipso."  775 

Emicat  extemplo  laetus  post  talia  matris 
Dicta  suae  Phaethon  et  concipit  aethera  mente, 
Aethiopasque  suos  positosque  sub  ignibus  Indos 
Sidereis  transit  patriosque  adit  impiger  ortus. 


Eegia  Solis  erat  sublimibus  alta  columnis, 
Clara  micante  auro  flammasque  imitante  pjropo ; 
Cujus  ebur  nitidum  fastigia  summa  tegebat, 
Argenti  bifores  radiabant  lumine  valvae. 
Materiam  superabat  opus.     Nam  Mulciber  illic 
Aequora  caelarat  medias  cingentia  terras 
Terrarumque  orbem  caelumque,  quod  imminet  orbi. 
Caeruleos  habet  unda  deos,  Tritona  canorum, 


18  METAMOEPIIOSES,   I.  748-779.     II.  1-339. 

Proteaque  ambiguum,  ballaenarumque  preraentem 
Aegaeona  suis  immania  terga  lacertis,  10 

Doridaque  et  natas,  quarum  pars  nare  videtur, 
Pars  in  mole  sedens  virides  siccare  capillos, 
Pisce  vehi  quaedam ;  f  acies  non  omnibus  una, 
Nee  di versa  tamen  ;  qualem  decet  esse  sororum. 
Terra  viros  urbesque  gerit  silvasque  ferasque  15 

Fluminaque  et  nymphas  et  cetera  numina  ruris. 
Haec  super  imposita  est  caeli  fulgentis  imago, 
Signaque  sex  foribus  dextris,  totidemque  sinistris. 

Quo  simul  acclivo  Clymenei'a  limite  proles 
Venit  et  intravit  dubitati  tecta  parentis,  20 

Protinus  ad  patrios  sua  f  ert  vestigia  vultus 
Consistitque  procul :  neque  enim  propiora  f  erebat 
Lumina.     Purpurea  velatus  veste  sedebat 
In  solio  Phoebus  claris  lucente  smaragdis. 
A  dextra  laevaque  Dies  et  Mensis  et  Annus  25 

Saeculaque  et  positae  spatiis  aequalibus  Iiorae 
Yerque  novum  stabat  cinctum  florente  corona, 
Stabat  nuda  Aestas  et  spicea  serta  gerebat, 
Stabat  et  Autumnus,  calcatis  sordidus  uvis, 
Et  glacialis  Hiems,  canos  hirsuta  capillos.  30 

Inde  loco  medius  rerum  novitate  paventem 
Sol  oculis  juvenem,  quibus  aspicit  omnia,  vidit, 
"  Quae  "  que  "  viae  tibi  causa  ?  quid  hac  "  ait  "  arce  petisti, 
Progenies,  Phaethon,  baud  infitianda  parenti?" 

Hie  refert :  "  o  lux  immensi  publica  mundi,  35 

Phoebe  pater,  si  das  hujus  mihi  nominis  usum, 
Nee  falsa  Clymene  culpam  sub  imagine  celat, 
Pignora  da,  genitor,  per  quae  tua  vera  propago 
Credar,  et  hunc  animis  errorem  detrahe  nostris." 

Dixerat.    At  genitor  circum  caput  omne  micantes  40 


7.  PHAETIION.  19 

Deposuit  radios,  propiusque  accedere  jussit, 
Amplexuque  dato,  "  nee  tu  meus  esse  negari 
Dignus  es,  et  Clymene  veros  "  ait  "  edidit  ortus. 
Quoque  minus  dubites,  quod  vis  pete  munus,  ut  illud 
Me  tribuente  feras.     Promissi  testis  adesto  45 

Dis  juranda  palus,  oculis  incognita  nostris." 

Yix  bene  desierat,  currus  rogat  ille  paternos 
Inque  diem  alipedum  jus  et  moderamen  equorum. 

Paenituit  jurasse  patrem.     Qui  terque  quaterque 
Concutiens  illustre  caput,  "  temeraria  n  dixit  50 

"  Vox  mea  facta  tua  est.     Utinam  promissa  liceret 
Non  dare  !  confitcor,  solum  hoc  tibi,  nate,  negarem. 
Dissuadere  licet.     Non  est  tua  tuta  voluntas. 
Magna  petis,  Phaethon,  et  quae  nee  viribus  istis 
Munera  conveniant  nee  tarn  puerilibus  annis.  55 

Sors  tua  mortalis.     Non  est  mortale,  quod  optas. 
Plus  etiam,  quam  quod  superis  contingere  fas  est, 
Nescius  adfectas.     Placeat  sibi  quisque  licebit, 
JSTon  tamen  ignifero  quisquam  consistere  in  axe 
Me  valet  excepto.     Vasti  quoque  rector  Olympi,        60 
Qui  fera  terribili  jaculatur  fulmina  dextra, 
Non  agat  lios  currus.     Et  quid  Jove  majus  habemus  ? 
Ardua  prima  via  est  et  qua  vix  mane  recentes 
Enitantur  equi.     Medio  est  altissima  caelo, 
Unde  mare  et  terras  ipsi  mihi  saepe  videre  65 

Fit  timor,  et  pavida  trepidat  formidine  pectus. 
Ultima  prona  via  est,  et  eget  moderamine  certo : 
Tunc  etiam,  quae  me  subjectis  excipit  undis, 
Ne  ferar  in  praeceps,  Tethys  solet  ipsa  vereri. 
Adde  quod  assidua  rapitur  vertigine  caelum,  70 

Sideraque  alta  trahit,  celerique  volumine  torquet. 
Nitor  in  adversum,  nee  me  qui  cetera,  vincit 


2Q  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  748-779.     IT.  1-339. 

Impetus,  et  rapido  contrarius  evehor  orbi. 

Finge  datos  currus :  quid  ages  ?  poterisne  rotatis 

Obvius  ire  polis,  ne  te  citus  auf erat  axis  ?  75 

Forsitan  et  lucos  illic  urbesque  deorum 

Concipias  animo,  delubraque  ditia  donis 

Esse  ?  per  insidias  iter  est  f  ormasque  f erarum. 

Utque  viain  teneas,  nulloque  errore  traharis, 

Per  tamen  adversi  gradieris  cornua  Tauri,  80 

Haemoniosque  arcus  violentique  ora  Leonis, 

Saevaque  circuitu  curvantem  bracchia  longo 

Scorpion,  atque  aliter  curvantem  bracchia  Cancrum. 

]STec  tibi  quadrupedes  animosos  ignibus  illis, 

Quos  in  pectore  habent,  quos  ore  et  naribus  efflant,     85 

In  promptu  regere  est.     Vix  me  patiuntur,  ubi  acres 

Incaluere  animi,  cervixque  repugnat  habenis. 

At  tu,  funesti  ne  sim  tibi  muneris  auctor, 

Nate,  cave,  dum  resque  sinit,  tua  corrige  vota. 

Scilicet  ut  nostro  genitum  te  sanguine  credas,  90 

Pignora  certa  petis  ?  do  pignora  certa  timendo, 

Et  patrio  pater  esse  metu  probor.     Aspice  vultus 

Ecce  meos.     Utinamque  oculos  in  pectora  posses 

Inserere,  et  patrias  intus  deprendere  curas ! 

Denique  quicquid  habet  dives,  circumspice,  mundus,  95 

Eque  tot  ac  tantis  caeli  terraeque  marisque 

Posce  bonis  aliquid.     Nullam  patiere  repulsam. 

Deprecor  hoc  unura,  quod  vero  nomine  poena, 

Non  honor  est.     Poenam,  Phaethon,  pro  munere  poscis. 

Quid  mea  colla  tenes  blandis,  ignare,  lacertis  ?  100 

Ne  dubita,  dabitur — Stygias  juravimus  undas  ! — 

Quodcumque  optaris ;  sed  tu  sapientius  opta.5' 

Finierat  monitus  ;  dictis  tamen  ille  repugnat, 
Propositumque  premit,  flagratque  cupidine  currus. 


7.  PHAETHOK  21 

Ergo  qua  licuit,  genitor  cunctatus,  ad  altos  105 

Deducit  juvenem,  Vulcania  munera,  currus. 
Aureus  axis  erat,  temo  aureus,  aurea  summae 
Curvatura  rotae,  radiorum  argenteus  ordo. 
Per  juga  chrysolithi  positaeque  ex  ordine  gemmae 
Clara  repercusso  reddebant  lumina  Phoebo.  110 

Dumque  ea  magnanimus  Phaethon  miratur,  opusque 
Perspicit,  ecce  vigil  rutilo  patefecit  ab  ortu 
Purpureas  Aurora  fores  et  plena  rosarum 
Atria.     Diffugiunt  stellae,  quarum  agmina  cogit 
Lucifer,  et  caeli  statione  novissimus  exit.  115 

Quern  petere  ut  terras  mundumque  rubescere  vidit, 
Cornuaque  extremae  velut  evanescere  lunae, 
Jungere  equos  Titan  velocibus  imperat  Horis. 
Jussa  deae  celeres  peragunt,  ignemque  vomentes 
Ambrosiae  suco  saturos  praesepibus  altis  120 

Quadrupedes  ducunt,  adduntque  sonantia  frena. 
Turn  pater  ora  sui  sacro  medicamine  nati 
Contigit,  et  rapidae  fecit  patientia  flammae, 
Imposuitque  comae  radios,  praesagaque  luctus 
Pectore  sollicito  repetens  suspiria  dixit :  125 

"  Si  potes  his  saltern  monitis  parere  paternis, 
Parce,  puer,  stimulis,  et  fortius  utere  loris. 
Sponte  sua  properant :  labor  est  inhibere  volentes. 
Nee  tibi  directos  placeat  via  qui n que  per  arcus  : 
Sectus  in  obliquum  est  lato  curvamine  limes,  130 

Zonarumque  trium  contentus  fine,  polumque 
Effugit  australem,  junctamque  aquilonibus  Arcton. 
Hac  sit  iter.     Manifesta  rotae  vestigia  cernes. 
Utque  ferant  aequos  et  caelum  et  terra  calores, 
Nee  preme,  nee  summum  molire  per  aethera  cursum. 
Altius  egressus  caelestia  tecta  cremabis, 


22  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  748-779.    II.  1-339. 

Inferius  terras  :  medio  tutissimus  ibis. 

Neu  te  dexterior  tortum  declinet  ad  Anguem, 

Neve  sinisterior  pressam  rota  ducat  ad  Aram  : 

Inter  utrumque  tene.     Fortunae  cetera  mando,         140 

Quae  juvet  et  melius  quam  tu  tibi,  consulat  opto. 

Dum  loquor,  Hesperio  positas  in  litore  metas 

ITmida  nox  tetigit ;  non  est  mora  libera  nobis  : 

Poscimur  :  effulget  tenebris  aurora  fugatis. 

Corripe  lora  manu,  vel,  si  mutabile  pectus  145 

Est  tibi,  eonsiliis,  non  curribus  utere  nostris, 

Dum  potes,  et  solidis  etiamnunc  sedibus  adstas, 

Dumque  male  optatos  non  dum  premis  inscius  axes. 

Quae  tutus  spectes,  sine  me  dare  lumina  terris  !  " 

Occupat  ille  levem  juvenali  corpore  currum,  150 

Statque  super,  manibusque  datas  contingere  habenas 
Gaudet,  et  invito  grates  agit  inde  parenti. 
Interea  volucres  Pyrois  et  Eous  et  Aethon, 
Solis  equi,  quartusque  Phlegon,  hinnitibus  auras 
Flammiferis  implent,  pedibusque  repagula  pulsant.  155 
Quae  postquam  Tethys,  fatorum  ignara  nepotis, 
Reppulit,  et  facta  est  immensi  copia  mundi, 
Corripuere  viam,  pedibusque  per  aera  motis 
Obstantes  scindunt  nebulas,  pennisque  levati 
Praetereunt  ortos  isdem  de  partibus  Euros.  160 

Sed  leve  pondus  erat,  nee  quod  cognoscere  possent 
Solis  equi,  solitaque  jugum  gravitate  carebat. 
Utque  labant  curvae  justo  sine  pondere  naves, 
Perque  mare  instabiles  nimia  levitate  feruntur, 
Sic  onere  assueto  vacuus  dat  in  aera  saltus       .  -         165 
Succutiturque  alte,  similisque  est  currus  inanu 
Quod  simulac  sensere,  ruunt  tritumque  relinquunt 
Quadrijugi  spatium,  nee,  quo  prius,  ordine  currunt. 


7.  PHAETHOK  23 

Ipse  pavet,  nee  qua  commissas  flectat  habenas, 

Nee  scit,  qua  sit  iter  ;  nee,  si  sciat,  imperet  illis.        170 

Turn  primum  radiis  gelidi  caluere  Triones, 

Et  vetito  frustra  temptarunt  aequore  tingui ; 

Quaeque  polo  posita  est  glaciali  proxima  Serpens, 

Frigore  pigra  prius,  nee  formidabilis  ulli, 

Incaluit  sumpsitque  novas  fervoribus  iras.  175 

Te  quoque  turbatum  memorant  fugisse,  Boote, 

Quamvis  tardus  eras,  et  te  tua  plaustra  tenebant. 

Ut  vero  summo  despexit  ab  aethere  terras 
Infelix  Phaethon  penitus  penitusque  jacentes, 
Palluit,  et  subito  genua  intremuere  timore,  180 

Suntque  oculis  tenebrae  per  tantum  lumen  obortae. 
Et  jam  mallet  equos  nunquam  tetigisse  paternos, 
Jam  cognosse  genus  piget,  et  valuisse  rogando ; 
Jam  Meropis  dici  cupiens  ita  fertur,  ut  acta 
Praecipiti  pinus  borea,  cui  victa  remisit  185 

Frena  suus  rector,  quam  dis  votisque  reliquit. 
Quid  faciat  ?  multum  caeli  post  terga  relictum, 
Ante  oculos  plus  est :  animo  metitur  utrumque. 
Et  modo  quos  illi  fatum  contingere  non  est, 
Prospicit  occasus,  interdum  respicit  ortus.  190 

Quidque  agat,  ignarus  stupet,  et  nee  frena  remittit, 
Nee  retinere  valet,  nee  nomina  novit  equorum. 
Sparsa  quoque  in  vario  passim  miracula  caelo 
Yastarumque  videt  trepidus  simulacra  ferarum. 

Est  locus,  in  geminos  ubi  bracchia  concavat  arcus  195 
Scorpius,  et  cauda  flexisque  utrimque  lacertis 
Porrigit  in  spatium  signorum  membra  duorum. 
Hunc  puer  ut  nigri  madidum  sudore  veneni 
Yulnera  curvata  minitantem  cuspide  vidit, 
Mentis  inops  gelida  formidine  lora  remisit.  200 


24  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  748-779.    II.  1-339. 

Quae  postquam  summo  tetigere  jacentia  tergo, 
Exspatiantur  equi,  nulloque  inhibente  per  auras 
Ignotae  regionis  eunt,  quaque  impetus  egit, 
Hac  sine  lege  ruunt,  altoque  sub  aethere  fixis 
Incursant  stellis,  rapiuntque  per  avia  currum.  205 

Et  modo  summa  petunt,  modo  per  declive  viasque 
Praecipites  spatio  terrae  propiore  f eruntur. 
Inferiusque  suis  fraternos  currere  Luna 
Admiratur  equos,  ambustaque  nubila  f umant. 

Corripitur  flammis,  ut  quaeque  altissima,  tellus,    210 
Fissaque  agit  rimas,  et  sucis  aret  ademptis. 
Pabula  canescunt,  cum  frondibus  uritur  arbor, 
Materiamque  suo  praebet  seges  arida  damno. 
Parva  queror  :  magnae  pereunt  cum  moenibus  urbes, 
Cumque  suis  totas  populis  incendia  gentes  215 

In  cinerem  vertunt.     Silvae  cum  montibus  ardent, 
Ardet  Athos  Taurusque  Cilix  et  Tmolus  et  Oete, 
Et  turn  sicca,  prius  creberrima  fontibus,  Ide, 
Yirgineusque  Helicon  et  nondum  Oeagrius  Haemos. 
Ardet  in  immensum  geminatis  ignibus  Aetne,  220 

Parnasnsque  biceps,  et  Eryx  et  Cynthus  et  Othrys, 
Et  tandem  nivibus  Phodope  caritura,  Mimasque 
Dindymaque  et  Mycale  natusque  ad  sacra  Cithaeron. 
Nee  prosunt  Scythiae  sua  f rigora :  Caucasus  ardet, 
Ossaque  cum  Pindo  majorque  ambobus  Olympus,     225 
Aeriaeque  Alpes,  et  nubifer  Appenninus. 

Turn  vero  Phaethon  cunctis  e  partibus  orbem 
Aspicit  accensum,  nee  tantos  sustinet  aestus, 
Ferventesque  auras  velut  e  fornace  profunda 
Ore  traliit,  currusque  suos  candescere  sentit ;  230 

Et  neque  jam  cineres  ejectatamque  favillam 
Ferre  potest,  calidoque  involvitur  undique  fumo, 


7.  PIIAETIIOK  25 

Quoque  eat,  aut  ubi  sit,  picea  caligine  tectus 
Nescit,  et  arbitrio  volucrum  raptatur  equorum. 
Sanguine  tunc  credunt  in  corpora  summa  vocato       235 
Aethiopum  populos  nigrum  traxisse  colorem. 
Turn  facta  est  Libye  raptis  umoribus  aestu 
Arida,  turn  nymphae  passis  fontesque  lacusque 
Deflevere  comis  ;  quaerit  Boeotia  Dircen, 
Argos  Amymonen,  Ephyre  Pirenidas  undas.  240 

Nee  sortita  loco  distantes  flumina  ripas 
Tuta  manent :  mediis  Tanais  fumavit  in  undis, 
Peneosque  senex,  Teutliranteusque  Caicus, 
Et  celer  Ismenos  cum  Phegiaco  Erymantho, 
Arsurusque  iterum  Xanthus,  flavusque  Lycormas,     245 
Quique  recurvatis  ludit  Maeandros  in  undis, 
Mygdoniusque  Melas  et  Taenarius  Eurotas. 
Arsit  et  Euphrates  Babylonias,  arsit  Orontes, 
Thermodonque  citus,  Gangesque,  et  Phasis,  et  Hister. 
Aestuat  Alpheus,  ripae  Spercheides  ardent :  250 

Quodque  suo  Tagus  amne  vehit,  fluit  ignibus,  aurum : 
Et  quae  Maeonias  celebrarant  carmine  ripas 
Flumineae  volucres  medio  caluere  Caystro. 
Nilus  in  extremum  fugit  perterritus  orbem 
Occuluitque  caput,  quod  adhuc  latet :  ostia  septem  255 
Pulverulenta  vacant,  septem  sine  flumine  valles. 
Fors  eadem  Ismarios  Hebrum  cum  Strymone  siccat, 
Hesperiosque  amnes,PhenumEhodanumque  Padumque, 
Cuique  fuit  rerum  promissa  potentia,  Thybrin. 
Dissilit  omne  solum,  penetratque  in  Tartara  rimis     260 
Lumen  et  infernum  terret  cum  conjuge  regem. 
Et  mare  contrahitur,  siccaeque  est  campus  harenae 
Quod  modo  pontus  erat ;  quosque  altum  texerat  aequor, 
Exsistunt  montes  et  sparsas  Cycladas  augent. 


26  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  748-779.     II.  1-339. 

Ima  petunt  pisces,  nee  se  super  aequora  curvi  265 

Tollere  consuetas  audent  delphines  in  auras ; 

Corpora  phocarum  summo  resupina  prof  undo 

Exanimata  natant.     Ipsum  quoque  Nerea  fama  est 

Doridaque  et  natas  tepidis  latuisse  sub  antris. 

Ter  Neptunus  aquis  cum  torvo  bracchia  vultu  270 

Exserere  ausus  erat ;  ter  non  tulit  aeris  ignes. 

Alma  tamen  Tellus,  ut  erat  circumdata  ponto, 

Inter  aquas  pelagi  contractosque  undique  fontes, 

Qui  sc  condiderant  in  opacac  viscera  matris, 

Sustulit  oppressos  collo  tenus  arida  vultus,  275 

Opposuitque  manum  fronts  magnoque  tremore 

Omnia  concutiens  paulum  subsedit,  et  infra 

Quam  solet  esse,  f  uit ;  siccaque  ita  voce  locuta  est : 

"  Si  placet  hoc,  meruique,  quid  o  tua  f  ulmina  cessant, 
Summe  deum  ?  liceat  periturae  viribus  ignis  280 

Igne  perire  tuo,  clademque  auctore  levare. 
Vix  equidem  fauces  liaec  ipsa  in  verba  resolvo  " — 
Presserat  ora  vapor — "  tostos  en  aspice  crines, 
In  que  oculis  tantum,  tan  turn  super  ora  favillae. 
Hosne  mihi  fructus,  hunc  fertilitatis  honorem  285 

Officiique  refers,  quod  adunci  vulnera  aratri 
Rastrorumquc  fero  totoque  exerceor  anno, 
Quod  pecori  frondes  alimentaque  mitia,  fruges 
Humano  generi,  vobis  quoque  tura  ministro  ? 
Sed  tamen  exitium  fac  me  meruisse,  quid  undae,      290 
Quid  meruit  f rater  ?  cur  illi  tradita  sorte 
Aequora  decrescunt  et  ab  aethere  longius  absunt  ? 
Quodsi  nee  fratris,  ncc  te  mea  gratia  tangit, 
At  caeli  miserere  tui.     Circumspice  utrumque, 
Fumat  uterque  polus :  quos  si  vitiaverit  ignis,  295 

Atria  vestra  ruent.     Atlas  en  ipse  laborat, 


7.  PHAETHON.  27 

Vixque  suis  umeris  candentem  sustinet  axem. 

Si  freta,  si  terrae  pereunt,  si  regia  caeli, 

In  chaos  antiquum  confundimur.     Eripe  flammis, 

Siquid  adhuc  superest,  et  rerum  consule  summae."    300 

Dixerat  haec  Tellus :  neque  enim  tolerare  vaporem 
Ulterius  potuit  nee  dicere  plura,  suumque 
Rettulit  os  in  se  propioraque  manibus  antra. 
At  pater  omnipotens,  superos  testatus  et  ipsum, 
Qui  dederat  currus,  nisi  opem  ferat,  omnia  fato         305 
Interitura  gravi,  summam  petit  arduus  arcem, 
Unde  solet  latis  nubes  inducere  terris, 
Unde  movet  tonitrus  vibrataque  fulmina  jactat. 
Sed  neque,  quas  posset  terris  inducere,  nubes 
Tunc  habuit,  nee  quos  caelo  dimitteret,  imbres.         310 
Intonat,  et  dextra  libratum  fulmen  ab  aure 
Misit  in  aurigam,  pariterque  animaque  rotisque 
Expulit,  et  saevis  compescuit  ignibus  ignes. 
Consternantur  equi,  et  saltu  in  contraria  facto 
Colla  jugo  eripiunt  abruptaque  lora  relinquunt.         315 
Illic  frena  jacent,  illic  tern  one  revulsus 
Axis,  in  hac  radii  fractarum  parte  rotarum, 
Sparsaque  sunt  late  laceri  vestigia  currus. 
At  Phaethon,  rutilos  flamma  populante  capillos, 
Yolvitur  in  praeceps,  longoque  per  aera  tractu  320 

Fertur,  ut  interdum  de  caelo  stella  sereno 
Etsi  non  cecidit,  potuit  cecidisse  videri. 
Quern  procul  a  patria  diverso  maximus  orbe 
Excipit  Eridanus,  fumantiaque  abluit  ora. 
Naides  Hesperiae  trifida  f  umantia  flamma  325 

Corpora  dant  tumulo,  signant  quoque  carmine  saxum  : 
"  Hie  situs  est  Phaethon,  currus  auriga  paterni ; 
Quern  si  non  tenuit,  magnis  tamen  excidit  ausis." 


28  METAMORPHOSES,   II.  340-366. 

Nam  pater  obductos,  luctu  miserabilis  aegro, 
Condiderat  vultus  :  et  si  modo  credimus,  unum         330 
Isse  diem  sine  sole  ferunt :  incendia  lumen 
Praebebant,  aliquisque  malo  f  uit  usus  in  illo. 

At  Clymene,  postquam  dixit  quaecumque  fuerunt 
In  tantis  dicenda  malis,  lugubris  et  amens 
Et  laniata  sinns  totum  percensuit  orbem  :  335 

Exanimesque  artus  primo,  mox  ossa  requirens, 
Repperit  ossa  tamen  peregrina  condita  ripa, 
Incubuitque  loco,  nomenque  in  marmore  lectum 
Perf udit  laerimis  et  aperto  pectore  fovit.  . 

8.  The  Heliades. 

II.  340-366. 

"  .  .  .  .  Where  weep 
Even  now  the  sister  trees  their  amber  tears 
O'er  Phaethon  untimely  dead." 

Nec  minus  Heliades  lugent  et,  inania  morti  340 

Munera,  dant  lacrimas,  et  caesae  pectora  palmis 

Non  auditurum  miseras  Phaethonta  querellas 

Nocte  dieque  vocant,  adsternunturque  sepulchro. 

Luna  quater  junctis  implerat  cornibus  orbem : 

Illae  more  suo,  nam  morem  fecerat  usus,  345 

Plangorem  dederant :  e  quis  Phaethusa,  sororum 

Maxima,  cum  vellet  terra  procumbere,  questa  est 

Deriguisse  pedes  ;  ad  quam  conata  venire 

Candida  Lampetie  subita  radice  retenta  est. 

Tertia,  cum  crinem  manibus  laniare  pararet,  350 

Avellit  f  rondes  ;  liaec  stipite  crura  teneri, 

Ilia  dolet  fieri  longos  sua  bracchia  ramos. 

Dumque  ea  mirantur,  complectitur  inguina  cortex, 


9.   CYCNUS.     GRIEF  OF  PHOEBUS.  29 

Perque  gradus  uterum  pectusque  umerosque  manusque 
Ambit,  et  exstabant  tantum  ora  vocantia  matrem.     355 
Quid  faciat  mater,  nisi,  quo  trahat  impetus  illam, 
Hue  eat  atque  illuc  et,  dum  licet,  oscula  jungat  ? 
Non  satis  est ;  truncis  avellere  corpora  temptat 
Et  teneros  manibus  ramos  abrumpit ;  at  inde 
Sanguineae  manant,  tamquam  de  vulnere,  guttae.     360 
"  Parce,  precor,  mater,"  quaecumque  est  saucia,  clamat, 
"  Parce,  precor  !  nostrum  laceratur  in  arbore  corpus. 
Jamque  vale  " — cortex  in  verba  novissima  venit. 
Inde  fluunt  lacrimae,  stiUataque  sole  rigescunt 
De  ramis  electra  novis,  quae  lucidus  amnis  365 

Excipit  et  nuribus  mittit  gestanda  Latinis. 

0.  Cycnus.     Grief  of  Phoebus. 
II.  367-400. 

Adfuit  liuic  monstro  proles  Sthenelei'a  Cycnus, 
Qui  tibi  materno  quamvis  a  sanguine  junctus, 
Mente  tamen,  Phaethon,  propior  fuit.     Ille  relicto — 
Nam  Ligurum  populos  et  magnas  rexerat  urbes —    370 
Imperio  ripas  virides  amnemque  querellis 
Eridanum  implerat  silvainque  sororibus  auctam  : 
Cum  vox  est  tenuata  viro,  canaeque  capillos 
Dissimulant  plumae,  collumque  a  pectore  longe 
Porrigitur,  digitosque  ligat  junctura  rubentes,  375 

Penna  latus  vestit,  tenet  os  sine  acumine  rostrum. 
Fit  nova  Cycnus  avis ;  nee  se  caeloque  Jovique 
Credit,  ut  injuste  missi  memor  ignis  ab  iilo  : 
Stagna  petit  patulosque  lacus  ;  ignemque  perosus, 
Quae  colat,  elegit  contraria  flumina  flammis.  3S0 

Squalidus  interea  genitor  Phaethon tis  et  expers 


30  METAMORPHOSES,   II.  760-796. 

Ipse  sui  decoris,  qualis  cum  deficit  orbem 

Esse  solet,  lucemque  odit  seque  ipse  diemque, 

Datque  animum  in  luctus  et  luctibus  adicit  iram, 

Officiumque  negat  mundo.     "  Satis  "  inquit  "  ab  aevi 

Sors  mea  principiis  f  uit  irrequieta,  pigetque 

Actorum  sine  fine  mihi,  sine  honore,  laborum. 

Quilibet  alter  agat  portantes  lumina  currus ! 

Si  nemo  est,  omnesque  dei  non  posse  fatentur, 

Ipse  agat ;  tit  saltern,  dum  nostras  temptat  habenas,  390 

Orbatura  patres  aliquando  fulmina  ponat. 

Turn  sciet,  ignipedum  vires  expertus  equorum, 

Non  meraisse  necem,  qui  non  bene  rexerit  illos." 

Talia  dicentem  circumstant  omnia  Solem 

Numina,  neve  velit  tenebras  inducere  rebus,  395 

Supplice  voce  rogant :  missos  quoque  Juppiter  ignes 

Excusat,  precibusque  minas  regaliter  addit. 

Colligit  amentes  et  adhuc  terrore  paventes 

Phoebus  equos,  stimuloque  dolens  et  verbere  saevit ; 

Saevit  enim  natumque  objectat  et  imputat  illis.  *      400 

10.    The  House  of  Envy. 

II.  760-796. 

Minerva  purposes  to  employ  the  offices  of  Envy,  in  punish- 
ment of  Aglauros,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Cecrops.  Thus  the 
poet  comes  to  describe  the  House  of  Envy,  whither  Minerva  has 
come. 

Protinus  Invidiae  nigro  squalentia  tabo  760 

Tecta  petit.     Domus  est  imis  in  vallibus  hujus 
Abdita,  sole  carens,  non  ulli  pervia  vento, 
Tristis  et  ignavi  plenissima  frigoris,  et  quae 
Igne  vacet  semper,  caligine  semper  abundet. 


10.    THE  HOUSE   OF  ENVY.  31 

Hue  ubi  pervenit  belli  metuenda  virago,  765 

Constitit  ante  domum,  neque  enim  succedere  tectis 

Fas  habet,  et  postes  extrema  cuspide  pulsat. 

Concussae  patuere  fores.     Yidet  intus  edentem 

Vipereas  carnes,  vitiorum  alimenta  suorum, 

Invidiam,  visaque  oculos  avertit.     At  ilia  770 

Surgit  humo  pigre  semesarumque  relinquit 

Corpora  serpentum,  passuque  incedit  inerti ; 

Utque  deam  vidit  formaque  armisque  decoram, 

Ingemuit,  vultumque  inita  ad  suspiria  duxit. 

Pallor  in  ore  sedet,  macies  in  corpore  toto,  775 

Nusquam  recta  acies,  livent  robigine  dentes, 

Pectora  felle  virent,  lingua  est  suffusa  veneno. 

Risus  abest,  nisi  quern  visi  movere  dolores, 

Nee  fruitur  somno,  vigilacibus  excita  curis, 

Sed  videt  ingratos,  intabescitque  videndo,  780 

Successus  hominum,  carpitque  et  carpitur  una, 

Suppliciumque  suum  est.     Quamvis  tarn  en  oderat,  illam 

Talibus  adfata  est  breviter  Tritonia  dictis : 

"  Infice  tabe  tua  natarum  Cecropis  unam. 

Sic  opus  est.   Aglauros  ea  est."   Hand  plura  locuta  785 

Fugit,  et  impressa  tellurem  reppulit  hasta. 

Ilia  deam  obliquo  fugientem  lumine  cernens 

Murmura  parva  dedit,  successurumque  Minervae 

Indoluit ;  baculumque  capit,  quod  spinea  totum 

Vincula  cingebant ;  adopertaque  nubibus  atris  790 

Quacumque  ingreditur,  florentia  proterit*arva, 

Exuritque  lierbas,  et  summa  cacumina  carpit, 

Adflatuque  suo  populos  urbesque  domosque 

Polluit,  et  tandem  Tritonida  conspicit  arcem 

Ingeniis  opibusque  et  festa  pace  virentem,  795 

Vixque  tenet  lacrimas,  quia  nil  lacrimabile  cernit. 


32  METAMORPHOSES,   III.   14-137. 

11.    Cadmus  and  the  Dkagon's  Teeth. 

III.  14-137. 

Vix  bene  Castalio  Cadmus  descenderat  antro, 
Incustoditam  lente  videt  ire  juvencam  15 

Nullum  servitii  signum  cervice  gerentem. 
Subsequitur  pressoque  legit  vestigia  gressu, 
Auctoremque  viae  Phoebum  taciturnus  adorat. 
Jam  vada  Cephisi  Panopesque  evaserat  arva : 
Bos  stetit  et  tollens  speciosam  cornibus  altis  20 

Ad  caelum  f  rontem  mugitibus  impulit  auras  ; 
Atque  ita,  respiciens  comites  sua  terga  sequentes, 
Procubuit  teneraque  latus  summisit  in  herba. 
Cadmus  agit  grates,  peregrinaeque  oscula  terrae 
Figit,  et  ignotos  montes  agrosque  salutat.  25 

Sacra  Jovi  facturus  erat.     Jubet  ire  ministros 
Et  petere  e  vivis  libandas  fontibus  undas. 

Silva  vet  us  stabat  nulla  violata  securi, 
Et  specus  in  media,  virgis  ac  vimine  densus, 
Efficiens  humilem  lapidum  compagibus  arcum,  30 

Uberibus  fecund  us  aquis  ;  ubi  conditus  antro 
Martius  anguis  erat,  cristis  praesignis  et  auro  : 
Igne  micant  oculi ;  corpus  tumet  omne  veneno ; 
Tresque  vibrant  linguae ;  triplici  stant  ordine  dentes. 
Quern  postquam  Tyria  lucum  de  gente  profecti  35 

Infausto  tetigere  gradu,  demissaque  in  undas 
Urna  dedit  sonitum,  longo  caput  extulit  antro 
Caeruleus  serpens  horrendaque  sibila  misit. 
Effluxere  urnae  manibus,  sanguisque  relinquit 
Corpus,  et  attonitos  subitus  tremor  occupat  artus.        40 
Ille  volubilibus  squamosos  nexibus  orbes 


11.  CADMUS.  33 

Torquet,  et  immensos  saltu  sinuatur  in  arcus, 
Ac  media  plus  parte  leves  erectus  in  auras 
Despicit  omne  nemus,  tantoque  est  corpore,  quanto, 
Si  totum  spectes,  geminas  qui  separat  Arctos.  45 

]STec  mora ;  Phoenicas,  sive  illi  tela  parabant, 
Sive  fugam,  sive  ipse  timor  prohibebat  utrumque, 
Occupat :  hos  morsu,  longis  amplexibus  illos, 
Hos  necat  adflati  funesta  tabe  veneni. 

Fecerat  exiguas  jam  sol  altissimus  umbras  :  50 

Quae  mora  sit  sociis,  miratur  Agenore  natus, 
Yestigatque  viros.     Tegumen  direpta  leonis 
Pellis  erat,  telum  splendenti  lancea  f erro 
Et  jaculum,  teloque  animus  praestantior  omni. 

Ut  nemus  intravit  letataque  corpora  vidit,  55 

Victoremque  supra  spatiosi  corporis  hostem 
Tristia  sanguinea  lambentem  vulnera  lingua, 
"Aut  ultor  vestrae,  fidissima  corpora,  mortis, 
Aut  comes"  inquit  "ero."     Dixit,  dextraque  molarem 
Sustulit,  et  magnum  magno  conamine  misit.  60 

Illius  impulsu  cum  turribus  ardua  celsis 
Moenia  mota  forent :  serpens  sine  vulnere  mansit, 
Loricaeque  modo  squamis  defensus  et  atrae 
Duritia  pellis  validos  cute  reppulit  ictus. 
At  non  duritia  jaculum  quoque  vicit  eadem,  65 

Quod  medio  lentae  spinae  curvamine  fixum 
Constitit,  et  totum  descendit  in  ilia  ferrum. 
Ille  dolore  ferox  caput  in  sua  terga  retorsit, 
Yulneraque  aspexit,  fixumque  hastile  momordit, 
Idque  ubi  vi  multa  partem  labefecit  in  omnem,  70 

Vix  tergo  eripuit :  ferrum  tamen  ossibus  haesit. 
Turn  vero  postquam  solitas  accessit  ad  iras 
Causa  recens,  plenis  tumuerunt  guttura  venis, 


34:  METAMORPHOSES,   III.   14-137. 

Spumaque  pestiferos  circumfluit  albida  rictus, 
Terraque  rasa  sonat  squamis,  quique  halitus  exit  75 

Ore  niger  Stygio,  vitiatas  inficit  auras. 
Ipse  modo  immensum  spiris  facientibus  orbem 
Cingitur,  interdum  longa  trabe  rectior  exstat, 
Impete  nunc  vasto  ceu  concitus  imbribus  amnis 
Fertur,  et  obstantes  proturbat  pectore  silvas.  83 

Cedit  Agenorides  paulum,  spolioque  leonis 
Sustinet  incursus,  instantiaque  ora  retardat 
Cuspide  praetenta.     Furit  ille  et  inania  duro 
Vulnera  dat  ferro,  figitque  in  acumine  dentes, 
Jamque  venenifero  sanguis  manare  palato  85 

Coeperat,  et  vi rides  aspergine  tinxerat  herbas  : 
Sed  leve  vulnus  erat,  quia  se  retrahebat  ab  ictu 
Laesaque  colla  dabat  retro,  plagamque  sedere 
Cedendo  arcebat,  nee  longius  ire  sinebat : 
Donee  Agenorides  conjectum  in  gutture  ferrum         90 
Usque  sequens  pressit,  dum  retro  quercus  eunti 
Obstitit,  et  fixa  est  pariter  cum  robore  cervix. 
Pondere  serpentis  curvata  est  arbor,  et  imae 
Parte  flagellari  gemuit  sua  robora  caudae. 

Dum  spatium  victor  victi  considerat  hostis,  95 

Yox  subito  audita  est ;  neque  erat  cognoscere  prompt um, 
Unde,  sed  audita  est,  "  quid,  Agenore  nate,  peremptum 
Serpentem  spectas  ?  et  tu  spectabere  serpens." 

Ille  diu  pavidus  pariter  cum  mente  colorem 
Perdiderat,  gelidoque  comae  terrore  rigebant.  100 

Ecce  viri  fautrix  superas  delapsa  per  auras 
Pallas  adest,  motaeque  jubet  supponere  terrae 
Vipereos  dentes,  populi  incrementa  futuri. 
Paret,  et,  ut  presso  sulcum  patefecit  aratro, 
Spargit  humi  jussos,  mortalia  semina,  dentes.  105 


11.  CADMUS.  35 

Inde,  fide  majus,  glaebae  coepere  moveri, 

Primaque  de  sulcis  acies  apparuit  hastae, 

Tegmina  mox  capitum  picto  nutantia  cono, 

Mox  umeri  pectusque  onerataque  bracchia  telis 

Exsistunt,  crescitque  seges  clipeata  virorum.  110 

Sic  ubi  tolluntur  festis  aulaea  theatris, 

Surgere  sign  a  solent,  primumque  ostendere  vultus, 

Cetera  paulatim,  placidoque  educta  tenore 

Tota  patent,  imoque  pedes  in  margine  ponunt. 

Territus  hoste  novo  Cadmus  capere  arma  para  bat.  115 
"  Ne  cape,"  de  populo,  quern  terra  creaverat,  unus 
Exclamat  "  nee  te  civilibus  in  sere  bellis." 
Atque  ita  terrigenis  rigid  o  de  fratribus  unum 
Comminus  ense  ferit :  jaculo  cadit  eminus  ipse. 
Hunc  quoque  qui  leto  dederat,  non  longius  illo         120 
Vivit,  et  exspirat,  modo  quas  aceeperat,  auras. 
Exemploque  pari  furit  omnis  turba,  suoque 
Marte  cadunt  subiti  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres. 
Jamque  brevis  vitae  spatium  sortita  juventus 
Sanguineo  tepidam  plangebat  pectore  matrem,  125 

Quinque  superstitibus :  quorum  f uit  unus  Echion. 
Is  sua  jecit  humo  monitu  Tritonidis  arma, 
Fraternaeque  fidem  pacis  petiitque  deditque. 
Hos  operis  comites  habuit  Sidonius  liospes, 
Cum  posuit  jussam  Phoebeis  sortibus  urbem.  130 

Jam  stabant  Thebae  :  poteras  jam,  Cadme,  videri 
Exilio  felix :  soceri  tibi  Marsque  Yenusque 
Contigerant :  hue  adde  genus  de  conjuge  tanta, 
Tot  natos  natasque  et,  pignora  cara,  nepotes, 
Hos  quoque  jam  juvenes.   Sed  scilicet  ultima  semper  1 35 
Expectanda  dies  liomini,  dicique  beatus 
Ante  obitum  nemo  supremaque  funera  debet. 


36  METAMORPHOSES,   IV.   55-166. 

12.   Pyramus  and  Thisbe. 
IV.  55-166. 

Pyramus  et  Thisbe,  juvenum  pulcherrimus  alter,        55 
Altera,  quas  oriens  habuit,  praelata  puellis, 
Contiguas  tenuere  domos,  ubi  dicitur  altam 
Coctilibus  muris  cinxisse  Semiramis  urbem. 
Notitiam  primosque  gradus  vicinia  fecit : 
Tempore  crevit  amor :  taedae  quoque  jure  coissent :  60 
Sed  vetuere  patres.     Quod  non  potuere  vetare, 
Ex  aequo  captis  ardebant  mentibus  ambo. 
Conscius  omnis  abest :  nutu  signisque  loquuntur, 
Quoque  magis  tegitur,  tectus  magis  aestuat  ignis. 

Fissus  erat  tenui  rima,  quam  duxerat  olim  65 

Cum  fieret,  paries  domui  communis  utrique. 
Id  vitium  nulli  per  saecula  longa  notatum — 
Quid  non  sen  tit  amor  ? — primi  vidistis  amantes, 
Et  vocis  f  ecistis  iter ;  tutaeque  per  illud 
Murmure  bland itiae  minimo  transire  solebant.  70 

Saej3e,  ubi  constiterant,  hinc  Thisbe,  Pyramus  illinc, 
Inque  vices  f  uerat  captatus  anhelitus  oris, 
"  Invide  "  dicebant  "  paries,  quid  amantibus  obsta*?  ? 
Quantum  erat,  ut  sineres  toto  nos  corpore  jungi, 
Aut  hoc  si  nimium,  vel  ad  oscula  danda  pateres !  ^  75 
Nee  sumus  ingrati :  tibi  nos  debere  fatemur, 
Quod  datus  est  verbis  ad  arnicas  transitus  aures." 
Talia  diversa  nequiquam  sede  locuti 
Sub  noctem  dixere  vale,  partique  dedere 
Oscula  quisque  suae  non  pervenientia  contra. 

Postera  nocturnos  aurora  removerat  ignes, 
Solque  pruinosas  radiis  siccaverat  herbas  : 
Ad  solitum  coiere  locum.     Turn  murmure  parvo 


12.  PYKAMUS  AND  THISBE.  37 

Multa  prius  questi,  statuunt,  ut  nocte  silenti 

Fallere  custodes  foribusque  excedere  temptent,  85 

Cumque  domo  exierint,  urbis  quoque  tecta  relinquant ; 

Neve  sit  errandum  lato  spatiantibus  arvo, 

Conveniant  ad  busta  Nini,  lateantque  sub  umbra 

Arboris :  arbor  ibi  niveis  uberrima  pomis 

Ardua  morus  erat,  gelido  contermina  fonti.  90 

Pacta  placent,  et  lux,  tarde  discedere  visa, 

Praecipitatur  aquis,  et  aquis  nox  exit  ab  isdem. 

Callida  per  tenebras  versato  cardine  Thisbe 
Egreditur  fallitque  suos  ;  adopertaque  vultum 
Pervenit  ad  tumulum,  dictaque  sub  arbore  sedit.         95 
Audacem  faciebat  amor.     Yenit  ecce  recenti 
Caede  leaena  bourn  spumantes  oblita  rictus, 
Depositura  sitim  vicini  fontis  in  unda. 
Quam  procul  ad  lunae  radios  Babylonia  Thisbe 
Vidit,  et  obscurum  trepido  pede  f  ugit  in  antrum,      100 
D unique  fugit,  tergo  velamina  lapsa  reliquit. 
Ut  lea  saeva  sitim  multa  compescuit  unda, 
Dum  redit  in  silvas,  inventos  forte  sine  ipsa 
Ore  cruentato  tenues  laniavit  amictus. 

Serius  egressus  vestigia  vidit  in  alto  -^405 

Purvere  certa  ferae,  totoque  expalluit  ore 
Pyramus.     Ut  vero  vestem  quoque  sanguine  tinctam 
Repperit,  u  una  duos  "  inquit  "  nox  perdet  amantes : 
E  quibus  ilia  fuit  longa  dignissima  vita, 
Nostra  nocens  anima  est :  ego  te,  miseranda,  peremi,  110 
In  loca  plena  metus  qui  jussi  nocte  venires, 
Nee  prior  hue  veni.     Nostrum  divellite  corpus, 
Et  scelerata  fero  consumite  viscera  morsu, 
O  quicumque  sub  hac  habitatis  rupe,  leones. 
Sed  timidi  est  optare  necem."     Yelamina  Thisbes    115 


38  METAMORPHOSES,   IV.  55-166. 

Tollit,  et  ad  pactae  secura  fert  arboris  umbram. 
Utque  dedit  notae  lacrimas,  dedit  oscula  vesti, 
"Accipenunc"  inquit  "nostri  quoque  sanguinis  haustus!" 
Quoque  erat  accinctus,  demisit  in  ilia  ferrum, 
Nee  mora,  ferventi  moriens  e  vulnere  traxit.  120 

Ut  jacuit  resupinus  humo,  cruor  emicat  alte : 
Non  aliter,  quam  cum  vitiato  fistula  plumbo 
Scinditur,  et  tenui  stridente  foramine  longas 
Ejaculatur  aquas,  atque  ictibus  aera  rumpit. 
Arborei  fetus  aspergine  caedis  in  atram  125 

Yertuntur  faciem,  madefactaque  sanguine  radix 
Puniceo  tinguit  pendentia  mora  colore. 

Ecce  metu  nondum  posito,  ne.  f allat  amantem, 
Ilia  redit,  juvenemque  oculis  animoque  requirit, 
Quantaque  vitarit  narrare  pericula  gestit.  130 

Utque  locum  et  rigua  cognoscit  in  arbore  formam, 
Sic  facit  incertam  pomi  color:  haeret,  an  liaec  sit. 
Dum  dubitat,  tremebunda  videt  pulsare  cruentum 
Membra  solum,  retroque  pedem  tulit,  oraque  buxo 
Pallidiora  gerens  exhorruit,  aequoris  instar,  135 

Quod  tremit,  exigua  cum  summum  stringitur  aura. 
Sed  postquam  remorata  suos  cognovit  amores, 
Percutit  indignos  claro  plangore  lacertos,  >^Z 
Et  laniata  comas  amplexaque  corpus  amatum 
Vulnera  supplevit  lacrimis,  fletumque  cruori  140 

Miscuit,  et  gelidis  in  vultibus  oscula  figens, 
"  Pyrame,"  clamavit  "  quis  te  mihi  casus  ademit  % 
Pyrame,  responde :  tua  te  carissima  Thisbe 
]STominat :  exaudi,  vultusque  attolle  jacentes  !  "    - 

Ad  nomen  Thisbes  oculos  jam  morte  gravatos        145 
Pyramus  erexit,  visaque  recondidit  ilia. 
Quae  postquam  vestemque  suam  cognoyit,  et  ense 


13.   CADMUS  AND  HERMIONE.  39 

Vidit  ebur  vacuum,  "  tua  te  maims  "  inquit  u  amorque 

Perdidit,  infelix.     Est  et  mihi  fortis  in  unum 

Hoc  manus,  est  et  amor :  dabit  hie  in  vulnera  vires.  150 

Persequar  exstinctum,  letique  miserrima  dicar 

Causa  comesque  tui ;  quique  a  me  morte  revelli 

Heu  sola  poteras,  poteris  nee  morte  revelli. 

PIoc  tamen  amborum  verbis  estote  rogati, 

O  multum  miseri,  meus  illiusque  parentes,  155 

Ut  quos  certus  amor,  quos  hora  novissima  junxit, 

Componi  tumulo  non  invideatis  eodem. 

At  tu,  quae  ramis  arbor  miserabile  corpus 

Nunc  tegis  unius,  mox  es  tectura  duorum, 

Signa  tene  caedis,  pullosque  et  luctibus  aptos  160 

Semper  habe  fetus,  gemini  monumenta  cruoris." 

Dixit,  et  aptato  pectus  mucrone  sub  imum 
Incubuit  ferro,  quod  adhuc  a  caede  tepebat. 
Yota  tamen  tetigere  deos,  tetigere  parentes. 
Nam  color  in  pomo  est,  ubi  permaturuit,  ater :  165 

Quodque  rogis  superest,  una  requiescit  in  urna. 

13.  Cadmus  and   IIeemione. 
IV.  5G3-603. 

Nescit  Agenorides  natam  parvumque  nepotem 
Aequoris  esse  deos.     Luctu  serieque  maloram 
Victus  et  ostentis,  quae  plurima  viderat,  exit  565 

Conditor  urbe  sua,  tamquam  fortuna  locorum, 
Non  sua  se  premeret ;  longisque  erratibus  actus 
Contigit  Illyricos  profuga  cum  conjuge  lines. 
Jamque  malis  annisque  graves,  dum  prima  retractant 
Fata  domus,  releguntque  suos  sermone  labores,  570 

"  Num  sacer  ille  mea  trajectus  cuspide  serpens  " 


40  METAMORPHOSES,   IV.   563-603. 

Cadmus  ait  "  f uerat,  turn,  cum  Sidone  profectus 

Vipereos  sparsi  per  humum,  nova  semina,  dentes  % 

Quern  si  cura  deum  tarn  certa  vindicat  ira, 

Ipse  precor  serpens  in  longam  porrigar  alvum."        575 

Dixit,  et  ut  serpens  in  longam  tenditur  alvum, 

Durataeque  cuti  squamas  increscere  sentit, 

Nigraque  caeruleis  variari  corpora  guttis  : 

In  pectusque  cadit  pronus,  commissaque  in  unum 

Paulatim  tereti  tenuantur  acumine  crura.  580 

Bracchia  jam  restant :  quae  restant,  bracchia  tendit, 

Et  lacrimis  per  adhuc  humana  iluentibus  ora 

"  Accede,  o  conjunx,  accede,  miserrima,"  dixit, 

"  Dumque  aliquid  superest  de  me,  me  tange,  manumque 

Accipe,  dum  manus  est,  dum  non  totum  occupat  anguis." 

Ille  quidem  vult  plura  loqui,  sed  lingua  repente 

In  partes  est  fissa  duas  :  nee  verba  loquenti 

Suffieiunt,  quotiensque  aliquos  parat  edere  questus, 

Sibilat :  lianc  illi  vocem  natura  reliquit. 

Nuda  manu  feriens  exclamat  pectora  conjunx,  590 

"  Cadme,  mane,  teque,  infelix,  his  exue  monstris  ! 

Cadme,  quid  hoc  ?  ubi  pes  ?  ubi  sunt  umerique  manusque, 

Et  color  et  facies  et,  dum  loquor,  omnia  ?  cur  non 

Me  quoque,  caelestes,  in  eandem  vertitis  anguem  ? " 

Dixerat.     Ille  suae  lambebat  conjugis  ora,  595 

Inque  sinus  caros,  veluti  cognosceret,  ibat, 

Et  dabat  amplexus,  assuetaque  colla  petebat. 

Quisquis  adest — aderant  comites — terretur  :  at  ilia 

Lubrica  permulcet  cristati  colla  draconis  ; 

Et  subito  duo  sunt  junctoque  volumine  serpunt,        600 

Donee  in  appositi  nemoris  subiere  latebras. 

Nunc  quoque  nee  fugiunt  hominem,  nee  vulnere  laedunt, 

Quidque  prius  fuerint,  placidi  meminere  dracones. 


14.   ANDROMEDA'S  RELEASE.  41 

14.  Andromeda's   Release. 
IV.  663-752. 

Perseus,  when  returning  from  Libya  with  the  head  of  the 
Medusa,  finds  Andromeda  chained  to  a  rock  and  exposed  to  a  sea- 
monster,  and  rescues  her.  (Read  Mr.  Kingsley's  "  Andromeda," 
and,  in  Mr.  William  Morris's  "  Earthly  Paradise,"  the  ';  Doom  of 
Acrisius.") 

Clauserat  Ilippotades  aeterno  carcere  ventos, 

Admonitorque  operum  caelo  clarissimus  alto - 

Lucifer  ortns  erat.     Pennis  ligat  ille  resumptis  665 

Parte  ab  utraque  pedes,  teloque  accingitur  unco, 
Et  liquidum  motis  talaribus  aera  findit. 
Gentibus  innumeris  circumque  infraque  relictis 
Aethiopum  populos,  Ceplieaque  conspicit  arva. 
Illic -immeritam  maternae  pendere  linguae  670 

Andromedan  poenas  immitis  jusserat  Amnion. 
Quam  simul  ad  duras  religatam  bracchia  cautes 
Vidit  Abantiades — nisi  quod  levis  aura  capillos 
Moverat,  et  tepido  manabant  lumina  fletu, 
Marmoreum  ratus  esset  opus — trahit  inscius  ignes     675 
Et  stupet.     Eximiae  correptus  imagine  formae 
Paene  suas  quatere  est  oblitus  in  aere  pennas. 
Ut  stetit,  "  O  "  dixit  "  non  istis  digna  catenis, 
Sed  quibus  inter  se  cupidi  junguntur  amantes, 
Pande  requirenti  nomen  terraeque  timmque,  680 

Et  cur  vincla  geras."     Primo  silet  ilia,  nee  audet 
Appellare  virum  virgo  ;  manibusque  modestos 
Celasset  vultus,  si  non  religata  fuisset. 
Lumina,  quod  potuit,  lacrimis  implevit  obortis. 
Saepius  instanti,  sua  ne  delicta  fateri  685 


42  METAMORPHOSES,   IV.   663-752. 

Nolle  videretur,  nomen  terraeque  suumque, 

Quantaque  maternae  fuerit  fiducia  formae, 

Iudicat.     Et  nondum  memoratis  omnibus  unda 

Insonuit,  veniensque  immenso  belua  ponto 

Imminet  et  latum  sub  pectore  possidet  aequor.     ,     690 

Conclamat  virgo.     Genitor  lugubris  et  una 
Mater  adest,  ambo  miseri,  sed  justius  ilia. 
Nee  secum  auxilium,  sed  dignos  tempore  fletus 
Plangoremque  ferunt,  vinctoque  in  corpore  adhaerent : 
Cum  sic  hospes  ait :  "  Laerimarum  longa  manere      695 
Tempora  vos  poterunt;  ad  opem  brevis  hora  ferendam  est. 
Hanc  ego  si  peterem  Perseus  Jove  natus  et  ilia, 
Quam  clausam  implevit  fecundo  Juppiter  auro, 
Gorgonis  anguicomae  Perseus  superator,  et  alis 
Aerias  ausus  jactatis  ire  per  auras,  700 

Praeferrer  cunctis  certe  gener.     Addere  tantis 
Dotibus  et  meritum,  faveant  modo  numina,  tempto. 
Ut  mea  sit  servata  mea  virtute,  paciscor." 

Accipiunt  legem — quis  enim  dubitaret  ? — et  orant, 
Promittuntque  super  regnum  dotale  parentes.  705 

Ecce  velut  navis  praefixo  concita  rostro 
Sulcat  aquas,  juvenum  suclantibus  acta  lacertis, 
Sic  fera  dimotis  impulsu  pectoris  undis 
Tantum  aberat  scopulis,  quantum  Balearica  torto 
Funda  potest  plumbo  medii  transmittere  caeli :  710 

Cum  subito  juvenis  pedibus  tellure  repulsa 
Arduus  in  nubes  abiit.     Ut  in  aequore  summo 
Umbra  viri  visa  est,  visam  fera  saevit  in  umbram. 
Utque  Jovis  praepes,  vacuo  cum  vidit  in  arvo 
Praebentem  Phoebo  liventia  terga  draconem,  715 

Occupat  aversum  ;  neu  saeva  retorqueat  ora, 
Squamigeris  avidos  figit  cervicibus  ungues  : 


14.   ANDROMEDA'S  RELEASE.  43 

Sic  celeri  missus  praeceps  per  inane  volatu 
Terga  ferae  pressit,  dextroque  frementis  in  anno 
Inachides  ferrum  curvo  tenus  abdidit  hamo.  720 

Vulnere  laesa  gravi  modo  se  sublimis  in  auras 
Attollit,  modo  subdit  aquis,  modo  more  ferocis 
Versat  apri,  quern  turba  canum  circumsona  terret. 
Ille  avidos  morsus  velocibus  effugit  alis : 
Quaque  patet,  nunc  terga  cavis  super  obsita  conchis,  725 
Nunc  laterum  costas,  nunc  qua  tenuissima  cauda 
Desinit  in  piscem,  falcato  verberat  ense. 
Belua  puniceo  mixtos  cum  sanguine  fluctus 
Ore  vomit.     Maduere  graves  aspergine  pennae  ; 
Nee  bibulis  ultra  Perseus  talaribus  ausus  730 

Credere,  conspexit  scopulum,  qui  vertice  summo 
Stantibus  exstat  aquis,  operitur  ab  aequore  moto. 
Nixus  eo  rupisque  tenens  juga  prima  sinistra 
Ter  quater  exegit  repetita  per  ilia  ferrum. 

Litora  cum  plausu  clamor  superasque  deorum        735 
Implevere  domos.     Gaudent,  generumque  salutant, 
Auxiliumque  domus  servatoremque  fatentur 
Cassiope  Cepheusque  pater.     Eesoluta  catenis 
Incedit  virgo,  pretiumque  et  causa  laboris. 

Ipse  manus  liausta  victrices  abluit  unda  :  740 

Anguiferumque  caput  dura  ne  laedat  harena, 
Mollit  humum  foliis,  natasque  sub  aequore  virgas 
Sternit,  et  imponit  Phorcynidos  ora  Medusae. 
Virga  recens  bibulaque  etiamnum  viva  medulla 
Vim  rapuit  monstri,  tactuque  induruit  hujus,  745 

Percepitque  novum  ramis  et  froncle  rigorem. 
At  pelagi  nymphae  factum  mirabile  temptant 
Pluribus  in  virgis,  et  idem  contingere  gaudent, 
Seminaque  ex  illis  iterant  jactata  per  undas. 


44  METAMORPHOSES,   V.  338-571. 

Nunc  quoque  curaliis  eadem  natura  remansit,  750 

Duritiam  tacto  capiant  nt  ab  acre,  quodque 
Yimen  in  aequore  erat,  fiat  super  aequora  saxum. 

15.  Proseepike. 
Y.  338-571. 

The  Muse  Calliope  sings  in  honor  of  Ceres,  describing  her 
wanderings  in  quest  of  Proserpine. 

"  Proserpine  gathering  flowers, 
Herself  a  fairer  flower,  by  gloomy  Dis 
Was  gathered,  which  cost  Ceres  all  that  pain 
To  seek  her  through  the  world." 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  268-272. 

Surgit,  et  immissos  hedera  collecta  capillos 

Calliope  querulas  praetemptat  pollice  chordae, 

Atque  haec  percussis  subjungit  carmina  nervis.         340 

"  Prima  Ceres  unco  glaebam  dimovit  aratro, 

Prima  dedit  fruges  alimentaque  mitia  terris, 

Prima  dedit  leges :  Cereris  sunt  omnia  munus. 

Ilia  canenda  mini  est.     Utinam  modo  dicere  possem 

Carmina  digna  dea  :  certe  dea  carmine  digna  est.      345 

Yasta  Giganteis  ingesta  est  insula  membris 
Trinacris,  et  magnis  subjeetum  molibus  urguet 
Aetherias  ausum  sperare  Typhoea  sedes. 
Nititur  ille  quidem,  pugnatque  resurgere  saepe : 
Dextra  sed  Ausonio  manus  est  subjecta  Peloro,  350 

Laeva,  Pacliyne,  tibi :  Lilybaeo  crura  premuntur : 
Degravat  Aetna  caput,  sub  qua  resupinus  liarenas 
Ejectat,  flammamque  ferox  vomit  ore  Typhoeus. 
Saepe  remoliri  luctatur  pondera  terrae, 
Oppidaque  et  magnos  devolvere  corpore  montes :      355 


15.  PROSERPINE.  45 

Inde  tremit  tellus  et  rex  pavet  ipse  silentum, 
Ne  pateat  latoque  solum  retegatur  hiatu, 
Immissusque  dies  trepidantes  terreat  umbras. 

Hanc  metuens  cladem  tenebrosa  sedc  tyrarmus 
Exierat,  curruque  atrorum  vectus  equorum  360 

Ambibat  Siculae  cautus  fundamina  terrae. 
Postquam  exploratum  satis  est  loca  nulla  labare, 
Depositique  metus,  videt  hunc  Erycina  vagantem 
Monte  suo  residens,  natumque  amplexa  volucrem 
'  Arma  manusque  meae,  mea,  nate,  potentia,'  dixit,   365 
i  Ilia,  quibus  superas  omnes,  cape  tela,  Cupido, 
Inque  dei  pectus  celeres  molire  sagittas, 
Cui  triplicis  cessit  for  tuna  novissima  regni. 
Tu  superos  ipsumque  Jovem,  tu  numina  ponti 
Victa  domas  ipsumque,  regit  qui  numina  ponti.         370 
Tartara  quid  cessant  ?  cur  non  matrisque  tuumque 
Imperium  prof ers  ?  agitur  pars  tertia  mundi. 
Et  tamen  in  caelo,  quae  jam  patientia  nostra  est, 
Spernimur,  ac  mecum  vires  minuuntur  Amoris. 
Pallada  nonne  vides  jaculatricemque  Dianam  375 

Abscessisse  milii  ?     Cereris  quoque  filia  virgo, 
Si  patiemur,  erit :  nam  spes  adf ectat  easdem. 
At  tu,  pro  socio,  siqua  est  ea  gratia,  regno 
Junge  deam  patruo.'     Dixit  Venus ;  ille  pharetram 
Solvit  et  arbitrio  matris  de  mille  sagittis  380 

Unam  seposuit,  sed  qua  nee  acutior  ulla 
Nee  minus  incerta  est,  nee  quae  magis  audiat  arcus ; 
Oppositoque  genu  curvavit  flexile  cornum 
Inque  cor  hamata  percussit  harundine  Ditem. 

Haud  procul  Hennaeis  lacus  est  a  moenibus  altae,  385 
Nomine  Pergus,  aquae.     Non  illo  plura  Caystros 
Carmina  eyenorum  labentibus  audit  in  undis. 


4:6  METAMORPHOSES,  V.  338-571. 

Silva  coronat  aquas  cingens  latus  omne,  suisque 

Frondibus  ut  velo  Phoebeos  summovet  ignes. 

Frigora  clant  rami,  Tyrios  humus  umida  flores :  390 

Perpetuum  ver  est.     Quo  dum  Proserpina  luco 

Ludit,  et  aut  violas  aut  Candida  lilia  carpit, 

Dumque  puellari  studio  calathosque  sinumque 

Implet,  ct  aequales  certat  superare  legendo, 

Paene  simul  visa  est  dilectaque  raptaque  Diti :  395 

Usque  adeo  est  properatus  amor.     Dea  territa  maesto 

Et  matrem  et  comites,  sed  mat  rem  saepius,  ore 

Clamat ;  et,  ut  summa  vestem  laniarat  ab  ora, 

Collecti  flores  tunicis  cecidere  remissis ; 

Tantaque  simplicitas  puerilibus  adfuit  annis,  400 

Ilaee  quoque  virgineum  movit  jactura  dolorem. 

Raptor  agit  currus,  et  nomine  quemque  vocatos 

Exhortatur  equos,  quorum  per  colla  jubasque 

Excutit  obscura  tinctas  ferrugine  habenas ; 

Perque  lacus  sacros  et  olentia  sulphure  fertur  '  405 

Stagna  Palicorum,  rupta  ferventia  terra, 

Et  qua  Bacchiadae,  bimari  gens  orta  Corintho, 

Inter  inaequales  posuerunt  moenia  portus. 

Est  medium  Cyanes  et  Pisaeae  Arethusae, 
Quod  coit  angustis  inclusum  cornibus  aequor.  410 

Hie  f  uit,  a  cujus  stagnum  quoque  nomine  dictum  est, 
Inter  Sicelidas  Cyane  celeberrima  nymphas. 
Gurgite  quae  medio  summa  tenus  exstitit  alvo, 
Agnovitque  deam.     *  ]STec  longius  ibitis  '  in  quit ; 
'  Non  potes  invitae  Cereris  gener  esse  :  roganda,       415 
Non  rapienda  fuit.     Quodsi  componere  magnis 
Parva  mihi  fas  est,  et  me  dilexit  Anapis ; 
Exorata  tamen,  nee,  ut  haec,  exterrita  nupsi.' 
Dixit,  et  in  partes  diversas  braccliia  ten  dens 


15.  PROSERPINE.  47 

Obstitit.     Hand  ultra  tenuit  Saturnius  iram,  420 

Terribilesque  liortatus  eqnos  in  gurgitis  ima 
Contortum  valido  sceptrum  regale  lacerto 
Condidit.     Icta  viam  tellns  in  Tartara  fecit 
Et  pronos  currns  medio  cratere  recepit. 

At  Cyane,  raptamqne  deara  contemptaque  fontis  425 
Jura  sni  maerens,  inconsolabile  vulnns 
Mente  gerit  tacita,  laerimisqne  absnmitnr  omnis  : 
Et  qnariim  fnerat  magnnm  modo  numen,  in  illas 
Extennatur  aqnas.     Molliri  membra  vide  res, 
Ossa  pati  flexus,  nngnes  posuisse  rigorem :  430 

Primaque  de  tota  tennissima  qnaeqne  liquescunt, 
Caerulei  erines  digitiqne  et  crnra  pedesqne ; 
Nam  brevis  in  gelidas  membris  exilibns  undas 
Transitus  est.     Post  haec  nmeri  tergusqne  latnsqne 
Pectoraque  in  tennes  abennt  evanida  rivos.  435 

Deniqne  pro  vivo  vitiatas  sanguine  venas 
Lympha  subit,  restatque  nihil,  quod  prendere  possis. 

Interea  pavidae  nequiquam  filia  matri 
Omnibus  est  terris,  omni  quaesita  prof  undo. 
Mam  non  ndis  veniens  Aurora  capillis  440 

Cessantem  vidit,  non  Hesperus;  ilia  duabus 
Flammiferas  pinus  manibus  succendit  ab  Aetna, 
Perque  pruinosas  tulit  irrequieta  tenebras : 
Rursus  nbi  alma  dies  hebetarat  sidera,  natam 
Sol  is  ab  occasu  solis  quaerebat  ad  ortus.  445 

Fessa  labore  sitim  collegerat,  oraque  nulli 
Colluerant  f ontes :  cum  tectam  stramine  vidit 
Forte  casam,  parvasqne  fores  pulsavit.     At  inde 
Prodit  amis,  divamque  videt,  lymphamque  rogaijfci       -s^00* 
Dulce  dedit,  tosta  quod  texerat  ante  polenta.  4r€^$5§ 
Dum  bibit  ilia  datum,  duri  puer  oris  et  audax 


48  METAMORPHOSES,  V.   338-571. 

Constitit  ante  deam,  risitque,  avidamque  vocavit. 
Offensa  est,  neque  adhuc  epota  parte,  loquentem 
Cum  liquido  mixta  perfudit  diva  polenta. 
Combibit  os  maeulas,  et  quae  modo  bracchia  gessit,  455 
Crura  gerit ;  cauda  est  mutatis  addita  membris : 
Inque  brevem  formam,  ne  sit  vis  magna  nocendi, 
Contrahitur,  parvaque  minor  mensura  lacerta  est. 
Mirantem  flentemque  et  tangere  monstra  parantem 
Fugit  anum,  latebramque  petit ;  aptumque  colori      460 
Nomen  liabet,  variis  stellatus  corpora  guttis.         :r:=~ 

Quas  dea  per  terras  et  quas  erraverit  undas, 
Dicere  longa  mora  est :  quaerenti  defuit  orbis. 
Sicaniam  repetit :  dumque  omnia  lustrat  eundo, 
Venit  et  ad  Cyanen.     Ea  ni  mutata  fuisset,  465 

Omnia  narrasset.     Sed  et  os  et  lingua  volenti 
Dicere  non  aderant,  nee  quo  loqueretur,  habebat. 
Signa  tamen  manifesta  dedit,  notamque  parenti, 
Illo  forte  loco  delapsam  in  gurgite  sacro, 
Persephones  zonam  summis  ostendit  in  undis.  470 

Quam  simul  agnovit,  tamquam  tunc  denique  raptam 
Scisset,  inornatos  laniavit  diva  capillos, 
Et  repetita  suis  percussit  pectora  palmis. 
Nescit  adhuc,  ubi  sit :  terras  tamen  increpat  omnes 
Ingratasque  vocat  nee  frugum  munere  dignas,  475 

Trinacriam  ante  alias,  in  qua  vestigia  damni 
Repperit.     Ergo  illic  saeva  vertentia  glaebas 
Fregit  aratra  manu,  parilique  irata  colonos 
Ruricolasque  boves  leto  dedit,  arvaque  jussit 
Fallere  depositum,  vitiataque  semina  fecit. 
Fertilitas  terrae  latum  vulgata  per  orb  em 
Falsa  jacet :  primis  segetes  moriuntur  in  herbis, 
Et  modo  sol  nimius,  nimius  modo  corripit  imber ; 


15.   PKOSERPINE.  49 

Sideraque  ventique  nocent,  avidaeque  volucres 
Semina  jacta  legunt ;  lolium  tribulique  fatigant        485 
Triticeas  messes  et  inexpugnabile  gramen. 

Turn  caput  Eleis  Alphei'as  extulit  undis, 
Rorantesque  comas  a  fronte  removit  ad  aures, 
Atque  ait :  'o  toto  quaesitae  virginis  orbe    /Jty^A 
Et  frugum  genetrix,  immensos  siste  labores,  490 

Neve  tibi  fidae  violenta  irascere  terrae. 
Terra  nihil  meruit,  patuitque  invita  rapinae. 
Nee  sum  pro  patria  supplex :  hue  hospita  veni. 
Pisa  mihi  patria  est,  et  ab  Elide  ducimus  ortus : 
Sicaniam  peregrina  colo,  sed  gratior  omni  495 

Haec  mihi  terra  solo  est.     Hos  nunc  Arethusa  penates, 
Hanc  habeo  sedem  :  quam  tu,  mitissima,  serva. 
Mota  loco  cur  sim  tantique  per  aequoris  undas 
Advehar  Ortygiam,  veniet  narratibus  hora 
Tempestiva  meis,  cum  tu  curaque  levata       \^        500 
Et  vultus  melioris  eris.     Mihi  pervia  tellus 
Praebet  iter,  subterque  imas  ablata  cavernas 
Hie  caput  attollo  desuetaque  sidera  cerno. 
Ergo  dum  Stygio  sub  terris  gurgite  labor, 
Visa  tua  est  oculis  illic  Proserpina  nostris :  505 

Ilia  quidem  tristis,  neque  adhuc  interrita  vultu, 
Sed  regina  tamen,  sed  opaci  maxima  mundi, 
Sed  tamen  infer ni  pollens  matrona  tyranni.' 

Mater  ad  auditas  stupuit  ceu  saxea  voces, 
Attonitaeque  diu  similis  fuit.     Utque  dolore  510 

Pulsa  gravi  gravis  est  amentia,  curribus  oras 
Exit  in  aetherias.     Ibi  toto  nubila  vultu 
Ante  Jovem  passis  stetit  invidiosa  capillis ; 

*ro '  que  '  meo  veni  supplex  tibi,  Juppiter,'  inquit 

anguine,  proque  tuo.     Si  nulla  est  gratia  matris,   515 
4 


50  METAMOEPHOSES,  V.   338-571. 

Nata  patrem  moveat ;  neu  sit  tibi  eura,  precamur, 
Vilior  illius,  quod  nostro  est  edita  partu. 
En  quaesita  diu  tandem  mihi  nata  reperta  est : 
Si  reperire  vocas  amittere  certius,  aut  si 
Scire,  ubi  sit,  reperire  vocas.     Quod  rapta,  feremus,  520 
Dummodo  reddat  earn :  neque  enim  praedone  marito 
Filia  digna  tua  est,  si  jam  mea  filia  non  est.' 
Juppiter  excepit :  '  commune  est  pignus  onusque 
Nata  mihi  tecum  :  sed  si  modo  nomina  rebus 
Addere  vera  placet,  non  hoc  injuria  factum,  525 

Verum  amor  est ;  neque  erit  nobis  gener  ille  pudori, 
Tu  modo,  diva,  velis.     Ut  desint  cetera,  quantum  est 
Esse  Jovis  fratrem  !  quid,  quod  non  cetera  desunt 
Nee  cedit  nisi  sorte  mihi  ?     Sed  tanta  cupido 
Si  tibi  discidii  est,  repetet  Proserpina  caelum,  530 

Lege  tarn  en  certa,  si  nullos  contigit  illic 
Ore  cibos :  nam  sic  Parcarum  foedere  cautum  est.' 
Dixerat.     At  Cereri  certum  est  educere  natam. 
Non  ita  fata  sinunt,  quoniam  jejunia  virgo 
Solverat  et,  cultis  dum  simplex  errat  in  hortis,  535 

Poeniceum  curva  decerpserat  arbore  pomum,  J 

Sumptaque  callenti  septem  de  cortice  grana  1Aj*^ 

Presserat  ore  suo  :  solusque  ex  omnibus  illud 
Ascalaphus  vidit,  quern  quondam  dicitur  Orphne, 
Inter  Avernales  haud  ignotissima  nymphas,  540 

Ex  Acheronte  suo  silvis  peperisse  sub  atris ; 
Yidit,  et  indicio  reditum  crudelis  ademit. 
Ingemuit  regina  Erebi,  testemque  profanam 
Fecit  avem,  sparsumque  caput  Phlegethontide  lympha 
In  rostrum  et  plumas  et  grandia  lumina  vertit.  545 

Ille  sibi  ablatus  fulvis  amicitur  in  alis, 
Inque  caput  crescit,  longosque  reflectitur  ungues, 


15.  PROSERPINE.  51 

Vixque  movet  natas  per  inertia  bracchia  pennas : 

Foedaque  fit  volucris,  venturi  nuntia  luctus, 

Ignavus  bubo,  dirum  mortalibus  omen.  550 

Hie  tamen  indicio  poenam  linguaque  videri 
Commeruisse  potest :  vobis,  Acheloides,  unde 
Pluma  pedesqne  avium,  cum  virginis  ora  geratis  ? 
An  quia,  cum  legeret  vernos  Proserpina  flores, 
In  comitum  numero,  doctae  Sirenes,  eratis?  555 

Quam  postquam  toto  frustra  quaesistis  in  orbe, 
Protinus,  ut  vestram  sentirent  aequora  curam, 
Posse  super  fluctus  alarum  insistere  remis 
Optastis,  facilesque  deos  habuistis,  et  artus 
Vidistis  vestros  subitis  flavescere  pennis.  560 

Ne  tamen  ille  canor  mulcendas  natus  ad  aures 
Tantaque  flos.  oris  .linguae  deperderet  usum, 
Virginei  vultus  et  vox  hum  ana  reman  sit. 

At  medius  fratrisque  sui  maestaeque  sororis 
Juppiter  ex  aequo  volventem  dividit  annum :  565 

Nunc  dea,  regnorum  numen  commune  duorum, 
Cum  matre  est  totidem,  totidem  cum  conjuge  menses. 
Yertitur  extemplo  f acies  et  mentis  et  oris ; 
Nam  modo  quae  poterat  Diti  quoque  maesta  videri, 
Laeta  deae  frons  est,  ut  sol,  qui  tectus  aquosis  570 

Nubibus  ante  fuit,  victis  e  nubibus  exit." 


52  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.  1-145. 

16.  Arachne,   or  the   Spider's  Web. 

VI.  1-145. 

Arachne,  proud  of  her  excellence  in  weaving,  ventures  to  chal- 
lenge Pallas  herself  to  a  trial  of  skill  in  her  art.  The  goddess, 
indignant  at  Arachne's  success,  and  also  at  the  scenes  which  she 
has  wrought  into  her  web,  tears  the  web  to  pieces,  and  turns 
Arachne  into  a  spider. 

m 

Praebuerat  dictis  Tritonia  talibus  aures, 

Carminaque  Aonidum  justamque  probaverat  iram. 

Turn  secum  "  laudare  parum  est ;  lauderaur  et  ipsae, 

Numina  nee  sperni  sine  poena  nostra  sinamus  "  ; 

Maeoniaeque  animum  fatis  intendit  Arachnes,  5 

Quam  sibi  lanificae  non  cedere  laudibus  artis 

Audierat.     Won  ilia  loco  nee  origine  gentis 

Clara,  sed  arte  fuit.     Pater  huic  Coloplionius  Idmon 

Phoca'ico  bibulas  tingebat  murice  lanas  : 

Occiderat  mater  ;  sed  et  liaec  de  plebe  suoque  10 

Aequa  viro  fuerat.     Lydas  tamen  ilia  per  urbes 

Quaesierat  studio  nomen  memorabile,  quam  vis 

Orta  domo  parva  parvis  habitabat  Hypaepis. 

Hujus  ut  aspicerent  opus  admirabile,  saepe 

Deseruere  sui  nymphae  vineta  Timoli,  15 

Deseruere  suas  nymphae  Pactolides  undas. 

Nee  factas  solum  vestes  spectare  juvabat ; 

Turn  quoque,  cum  fierent :  tantus  decor  adf uit  arti. 

Sive  rudem  primos  lanam  glomerabat  in  orbes, 

Sen  digitis  subigebat  opus,  repetitaque  longo  20 

Vellera  mollibat  nebulas  aequantia  tractu, 

Sive  levi  teretem  versabat  pollice  fusum, 

Seu  pingebat  acu  :  scires  a  Pallade  doctam. 


16.   ARACHNE.  53 

Quod  tamen  ipsa  negat,  tantaque  offensa  magistra 

"  Certet  "  ait  "  mecum  :  nihil  est,  quod  victa  recusem." 

Pallas  anum  simulat,  falsosque  in  tempora  canos 

Addit  et  infirmos,  baculum,  quod  sustinet  artus. 

Turn  sic  orsa  loqui :  "  non  omnia  grandior  aetas, 

Quae  f  ugiamus,  habet ;  seris  venit  usus  ab  annis. 

Consilium  ne  sperne  meum.     Tibi  fama  petatur         30 

Inter  mortales  faciendae  maxima  lanae  ; 

Cede  deae,  veniamque  tuis,  temeraria,  dictis 

Supplice  voce  roga :  veniam  dabit  ilia  roganti." 

Aspicit  hanc  torvis,  inceptaque  fila  relinquit, 

Yixque  manum  retinens,  confessaque  vultibus  iram   35 

Talibus  obscuram  resecuta  est  Pallada  dictis  : 

"  Mentis  inops  longaque  venis  confecta  senecta, 

Et  nimium  vixisse  diu  nocet.     Audiat  istas, 

Siqua  tibi  nurus  est,  siqua  est  tibi  filia,  voces. 

Consilii  satis  est  in  me  mini.     Neve  monendo  40 

Profecisse  putes,  eadem  est  sen  tent ia  nobis. 

Cur  non  ipsa  venit  ?  cur  liaec  certamina  vitat  ? " 

Turn  dea  "  venit ! "  ait,  formamque  removit  anilem, 

Palladaque  exliibuit.     Yenerantur  numina  nymphae 

Mygdonidesque  nurus.     Sola  est  non  territa  virgo.     45 

Sed  tamen  erubuit,  subitusque  invita  notavit 

Ora  rubor,  rursusque  evanuit :  ut  solet  aer 

Purpureus  fieri,  cum  primum  aurora  movetur, 

Et  breve  post  tempus  candescere  solis  ab  ortu. 

Perstat  in  incepto,  stolidaeque  cupidine  palmae  50 

In  sua  fata  ruit ;  neque  enim  Jove  nata  recusat, 

~Nec  monet  ulterius,  nee  jam  certamina  differt. 

Haud  mora,  consistunt  diversis  partibus  ambae 

Et  gracili  geminas  intendunt  stamine  telas. 

Tela  jugo  vincta  est,  stamen  secernit  harundo,  55 


54:  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.   1-145. 

Inseritur  medium  radiis  subtemen  acutis, 

Quod  digiti  expediunt,  atque  inter  stamina  ductum 

Percusso  feriunt  insecti  pectine  dentes. 

Utraque  f  estinant  cinctaeque  ad  pectora  vestes 

Bracchia  docta  movent,  studio  fallente  laborem.  60 

Illic  et  Tyrium  quae  purpura  sensit  aenum 

Texitur,  et  tenues  parvi  discriminis  umbrae  ; 

Qualis  ab  imbre  solet  percussis  solibus  arcus 

Inficere  ingenti  longum  curvamine  caelum  : 

In  quo  diversi  niteant  cum  mille  colores,  65 

Transitus  ipse  tamen  spectantia  lumina  fallit : 

Usque  adeo  quod  tangit  idem  est ;  tamen  ultima  distant. 

Illic  et  lentum  filis  immittitur  aurum, 

Et  vetus  in  tela  deducitur  argumentum. 

Cecropia  Pallas  scopulum  Mavortis  in  arce  70 

Pingit,  et  antiquam  de  terrae  nomine  litem. 

Bis  sex  caelestes  medio  Jove  sedibus  altis 

Augusta  gravitate  sedent.     Sua  quemque  deorum 

Inscribit  facies.     Jo  vis  est  regalis  imago. 

Stare  deum  pelagi  longoque  ferire  tridente  75 

Aspera  saxa  facit,  medioque  e  vulnere  saxi 

Exsiluisse  ferum ;  quo  pignore  vindicet  urbem. 

At  sibi  dat  clipeum,  dat  acutae  cuspidis  liastam, 

Dat  galeam  capiti ;  defenditur  aegide  pectus  : 

Percussamque  sua  simulat  de  cuspide  terram  80 

Edere  cum  bacis  fetum  canentis  olivae : 

Mirarique  deos  :  operi  victoria  finis. 

Ut  tamen  exemplis  intellegat  aemula  laudis, 

Quod  pretium  speret  pro  tarn  f  urialibus  ausis, 

Quattuor  in  partes  certamina  quattuor  addit  85 

Clara  colore  suo,  brevibus  distincta  sigillis. 

Threiciam  Rhodopen  liabet  angulus  unus  et  Haemon, 


16.  ARACHNE.  55 

Nunc  gelidos  montes,  mortalia  corpora  quondam, 

Nomina  summorum  sibi  qui  tribuere  deorum. 

Altera  Pygmaeae  fatum  miserabile  matris  90 

Pars  habet.     Hanc  Juno  victam  certamine  jussit 

Esse  gruem  populisque  suis  indicere  bellum. 

Pinxit  et  Antigonen  ausam  contendere  quondam 

Cum  magni  consorte  Jovis,  quam  regia  Juno 

In  volucrem  vertit ;  nee  prof  uit  Ilion  illi  95 

Laomedonve  pater,  sumptis  quin  Candida  pennis 

Ipsa  sibi  plaudat  crepitante  ciconia  rostro. 

Qui  superest  solus,  Cinyran  habet  angulus  orbum ; 

Isque  gradus  templi,  natarum  membra  suarum, 

Amplectens  saxoque  jacens  lacrimare  videtur.  100 

Circuit  extremas  oleis  pacalibus  oras. 

Is  modus  est,  operisque  sua  facit  arbore  finem. 

Maeonis  elusam  designat  imagine  tauri 
Europam :  verum  taurum,  freta  vera  putares ; 
Ipsa  videbatur  terras  spectare  relictas  105 

Et  comites  clamare  suas,  tactumque  vereri 
Assilientis  aquae  timidasque  reducere  plantas. 
Fecit  et  Asterien  aquila  luctante  teneri : 
Fecit  olorinis  Ledam  recubare  sub  alis : 
Addidit,  ut  Satyri  celatus  imagine  pulchram  110 

Juppiter  implerit  gemino  Nycteida  fetu, 
Amphitryon  f uerit,  cum  te,  Tirynthia,  cepit, 
Aureus  ut  Danaen,  Asopida  luserit  ignis, 
Mnemosynen  pastor,  varius  Deoida  serpens.  114 

Ultima  pars  telae  tenui  circumdata  limbo  127 

Nexilibus  flores  hederis  habet  intertextos. 
Non  illud  Pallas,  non  illud  carpere  Livor 
Possit  opus.     Doluit  successu  flava  virago,  130 

Et  rupit  pictas,  caelestia  crimina,  vestes. 


56  METAMORPHOSES,  YI.   146-312. 

Utque  Cytoriaco  radium  de  monte  tenebat, 

Ter  quater  Idmoniae  frontem  percussit  Araclmes. 

Non  tulit  infelix,  laqueoque  animosa  ligavit 

Guttura.     Pendentem  Pallas  miserata  levavit,  135 

Atque  ita  "  vive  quidem,  pende  tamen,  improba,"  dixit, 

"  Lexque  eadem  poenae,  ne  sis  secura  f  uturi, 

Dicta  tuo  generi  serisque  nepotibus  esto." 

Post  ea  discedens  sucis  Hecateidos  herbae 

Sparsit ;  et  extemplo  tristi  medicamine  tactae  140 

Defluxere  comae,  cum  quis  et  naris  et  aures, 

Fitque  caput  minimum ;  toto  quoque  corpore  parva  est ; 

In  latere  exiles  digiti  pro  cruribus  haerent, 

Cetera  venter  habet :  de  quo  tamen  ilia  remittit 

Stamen,  et  antiquas  exercet  aranea  telas. 

17.  Niobe,  or  Latona's  Revenge. 

VI.  146-312. 

Niobe,  daughter  of  Tantalus,  in  the  pride  of  her  maternity  as 
mother  of  a  numerous  and  beautiful  offspring,  claims  diviner 
honors  than  Latona,  the  mother  of  Apollo  and  Diana.  Latona 
is  avenged  by  her  children,  who  slay  all  the  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  Niobe ; 

"  When  in  the  house  her  children  lay  in  death, 
Six  beauteous  daughters  and  six  stalwart  sons. 
The  youths  Apollo  with  his  silver  bow, 
The  maids  the  archer-queen,  Diana,  slew, 
"With  anger  filled  that  Mobe  presumed 
Herself  with  fair  Latona  to  compare, 
Her  many  children  with  her  rival's  two." 

Homer's  "  Iliad,"  xxiv.  604-610,  Lord  Derby's  translation. 

Lydia  tota  fremit,  Phrygiaeque  per  oppida  facti 
Rumor  it  et  magnum  sermonibus  occupat  orbem. 
Ante  suos  Niobe  thalamos  cognoverat  illam, 


17.  NIOBE.  57 

Turn  cum  Maeoniam  virgo  Sipylumque  colebat : 
Nee  tamen  admonita  est  poena  popularis  Arachnes   150 
Cedere  caelitibus,  verbisque  minoribus  uti. 
Multa  dabant  animos :  sed  enim  nee  conjugis  artes 
Nee  genus  amborum  magnique  potentia  regni 
Sic  placuere  illi,  quamvis  ea  cuncta  placerent, 
Ut  sua  progenies ;  et  felicissima  matrum  155 

Dicta  foret  Niobe,  si  non  sibi  visa  fuisset. 
Nam  sata  Tiresia  venturi  praescia  Manto 
Per  medias  fuerat,  divino  concita  motu, 
Yaticinata  vias  :   "  Ismenides,  ite  frequentes 
Et  date  Latonae  Latonigenisque  duobus  160 

Cum  prece  tura  pia,  lauroque  innectite  crinem : 
Ore  meo  Latona  jubet."     Paretur,  et  omnes 
Thebaides  jussis  sua  tempora  frondibus  ornant, 
Turaque  dant  Sanctis  et  verba  precantia  flammis. 
Ecce  venit  comitum  Niobe  celeberrima  turba,  165 

Vestibus  intexto  Phrygiis  spectabilis  auro, 
Et,  quantum  ira  sinit,  formosa  ;  movensque  decoro 
.  Cum  capite  immissos  umerum  per  utrumque  capillos 
Constitit :  utque  oculos  circumtulit  alta  superbos, 
"  Quis  furor,  auditos,"  inquit,  "  praeponere  visis       170 
Caelestes  ?  aut  cur  colitur  Latona  per  aras, 
Numen  adliuc  sine  ture  meum  est  ?  mihi  Tantalus  auctor, 
Cui  licuit  soli  superorum  tangere  mensas. 
Plei'adum  soror  est  genetrix  mea  ;  maximus  Atlas 
Est  avus,  aetherium  qui  fert  cervicibus  axem  ;  175 

Juppiter  alter  avns ;  socero  quoque  glorior  illo. 
Me  gentes  metuunt  Phrygiae,  me  regia  Cadmi 
Sub  domina  est,  fidibusque  mei  commissa  mariti 
Moenia  cum  populis  a  meque  viroque  reguntur. 
In  quamcumque  domus  adverti  lumina  partem,         180 


58  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.   146-312. 

Immensae  spectantur  opes.     Accedit  eodem 

Digna  dea  facies.     Hue  natas  adice  septem 

Et  totidem  juvenes,  et  mox  generosque  nurusque. 

Quaerite  nunc,  habeat  quam  nostra  superbia  causam, 

Nescio  quoque  audete  satam  Titanida  Coeo  185 

Latonam  praeferre  mihi,  cui  maxima  quondam 

Exiguam  sedem  pariturae  terra  negavit. 

Nee  caelo  nee  humo  nee  aquis  dea  vestra  recepta  est. 

Exsul  erat  mundi,  donee  miserata  vagantem 

'  Hospita  tu  terris  erras,  ego '  dixit  <  in  undis,'  190 

Instabilemque  locum  Delos  dedit.     Ilia  duorum 

Facta  parens  :  uteri  pars  haec  est  septima  nostri. 

Sum  f elix  :  quis  enim  neget  hoc  ?  f elixque  manebo ; 

Hoc  quoque  quis  dubitet  ?  tutam  me  copia  fecit. 

Major  sum,  quam  cui  possit  Fortuna  nocere  ;  195 

Multaque  ut  eripiat,  multo  mihi  plura  relinquet. 

Excessere  metum  mea  jam  bona.     Fingite  demi 

Huic  aliquid  populo  natorum  posse  meorum, 

Non  tamen  ad  numerum  redigar  spoliata  duorum, 

Latonae  turbam :  qua  quantum  distat  ab  orba  ?  200 

Inf ectis  properate  sacris ;  laurumque  capillis 

Ponite."     Deponunt,  infectaque  sacra  relinquunt, 

Quodque  licet,  tacito  venerantur  murmure  numen. 

Indignata  dea  est,  summoque  in  vertice  Cynthi 

Talibus  est  dictis  gemina  cum  prole  locuta :  205 

"  En  ego  vestra  parens,  vobis  animosa  creatis, 

Et,  nisi  Junoni,  nulli  cessura  dearum, 

An  dea  sim,  dubitor,  perque  omnia  saecula  cultis 

Arceor,  o  nati,  nisi  vos  succurritis,  aris. 

Nee  dolor  hie  solus:  diro  convicia  facto  210 

Tantalis  adjecit,  vosque  est  postponere  natis 

Ausa  suis,  et  me,  quod  in  ipsam  reccidat,  orbam 


17.  NIOBE.  59 

Dixit,  et  exhibuit  linguam  scelerata  paternam." 

Ad  jectura  preces  erat  his  Latona  relatis  : 

"Desine!"  Phoebus ait,"poenaemoralongaquerellaest." 

Dixit  idem  Phoebe  ;  celerique  per  aera  lapsu 

Contigerant  tecti  Cadmeida  nubibus  arcem. 

Planus  erat  lateque  patens  prope  moenia  campus, 

Assiduis  pulsatus  equis,  ubi  turba  rotarum 

Duraque  mollierat  subjectas  ungula  glaebas.  220 

Pars  ibi  de  septem  genitis  Amphione  fortes 

Conscendunt  in  equos,  Tyrioque  rubentia  suco 

Terga  premunt,  auroque  graves  moderantur  habenas. 

E  quibus  Ismenos,  qui  matri  sarcina  quondam 

Prima  suae  fuerat,  dum  certum  flectit  in  orbem        225 

Quadrupedis  cursus,  spumantiaque  ora  coercet, 

"  Ei  mihi !  "  conclamat,  medioque  in  pectore  fixa 

Tela  gerit,  frenisque  manu  moriente  remissis 

In  latus  a  dextro  paulatim  defluit  armo. 

Proximus,  audito  sonitu  per  inane  pharetrae,         230 
Frena  dabat  Sipylus  :  veluti  cum  praescius  imbris 
Nube  fugit  visa,  pendentiaque  undique  rector 
Carbasa  deducit,  ne  qua  levis  effluat  aura. 
Frena  dabat :  dantem  non  evitabile  telum 
Consequitur,  summaque  tremens  cervice  sagitta        235 
Haesit,  et  exstabat  nudum  de  gutture  ferrum. 
Ille,  ut  erat  pronus,  per  colla  admissa  jubasque 
Volvitur,  et  calido  tellurem  sanguine  foedat. 

Phaedimus  infelix  et  aviti  nominis  heres 
Tantalus,  ut  solito  finem  imposuere  labori,  240 

Transierant  ad  opus  nitidae  juvenale  palaestrae  : 
Et  jam  contulerant  arto  luctantia  nexu 
Pectora  pectoribus,  cum  tento  concita  nervo, 
Sicut  erant  juncti,  trajecit  utrumque  sagitta. 


60  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.   146-312. 

Ingemuere  simul,  simul  incur  vata  dolore  245 

Membra  solo  posuere  ;  simul  suprema  jacentes 
Lumina  versarunt,  animam  simul  exhalarunt. 

Aspicit  Alphenor,  laniataque  pectora  plangens 
Advolat,  ut  gelidos  complexibus  allevet  artus, 
Inque  pio  cadit  officio ;  nam  Delius  illi  250 

Intima  fatifero  rupit  praecordia  ferro. 
Quod  simul  eductum,  pars  est  pulmonis  in  liamis 
Eruta,  cumque  anima  cruor  est  effusus  in  auras. 
At  non  intonsum  simplex  Damasichthona  vulnus 
Adficit.     Ictus  erat,  qua  crus  esse  incipit,  et  qua       255 
Mollia  nervosus  facit  internodia  poples. 
D  unique  manu  temptat  trahere  exitiabile  telum, 
Altera  per  jugulum  pennis  tenus  acta  sagitta  est. 
Expulit  lianc  sanguis,  seque  ejaculatus  in  altum 
Emicat,  et  longe  terebrata  prosilit  aura.  260 

Ultimus  Ilioneus  non  profectura  precando 
Bracchia  sustulerat,  "  di  "  que  "  o  communiter  omnes," 
Dixerat,  ignarus  non  omnes  esse  rogandos, 
u  Parcite !  "    Motus  erat,  cum  jam  revocabile  telum 
Non  fuit,  arcitenens  ;  minimo  tamen  occidit  ille       265 
Vulnere,  non  alte  percusso  corde  sagitta. 

Fama  mali  populique  dolor  lacrimaeque  suorum 
Tarn  subitae  matrem  certam  fecere  ruinae, 
Mirantem  potuisse,  irascentemque,  quod  ausi 
Hoc  essent  superi,  quod  tan  turn  juris  haberent.         270 
Nam  pater  Amphion  ferro  per  pectus  adacto 
Finierat  moriens  pariter  cum  luce  dolorem. 
Heu  quantum  liaec  Niobe  Niobe  distabat  ab  ilia, 
Quae  modo  Latois  populum  summoverat  aris, 
Et  mediam  tulerat  gressus  resupina  per  urbem,         275 
Invidiosa  suis ;  at  nunc  miseranda  vel  hosti. 


17.  NIOBE.  61 

Corporibus  gelidis  incumbit,  et  ordine  nullo 
Oscula  dispensat  natos  suprema  per  omnes. 
A  quibus  ad  caelum  liventia  bracchia  tollens 
"Pascere,  crudelis,  nostro,  Latona,  dolore,  280 

Pascere  "  ait,  "  satiaque  meo  tua  pectora  luctu : 
Efferor  :  exsulta,  victrixque  inimica  triumpha. 
Cur  autem  victrix  ?  miserae  mihi  plura  supersunt, 
Quam  tibi  felici :  post  tot  quoque  funera  vinco."      285 

Dixerat,  et  sonuit  contento  nervus  ab  arcu : 
Qui  praeter  Nioben  unam  conterruit  omnes. 
Ilia  malo  est  audax.     Stabant  cum  vestibus  atris 
Ante  toros  f ratrum  demisso  crine  sorores  : 
E  quibus  una  trahens  haerentia  viscere  tela  290 

Imposito  fratri  moribunda  relanguit  ore  : 
Altera  solari  miseram  conata  parentem 
Conticuit  subito,  duplicataque  vulnere  caeco  est : 
[Oraque  compressit,  nisi  postquam  spiritus  ibat.] 
Haec  frustra  f ugiens  collabitur :  ilia  sorori  295 

Immoritur  :  latet  haec  :  illam  trepidare  videres. 
Sexque  datis  leto  diversaque  vulnera  passis 
Ultima  restabat :  quam  toto  corpore  mater, 
Tota  veste  tegens,  "  unam  minimamque  relinque ! 
De  multis  minimam  posco,"  clamavit,  u  et  unam."    300 
Dumque  rogat,  pro  qua  rogat,  occidit.     Orba  resedit 
Exanimes  inter  natos  natasque  virumque, 
Deriguitque  malis.     ISTullos  movet  aura  capillos, 
In  vultu  color  est  sine  sanguine,  lumina  maestis 
Stant  immota  genis  :  nihil  est  in  imagine  vivum.      305 
Ipsa  quoque  interius  cum  duro  lingua  palato 
Congelat,  et  venae  desistunt  posse  moveri ; 
Nee  ilecti  cervix  nee  bracchia  reddere  motus 
Nee  pes  ire  potest :  intra  quoque  viscera  saxum  est. 


62  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.  313-400. 

Flet  tamen,  et  validi  circumdata  turbine  venti  310 

In  patriam  rapta  est.     Ibi  fixa  cacumine  montis 
Liquitur,  et  lacrimas  etiam  nunc  marmora  manant. 

18.  The  Lycians  ;  and  Marsyas. 
VI.  313-400. 

Turn  vero  cuncti  manifestam  numinis  iram 
Femina  virque  timent,  cultuque  impensius  omnes 
Magna  gemelliparae  venerantur  numina  divae.  315 

Utque  lit,  a  facto  propiore  priora  ren arrant. 
E  quibus  unus  ait :  u  Lyciae  quoque  fertilis  agris 
Non  impune  deam  veteres  sprevere  coloni. 
Res  obscura  quidem  est  ignobilitate  virorum, 
Mira  tamen.     Yidi  praesens  stagnumque  locumque  320 
Prodigio  notum.     Nam  me  jam  grandior  aevo 
Impatiensque  viae  genitor  deducere  lectos 
Jusserat  inde  boves,  gentisque  illius  eunti 
Ipse  ducem  dederat.     Cum  quo  dum  pascua  lustro, 
Ecce  lacu  medio  sacrorum  nigra  favilla  325 

Ara  vetus  stabat,  tremulis  circumdata  cannis. 
Eestitit,  et  pavido  "  f aveas  mihi "  murmure  dixit 
Dux  meus  ;  et  simili  "  faveas  "  ego  murmure  dixi. 
Naiadum  Faunine  foret  tamen  ara  rogabam, 
Indigenaeve  dei :  cum  talia  rettulit  hospes  :  330 

"  ]N~on  hac,  o  juvenis,  montanum  numen  in  ara  est. 
Ilia  suam  vocat  hanc,  cui  quondam  regia  conjunx 
Orbe  interdixit ;  quam  vix  erratica  Delos 
Errantem  accepit,  turn  cum  levis  insula  nabat. 
Illic  incumbens  cum  Palladis  arbore  palmae  335 

Edidit  invita  geminos  Latona  noverca. 
Hinc  quoque  Junonem  fugisse  puerpera  fertur 


18.    THE  LYCIANS;    AND  MARSYAS.  63 

Inque  suo  portasse  sinu,  duo  numina,  natos. 

Jamque  Chimaeriferae,  cum  sol  gravis  ureret  arva, 

Finibus  in  Lyciae  longo  dea  fessa  labore  340 

Sidereo  siccata  sitim  collegit  ab  aestu  : 

TTberaque  ebiberant  avidi  lactantia  nati. 

Forte  lacum  mediocris  aquae  prospexit  in  imis 

Yallibus  :  agrestes  illic  fruticosa  legebant 

Vimina  cum  juncis  gratamque  paludibus  ulvam.       345 

Accessit,  positoque  genu  Titania  terram 

Pressit,  ut  hauriret  gelidos  potura  liquores. 

Rustica  turba  vetant.     Dea  sic  affata  vetantes : 

6  Quid  prohibetis  aquis  ?  usus  communis  aquarum  est. 

Nee  solem  proprium  natura  nee  aera  fecit  350 

Nee  tenues  undas  :  ad  publica  munera  veni, 

Quae  tamen  ut  detis,  supplex  peto.     Non  ego  nostros 

Abluere  liic  artus  lassataque  membra  parabam, 

Sed  relevare  sitim.     Caret  os  umore  loquentis 

Et  fauces  arent,  vixque  est  via  vocis  in  illis.  355 

Haustus  aquae  milii  nectar  erit,  vi  tarn  que  fatebor 

Accepisse  simul :  vitam  dederitis  in  unda. 

Hi  quoque  vos  moveant,  qui  nostro  bracchia  tendunt 

Parva  sinu ; '  et  casu  tendebant  bracchia  nati. 

Quern  non  blanda  deae  potuissent  verba  movere  ?  360 
Hi  tamen  orantem  perstant  prohibere,  minasque, 
Ni  procul  abscedat,  conviciaque  insuper  addunt. 
Nee  satis  est ;  ipsos  etiam  pedibusque  manuque 
Turbavere  lacus,  imoque  e  gurgite  mollem 
Hue  illuc  limum  saltu  movere  maligno.  365 

Distulit  ira  sitim  :  neque  enim  jam  filia  Coei 
Supplicat  indignis,  nee  dicere  sustinet  ultra 
Verba  minora  dea  ;  tollensque  ad  sidera  palmas, 
6  Aeternum  stagno '  dixit  '  vivatis  in  isto.' 


64  METAMORPHOSES,  VI.   313-400. 

Eveniunt  optata  deae.     Juvat  esse  sub  undis,        370 
Et  modo  tota  cava  submergere  membra  palude, 
Nunc  proferre  caput,  summo  modo  gurgite  nare, 
Saepe  super  ripam  stagni  consistere,  saepe 
In  gelidos  resilire  lacus.     Sed  nunc  quoque  turpes 
Litibus  exercent  linguas,  pulsoque  pudore,  375 

Quamvis  sint  sub  aqua,  sub  aqua  maledicere  temptant. 
Vox  quoque  jam  rauca  est,  inflataque  colla  tumescunt, 
Ipsaque  dilatant  patulos  convicia  rictus. 
Terga  caput  tangunt,  colla  intercepta  videntur  ; 
Spina  viret ;  venter,  pars  maxima  corporis,  albet :     380 
Limosoque  novae  saliunt  in  gurgite  ranae." 

Sic  ubi  nescio  quis  Lycia  de  gente  virorum 
Rettulit  exitium,  Satyri  reminiscitur  alter, 
Quern  Tritoniaca  Latous  harundine  victum 
Adfecit  poena.    "  Quid  me  mihi  detrains  ?  "  inquit :  385 
"  A !  piget,  a !  non  est,"  clamabat,  "  tibia  tanti !  " 
Clamanti  cutis  est  summos  direpta  per  artus ; 
Nee  quicquarn  nisi  vulnus  erat :  cruor  undique  manat, 
Detectique  patent  nervi,  trepidaeque  sine  ulla 
Pelle  micant  venae  ;  salientia  viscera  possis  390 

Et  perlucentes  numerare  in  pectore  fibras. 
Ilium  ruricolae,  silvarum  numina,  Fauni 
Et  satyri  fratres  et  tunc  quoque  cams  Olympus 
Et  nymphae  flerunt,  et  quisquis  montibus  illis 
Lanigerosque  greges  armentaque  bucera  pavit.  395 

Fertilis  immaduit,  madefactaque  terra  caducas 
Concepit  lacrimas  ac  venis  perbibit  imis : 
Quas  ubi  fecit  aquam,  vacuas  emisit  in  auras. 
Inde  pet  ens  rapidum  ripis  declivibus  aequor 
Marsya  nomen  habet,  Phrygiae  liquidissimus  amnis.  400 


19.   THE  GOLDEN  FLEECE.  65 

19.    The  Golden  Fleece. 
VII.  1-158. 

Jason  goes  in  quest  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  and,  by  Medea's 
help,  triumphs  over  all  obstacles,  and  afterward  carries  Medea 
with  him  from  Iolcos.  J  » 

There  is  a  good  English  version  of  the  story  in  Mr.  MorrisV 
"  Life  and  Death  of  Jason."  A/  \  v 

Jam  que  f  return  Minyae  Pagasaea  puppe  secabant :      /A 
Perpetuaque  trahens  inopem  sub  nocte  senectam  i 
Phineus  visus  erat,  juvenesque  Aquilone  creati     , 
Virgineas  volucres  miseri  senis  ore  fugarant  : 
Multaque  perpessi  claro  sub  Iasone  tandem 
Contigerant  rapidas  limosi  Phasidos  undas : 
Dumque  adeunt  regem  Phrixeaque  vellera  poscunt, 
Lexque  datur  Minyis  magnorum  horrenda  laborum, 
Concipit  interea  validos  Aeetias  ignes  :  r^ 

Et  luctata  dm,  postquam  ratione  furorem  10 

Vincere  non  poterat,  "  f  rustra,  Medea,  repugnas  : 
Nescio  quis  deus  obstat,"  ait ;  "  mirumque,  nisi  hoc  est, 
Aut  aliquid  certe  simile  huic,  quod  amare  vocatur. 
Nam  cur  jussa  patris  nimium  mihi  dura  videntur  ? 
Sunt  quoque  dura  nimis.    Our,  quern  modo  denique  vidi, 
Ne  pereat,  timeo  ?  quae  tanti  causa  timoris  ? 
Excute  virgineo  conceptas  pectore  flammae, 
Si  potes,  infelix !  si  possem,  sanior  essem. 
Sed  gravat  invitam  nova  vis,  aliudque  cupido, 
Mens  aliud  suadet.     Video  meliora  proboque,  20 

Deteriora  sequor.     Quid  in  hospite,  regia  virgo, 
Ureris,  et  thalamos  alieni  concipis  orbis  ? 
Ilacc  quoque  terra  potest,  quod  ames,  dare.    Vivat,  an  ille 
Occidat,  in  dis  est.     Yivat  tamen :  idque  precari 


6Q  METAMORPHOSES,   VII.  1-158. 

Vel  sine  amore  licet.     Quid  enim  commisit  Iason  ?     25 
Quern,  nisi  crudelem,  non  tangat  Iasonis  aetas 
Et  genus  et  virtus  ?  quern  non,  ut  cetera  desint, 
Ore  niovere  potest  ?  certe  mea  pectora  movit. 
At  nisi  opem  tulero,  taurorum  adflabitur  igne, 
Concurretque  suae  segetis  tellure  creatis  30 

Hostibus,  aut  avido  dabitur  fera  praeda  draconi. 
Hoc  ego  si  patiar,  turn  me  de  tigride  natam, 
Turn  f errum  et  scopulos  gestare  in  corde  fatebor. 
Cur  non  et  specto  pereuntem,  oculosque  videndo 
Conscelero  ?  cur  non  tauros  exhortor  in  ilium  35 

Terrigenasque  f  eros  insopitumque  draconem  ? 
Di  meliora  velint.     Quamquam  non  ista  precanda, 
Sed  facienda  mihi.     Prodamne  ego  regna  parentis, 
Atque  ope  nescio  quis  servabitur  advena  nostra, 
Ut  per  me  sospes  sine  me  det  lintea  ventis,  40 

Virque  sit  alterius,  poenae  Medea  relinquar? 
Si  facere  hoc,  aliamve  potest  praeponere  nobis, 
Occidat  ingratus.     Sed  non  is  vultus  in  illo, 
Non  ea  nobilitas  animo  est,  ea  gratia  formae, 
Ut  timeam  fraudem  meritique  oblivia  nostri.  45 

Et  dabit  ante  fid  em.     Cogamque  in  foedera  testes 
Esse  deos.     Quid  tuta  times  ?  accingere  et  omnem 
Pelle  moram  :  tibi  se  semper  debebit  Iason, 
Te  face  sollemni  junget  sibi,  perque  Pelasgas  ^ 
Servatrix  urbes  matrum  celebrabere  turba.      ~Ji        50 
Ergo  ego  germanam  fratremque  patremque  deosque 
Et  natale  solum,  ventis  ablata,  relinquam  ? 
Nempe  pater  saevus,  nempe  est  mea  barbara  tellus, 
Frater  adhuc  infans,  stant  mecum  vota  sororis : 
Maximus  intra  me  deus  est.    Non  magna  relinquam :  55 
Magna  sequar :  titulum  servatae  pubis  Achivae, 


19.   THE  GOLDEN  FLEECE.  67 

Notitiamque  loci  melioris,  et  oppida,  quorum 
Hie  quoque  f ama  viget,  cultusque  artesque  locorum ; 
Quemque  ego  cum  rebus,  quas  totus  possidet  orbis, 
Aesoniden  mutasse  velim,  quo  conjuge  felix  GO 

Et  dis  cara  ferar  et  vertice  sidera  tangam. 
Quid,  quod  nescio  qui  mediis  incurrere  in  undis 
Dicuntur  montes,  ratibusque  inimica  Charybdis 
Nunc  sorbere  f return,  nunc  reddere,  cinctaque  saevis 
Scylla  rapax  canibus  Siculo  latrare  prof  undo  ?  65 

Nempe  tenens  quod  amo,  gremioque  in  Iasonis  haerens 
Per  freta  longa  ferar.     Nihil  ilium  amplexa  verebor; 
Aut,  siquid  metuam,  metuam  de  conjuge  solo. 
Conjugiumne  putas,  speciosaque  nomina  culpae 
Imponis,  Medea,  tuae  ?  quin  aspice,  quantum  TO 

Aggrediare  nefas,  et  dum  licet,  en2 uge  crimen." 
Dixit :  et  ante  oculos  rectum  pietasque  pudorque 
Constiterant,  et  victa  dabat  jam  terga  Cupido. 

Ibat  ad  antiquas  Hecates  Persei'dos  aras, 
Quas  nemus  umbrosum  secretaque  silva  tegebat.         75 
Et  jam  f ortis  erat,  pulsusque  recesserat  ardor : 
Cum  videt  Aesoniden,  extinctaque  flamma  revixit. 
Erubuere  genae,  totoque  recanduit  ore, 
Utque  solet  ventis  alimenta  assumere,  quaeque 
Parva  sub  inducta  latuit  scintilla  favilla,  80 

Crescere  et  in  veteres  agitata  resurgere  vires, 
Sic  jam  lentus  amor,  jam  quern  languere  putares, 
Ut  vidit  juvenem,  specie  praesentis  inarsit. 
Et  casu  solito  f  ormosior  Aesone  natus 
Ilia  luce  f  uit :  posses  ignoscere  amanti.  85 

Spectat,  et  in  vultu  veluti  turn  denique  viso 
Lumina  fixa  tenet,  nee  se  mortalia  demens 
Ora  videre  putat,  nee  se  declinat  ab  illo. 


68  METAMORPHOSES,  VII.   1-158. 

Ut  vero  coepitque  loqui  dextramque  prehendit 
Hospes,  et  auxilium  summissa  voce  rogavit,  90 

Promisitquo  torum,  lacrimis  ait  ilia  profusis  : 
"  Quid  faciam,  video :  nee  me  ignorantia  veri 
Decipiet,  sed  amor.     Servabere  munere  nostro  : 
Servatus  promissa  dato.V     Per  sacra  triformis 
Ille  deae,  lucoque  foret  quod  numen  in  illo,  95 

Perque  patrem  soceri  cernentem  cuncta  f uturi, 
Eventusque  suos  et  tanta  pericula  jurat. 
Creditus  accepit  cantatas  protinus  herbas, 
Edidicitque  usum,  laetusque  in  tesca  recessit. 

Postera  depulerat  stellas  aurora  micantes :  100 

Convenient  populi  sacrum  Mavortis  in  arvum, 
Consistuntque  jugis.     Medio  rex  ipse  resedit 
Agmine  pnrpureus  sceptroqne  insignis  eburno. 
Ecce  adamantAs  vulcanum  naribus  efflant 
Aeripedes  tauri,  tactaeque  vaporibus  lierbae  105 

Ardent ;  utque  solent  pleni  resonare  camini, 
Aut  ubi  terrena  silices  f  ornace  soluti 
Concipiunt  ignem  liquidarum  aspergine  aquarum  : 
Pectora  sic  intus  clausas  volventia  flammas 
Gutturaque  nsta  sonant.    Tamen  illis  Aesone  natus  110 
Obvius  it.     Yertere  truces  venientis  ad  ora 
Terribiles  vultus  praefixaque  cornua  ferro, 
Pulvereumque  solum  pede  pulsavere  bisulco, 
Eumificisqne  locnm  mugitibns  impleverunt. 
Deriguere  metu  Minyae.     S  libit  ille,  nee  ignes         115 
Sentit  anlielatos — tantum  medicamina  possunt — 
Pendulaque  andaci  mulcet  palearia  dextra, 
Suppositosque  jngo  pondus  grave  cogit  aratri 
Ducere  et  insuetum  ferro  proscindere  campum. 
Mirantur  Colchi :  Minyae  clamoribns  augent  120 


19.   THE   GOLDEN  FLEECE.  69 

Adiciuntque  animos.     Galea  turn  sumit  aena  v 

Vipereos  dentes,  et  aratos  spargit  in  agros.       -^     ^ 

Semina  mollit  humus  valido  praetincta  veneno, 

Et  crescunt  fiuntque  sati  nova  corpora  dentes. 

Utque  hominis  speciem  materna  sumit  in  alvo,  125 

Perque  suos  intus  numeros  componitur  infans, 

Nee  nisi  maturus  communes  exit  in  auras : 

Sic  ubi  visceribus  gravidae  telluris  imago 

Effecta  est  hominis,  f eto  consurgit  in  arvo ; 

Quodque  magis  mirum  est,  simul  edita  concutit  arma.  130  , 

Quos  ubi  viderunt  praeacutae  cuspidis  hastas 

In  caput  Haemonii  juvenis  torquere  parantes, 

Demisere  metu  vultumque  animumque  Pelasgi. 

Ipsa  quoque  extimuit,  quae  tutum  fecerat  ilium, 

Utque  peti  vidit  juvenem  tot  ab  hostibus  unum,        135 

Palluit  et  subito  sine  sanguine  frigida  sedit ; 

Neve  parum  valeant  a  se  data  gramina,  carmen 

Auxiliare  canit,  secretasque  advocat  artes. 

Ille  gravem  medios  silicem  jaculatus  in  hostes 

A  se  depulsum  Martem  convertit  in  ipsos.  140 

Terrigenae  pereunt  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres, 

Civilique  cadunt  acie.     Gratantur  Achivi, 

Victoremque  tenent  avidisque  amplexibus  haerent. 

Tu  quoque  victorem  complecti,  barbara,  velles ; 

Obstitk  incepto  pudor.     At  complexa  fuisses  ;        145 

Sed  te,  ne  faceres,  tenuit  reverentia  famae. 

Quod  licet,  aspectu  tacito  laetaris,  agisque 

Carminibus  grates  et  dis  auctoribus  horum. 

Pervigilem  superest  herbis  sopire  draconem. 
Qui  crista  linguisque  tribus  praesignis  et  uncis  150 

Dentibus  horrendus  custos  erat  arboris  aureae. 
llunc  postquam  sparsit  Lethaei  gramine  suci 


70  METAMORPHOSES,  VIII.   183-259. 

Verbaque  ter  dixit  placidos  facientia  somnos, 
Quae  mare  turbatum,  quae  concita  flumina  sistunt, 
Somnus  in  ignotos  oculos  sibi  venit,  et  auro  155 

Heros  Aesonius  potitur,  spolioque  superbus 
Muneris  auctorem  secum,  spolia  altera,  portans 
Victor  Iolciacos  tetigit  cum  conjuge  portus. 


20.  The  Death  of  Icarus. 

VIII.  183-259. 

Daedalus  had  fled  from  Athens  to  Crete,  where  he  built  the 
labyrinth  for  Minos.  Kept  now  against  his  will  by  Minos,  he  flies 
across  the  sea ;  his  son  Icarus,  who  flies  with  him,  falls  into  the  sea. 

Daedalus  interea  Creten  longumque  perosus 
Exilium  tactusque  loci  natalis  amore, 
Clausus  erat  pelago.  "  Terras  licet "  inquit "  et  undas  185 
Obstruat :  at  caelum  certe  patet ;  ibimus  iliac. 
Omnia  possideat,  non  possidet  aera  Minos." 
Dixit,  et  ignotas  animum  dimittit  in  artes, 
Naturamque  no  vat.     Nam  ponit  in  ordine  pennas, 
A  minima  coeptas,  longam  breviore  sequenti,  190 

Ut  clivo  crevisse  putes :  sic  rustica  quondam 
Fistula  disparibus  paulatim  surgit  avenis. 
Turn  lino  medias  et  ceris  alligat  imas, 
Atque  ita  compositas  parvo  curvamine  flectit, 
Ut  veras  imitetur  aves.     Puer  Icarus  una  195 

Stabat  et,  ignarus  sua  se  tractare  pericla, 
Ore  renidenti  modo,  quas  vaga  moverat  aura, 
Captabat  plumas,  flavam  modo  pollice  ceram 
Mollibat,  lusuque  suo  mirabile  patris 
Impediebat  opus.    Postquam  manus  ultima  coeptis  200 


20.   THE  DEATH  OF  ICARUS.  71 

Imposita  est,  geminas  opifex  libravit  in  alas 
Ipse  suum  corpus,  motaque  pependit  in  aura. 

Instruit  et  natum,  "  medio  "  que  "  ut  limite  curras, 
Icare,"  ait  "  moneo,  ne,  si  demissior  ibis, 
Unda  gravet  pennas,  si  celsior,  ignis  adurat.  205 

Inter  utrumque  vola.     Nee  te  spectare  Booten 
Aut  Helicen  jubeo  strict  unique  Orionis  ensem  : 
Me  duce  carpe  viam."     Pariter  praecepta  volandi 
Tradit  et  ignotas  umeris  accommodat  alas. 

Inter  opus  monitusque  genae  maduere  seniles,       210 
Et  patriae  tremuere  manus.     Dedit  oscula  nato 
Non  iterum  repetenda  suo,  pennisque  levatus 
Ante  volat,  comitique  timet,  velut  ales,  ab  alto 
Quae  teneram  prolem  produxit  in  aera  nido ; 
Hortaturque  sequi,  damnosasque  erudit  artes,  215 

Et  mo  vet  ipse  suas  et  nati  respicit  alas. 
IIos  aliquis  tremula  dum  captat  liarundine  pisces. 
Aut  pastor  baculo  stivave  innixus  arator 
Yidit  et  obstipuit,  quique  aethera  carpere  possent, 
Credidit  esse  deos.     Et  jam  Junonia  laeva  220 

Parte  Samos  fuerat  Delosque  Parosque  relictae, 
Dextra  Lebintlius  erat  fecundaque  melle  Calymne, 
Cum  puer  audaci  coepit  gaudere  volatu, 
Deseruitque  ducem  caelique  cupidine  tractus 
Altius  egit  iter.     Eapidi  vicinia  solis  -<  225 

Mollit  odoratas,  pennarum  vincula,  ceras. 
Tabuerant  cerae ;  nudos  quatit  ille  lacertos, 
Remigioque  carens  non  ullas  percipit  auras, 
Oraque  caerulea  patrium  clamantia  nomen 
Excipiuntur  aqua :  quae  nomen  traxit  ab  illo,  230 

At  pater  infelix,  nee  jam  pater,  "  Icare,"  dixit, 
"  Icare,"  dixit  "  ubi  es  ?  qua  te  regione  requiram  ? " 


72  METAMORPHOSES,  VIII.   183-259. 

"Icare"  dicebat,  pennas  aspexit  in  undis, 
Devovitque  suas  artes,  corpusque  sepulchro   \ 
Condidit ;  et  tellus  a  nomine  dicta  sepulti.    — ^        235 

Hunc  miseri  tumulo  ponentem  corpora  nati 
Garrula  ramosa  prospexit  ab  ilice  perdix, 
Et  plausit  pennis  testataque  gaudia  cantu  est : 
Unica  tunc  volucris,  nee  visa  prioribus  annis, 
Factaque  nuper  avis ;  longum  tibi,  Daedale,  crimen.  240 
Namque  huic  tradiderat,  fatorum  ignara,  docendam 
Progeniem  germana  suam,  natalibus  actis 
Bis  pueruin  senis,  animi  ad  praecepta  capacis. 
Ule  etiam  medio  spinas  in  pisce  notatas 
Traxit  in  exemplum,  ferroque  incidit  acuto  245 

Perpetuos  dentes  et  serrae  repperit  nsum. 
Primus  et  ex  uno  duo  ferrea  braccliia  nodo 
Vinxit,  ut  aequali  spatio  distantibus  illis 
Altera  pars  staret,  pars  altera  duceret  orbem. 
Daedalus  invidit,  sacraque  ex  arce  Minervae  250 

Praecipitem  misit,  lapsum  mentitus.     At  ilium 
Quae  fa  vet  ingeniis,  excepit  Pallas,  avemque 
Reddidit,  et  medio  velavit  in  aere  pennis. 
Sed  vigor  ingenii  quondam  velocis  in  alas 
Inque  pedes  abiit :  nomen  quod  et  ante,  remansit.    255 
ISTon  tamen  haec  alte  volucris  sua  corpora  tollit, 
Nee  facit  in  ramis  altoque  cacumine  nidos  ; 
Propter  liumum  volitat,  ponitque  in  saepibus  ova, 
Antiquique  memor  metuit  sublimia  casus. 


21.   PHILEMON  AND  BAUCIS.  73 

21.  Philemon  and  Baucis. 

VIII.  616-724. 

Philemon  and  Baucis,  an  aged  couple  in  Phrygia,  entertain 
Jupiter  and  Mercury,  though  they  are  " strangers "  to  them; 
and  they  find  that  "they  have  thereby  entertained"  gods  "un- 
awares." 

Obstipuere  omnes,  nee  talia  dicta  probarunt ; 

Ante  omnesque  Lelex,  animo  maturus  et  aevo, 

Sic  ait :  "  immensa  est  finemque  potentia  caeli 

Non  habet,  et  quicquid  superi  voluere,  peractum  est. 

Quoque  minus  dubites,  tiliae  contermina  quercus      620 

Collibus  est  Phrygiis,  modico  circumdata  muro  : 

Ipse  locum  vidi ;  nam  me  Pelopeia  Pittheus 

Misit  in  arva,  suo  quondam  regnata  parenti. 

Haud  procnl  hinc  stagnum  est,  tell  us  habitabilis  olim, 

Nunc  celebres  mergis  fulicisque  palustribus  undae.  625 

Juppiter  hue  specie  mortali,  cumque  parente 

Venit  Atlantiades  positis  caducifer  alis. 

Mille  domos  adiere,  locum  requiemque  petentes : 

Mille  domos  clausere  serae.     Tamen  una  recepit, 

Parva  quidem,  stipulis  et  canna  tecta  palustri :  630 

Sed  pia  Baucis  anus  parilique  aetate  Philemon 

Ilia  sunt  annis  juncti  juvenalibus,  ilia 

Consenuere  casa ;  paupertatemque  f atendo    V 

Effecere  levem  nee  iniqua  mente  ferendo.    O 

Nee  refert,  dominos  illic,  famulosne  requiras :  635 

Tota  domus  duo  sunt,  idem  parentque  jubentque. 

Ergo  ubi  caelicolae  placitos  tetigere  penates, 
Summissoque  humiles  intrarunt  vertice  postes, 
Membra  senex  posito  jussit  relevare  sedili, 
5 


.74  METAMORPHOSES,  VIII.   616-724. 

Quo  superinjecit  textum  rude  sedula  Baucis.  640 

Inde  foco  tepidum  cinerem  dimovit  et  ignes 

Suscitat  hesternos  f  oliisque  et  cortice  sicco 

ISTutrit  et  ad  flammas  anima  producit  anili ; 

Multifidasque  faces  ramaliaque  arida  tecto 

Detulit  et  minuit,  parvoque  admovit  aeno.  645 

Quodque  suus  conjunx  riguo  collegerat  horto, 

Truncat  holus  foliis.     Furca  levat  ille  bicorni 

Sordida  terga  suis  nigro  pendentia  tigno, 

Servatoque  diu  resecat  de  tergore  partem 

Exiguam,  sectamque  domat  f erven tibus  undis.  650 

Interea  medias  fallunt  sermonibus  boras, 
Concutiuntque  torum  de  molli  fluminis  ulva  655 

Impositum  lecto,  sponda  pedibusque  salignis. 
Vestibus  hunc  velant,  quas  non  nisi  tempore  festo 
Sternere  consuerant :  sed  et  haec  vilisque  vetusque 
Vestis  erat,  lecto  non  indignanda  saligno. 
Accubuere  dei.     Mensam  succincta  tremensque         660 
Ponit  anus ;  mensae  sed  erat  pes  tertius  inpar  : 
Testa  parem  fecit.     Quae  postquam  subdita  clivum 
Sustulit,  aequatam  mentae  tersere  virentes. 
Ponitur  hie  bicolor  sincerae  baca  Minervae, 
Conditaque  in  liquida  corna  autumnalia  faece,  665 

Intibaque  et  radix  et  lactis  massa  coacti, 
Ovaque  non  acri  leviter  versata  fa  villa, 
Omnia  fictilibus.     Post  haec  caelatus  eodem 
Sistitur  argento  crater  f abricataque  fago 
Pocula,  qua  cava  sunt,  flaventibus  illita  ceris.  670 

Parva  mora  est,  epulasque  foci  misere  calentes, 
Kec  longae  rursus  referuntur  vina  senectae, 
Dantque  locum  mensis  paulum  seducta  secundis. 
Hie  nux,  hie  mixta  est  rugosis  carica  palmis 


' 


) 


21.   PHILEMON   AND  BAUCIS.  75 

Prunaque  et  in  patulis  redolentia  mala  canistris         675 
Et  de  purpureis  collectae  vitibus  uvae. 
Candidus  in  medio  favus  est.     Super  omnia  vultus 
Accessere  boni  nee  iners  pauperque  voluntas. 

Interea  totiens  haustum  cratera  repleri 
Sponte  sua,  per  seque  vident  succrescere  vina :  G80 

Attoniti  novitate  pavent,  manibusque  supinis 
Concipiunt  Baucisque  preces  timidusque  Philemon, 
Et  veniam  dapibus  nullisque  paratibus  orant. 
Unicus  anser  erat,  minimae  custodia  villae, 
Quern  dis  hospitibus  domini  mactare  parabant.  685 

Ille  celer  penna  tardos  aetate  fatigat, 
Eluditque  diu,  tandemque  est  visus  ad  ipsos 
Confugisse  deos.     Superi  vetuere  necari : 
'Di '  que  'sumus,  meritasque  luet  vicinia  poenas 
Impia '  dixerunt ;  i  vobis  immunibus  liujus  690 

Esse  mali  dabitur ;  modo  vestra  relinquite  tecta, 
Ac  nostros  comitate  gradus  et  in  ardua  montis 
Ite  simul.'     Parent  ambo,  baculisque  levati 
Nituntur  longo  vestigia  ponere  clivo. 

Tantum  aberant  summo,  quantum  semel  ire  sagitta  695 
Missa  potest :  flexere  oculos,  et  mersa  palude 
Cetera  prospiciunt,  tantum  sua  tecta  manere. 
Dumque  ea  mirantur,  dum  deflent  fata  suorum, 
Ilia  vetus,  dominis  etiam  casa  parva  duobus 
Vertitur  in  templum  :  f  ureas  subiere  columnae,         700 
Stramina  flavescunt  aurataque  tecta  videntur, 
Caelataeque  fores,  adopertaque  marmore  tellus. 
Talia  turn  placido  Saturnius  edidit  ore : 
'  Dicite,  juste  senex  et  femina  conjuge  justo 
Digna,  quid  optetis.'    Cum  Baucide  pauca  locutus,    705 
Judicium  superis  aperit  commune  Philemon : 


76  METAMOEPHOSES,  IX.  1-97. 

1  Esse  sacerdotes  delubraque  vestra  tueri 
Poscimus ;  et  quoniam  Concordes  egimus  annos, 
Auferat  hora  duos  eadem,  nee  conjugis  unquam 
Busta  meae  videam,  neu  sim  tumulandus  ab  ilia.'      710 

Vota  fides  sequitur.     Templi  tutela  f  uere, 
Donee  vita  data  est.     Annis  aevoque  soluti  ^/i 
Ante  gradus  sacros  cum  starent  forte,  locique 
Narrarent  casus,  frondere  Philemona  Baucis, 
Baucida  conspexit  senior  frondere  Philemon.  715 

Jamque  super  geminos  crescente  cacumine  vultus 
Mutua,  dum  licuit,  reddebant  dicta  '  vale  '  que 
i  O  conjunx '  dixere  simul,  simul  abdita  texit 
Ora  frutex.     Ostendit  adhuc  Thymbreius  illic 
Incola  de  gemino  vicinos  corpore  truncos.  720 

Haec  mihi  non  vani,  neque  erat  cur  fallere  vellent, 
Narravere  senes.     Equidem  pendentia  vidi 
Serta  super  ramos,  ponensque  recentia  dixi, 
i  Cura  pii  dis  sunt,  et  qui  coluere,  coluntur.'  " 

22.  The  "Wooing  of  Deianira. 

IX.  1-97. 

The  river-god  Achelous  tells  how  Hercules  contended  with 
him  for  the  hand  of  Deianira,  and  how  Hercules  defeated  him 
and  won  the  prize. 

Quae  gemitus  truncaeque  deo  Neptunius  heros 
Causa  rogat  frontis.     Cum  sic  Calydonius  amnis 
Coepit,  inornatos  redimitus  harundine  crines : 
M  Triste  petis  munus.     Quis  enim  sua  proelia  victus 
Commemorare  velit  ?  Keferam  tamen  ordine.  Nee  tarn  5 
Turpe  fuit  vinci,  quam  contendisse  decorum  est ; 
Magnaque  dat  nobis  tantus  solacia  victor. 


22.   THE  WOOING  OF  DEIANIRA.  77 

Nomine  siqua  suo  tandem  pervenit  ad  aures 

Deianira  tuas — quondam  pulcherrima  virgo 

Multorumque  fuit  spes  invidiosa  procorum.  10 

Cum  quibus  ut  soceri  domus  est  intrata  petiti, 

'  Accipe  me  generum,'  dixi  l  Parthaone  nate : ' 

Dixit  et  Alcides  :  alii  cessere  duobus. 

Ille  Jovem  socerum  dare  se,  famamque  laborum, 

Et  superata  suae  referebat  jussa  novercae.  15 

Contra  ego  '  turpe  deum  mortali  cedere  : '  dixi — 

Nondum  erat  ille  deus — '  regem  me  cernis  aquarum 

Cursibus  obliquis  inter  tua  regna  fluentum. 

Nee  gener  externis  liospes  tibi  missus  ab  oris, 

Sed  popularis  ero  et  rerum  pars  una  tuarum.  20 

Tantum  ne  noceat,  quod  me  nee  regia  Juno 

Odit,  et  omnis  abest  jussorum  poena  laborum.' 

Talia  dicentem  jamdudum.  lumine  torvo  27 

Spectat,  et  accensae  non  fortiter  imperat  irae, 
Verbaque  tot  reddit :  '  melior  mihi  dextera  lingua. 
Dummodo  pugnando  superem,  tu  vinee  loquendo,'     30 
Congrediturque  ferox.     Puduit  modo  magna  locutum 
Cedere :  rejeci  viridem  de  corpore  vestem, 
Bracchiaque  opposui,  tenuique  a  pectore  varas 
In  statione  manus  et  pugnae  membra  paravi. 
Ille  cavis  liausto  spargit  me  pulvere  palmis,  35 

Inque  vicem  f ulvae  tactu  flavescit  harenae. 
Et  modo  cervicem,  modo  crura  micantia  captat, 
Aut  captare  putes,  omnique  a  parte  lacessit. 
Me  mea  def endit  gravitas :  f rustraque  petebar ; 
Haud  secus  ac  moles,  magno  quam  murmure  fluctus  40 
Oppugnant ;  manet  ilia,  suoque  est  pond  ere  tuta. 

Digredimur  paulum,  rursusque  ad  bella  coimus, 
Inque  gradu  stetimus,  certi  non  cedere  ;  eratque 


78  METAMORPHOSES,   IX.   1-97. 

Cum  pede  pes  junctus,  totoque  ego  pectore  pronus 

Et  digitos  digitis  et  frontem  fronte  premebam.  45 

Non  aliter  vidi  fortes  concurrere  tauros, 

Cum  pretium  pugnae  toto  nitidissima  saltu 

Expetitur  con junx :  spectant  armenta  paventque 

ISTescia,  quern  maneat  tanti  victoria  regni. 

Ter  sine  profectu  voluit  nitentia  contra  50 

Eeicere  Alcides  a  se  mea  pectora :  quarto 

Excutit  amplexus,  adductaque  bracchia  solvit, 

Impulsumque  manu — certum  est  mihi  vera  fateri — 

Protinus  avertit,  tergoque  onerosus  inliaesit. 

Siqua  fides, — neque  enim  ficta  mihi  gloria  voce  55 

Quaeritur — imposito  pressus  mihi  monte  videbar. 

Vix  tamen  inserui  sudore  fluentia  multo 

Bracchia,  vix  solvi  duros  a  pectore  nexus. 

Instat  anhelanti,  prohibetque  resumere  vires, 

Et  cervice  mea  potitur.     Turn  denique  tellus  60 

Pressa  genu  nostro  est,  et  harenas  ore  momordi. 

Inferior  virtute,  meas  divertor  ad  artes, 

Elaborque  viro  longum  format  us  in  anguem. 

Qui  postquam  fiexos  sinuavi  corpus  in  orbes, 

Cumque  fero  movi  linguam  stridore  bisulcam,  65 

Risit,  et  illudens  nostras  Tirynthius  artes 

i  Cunarum  labor  est  angues  superare  mearum,' 

Dixit  '  et  ut  vincas  alios,  Acheloe,  dracones, 

Pars  quota  Lernaeae  serpens  eris  unus  echidnae  ? 

Yulneribus  fecunda  suis  erat  ilia,  nee  ullum  TO 

De  centum  numero  caput  est  impune  recisum, 

Quin  gemino  cervix  herede  valentior  esset. 

Hanc  ego  ramosam  natis  c  caede  colubris 

Crescentemque  malo  clomui,  vetuique  renasci. 

Quid  fore  te  credas,  falsum  qui  versus  in  aaguem       T5 


23.   THE  DEATH  OF  HERCULES.  79 

Arma  aliena  moves  ?  quem  forma  precaria  celat  % ' 
Dixerat,  et  summo  digitorum  vincula  collo 
Inicit :  angebar,  ceu  guttura  forcipe  pressus, 
Pollicibusque  meas  pugnabam  evellere  fauces. 

Sic  quoque  devicto  restabat  tertia  tauri  80 

Forma  tnicis  :  tauro  mutatus  membra  rebello. 
Induit  ille  toris  a  laeva  parte  lacertos, 
Admissumque  trahens  sequitur,  depressaque  dura 
Cornua  figit  humo,  meque  alta  sternit  harena. 
Nee  satis  hoc  fuerat :  rigidum  f era  dextera  cornu       85 
Dum  tenet,  infregit,  truncaque  a  fronte  revellit. 
Naides  hoc,  pomis  et  odoro  flore  repletum, 
Sacrarunt ;  divesque  meo  Bona  Copia  cornu  est." 

Dixerat :  et  Nymphe  ritu  succincta  Dianae, 
Una  ministrarum,  fusis  utrimque  capillis,  90 

Incessit  totumque  tulit  praedivite  cornu 
Autumnum  et  mensas,  felicia  poma,  secundas. 
Lux  subit ;  et  primo  feriente  cacumina  sole 
Discedunt  juvenes :  neque  enim,  dum  flumina  pacem 
Et  placidos  habeant  lapsus,  totaeque  residant,  95 

Opperiuntur,  aquae.     Vultus  Achelous  agrestes 
Et  lacerum  cornu  mediis  caput  abdidit  undis. 

23.  The  Death  of  Hercules. 

IX.  134-272. 

u  As  when  Alcides,  from  Oechalia  crown'd 
With  conquest,  felt  the  envenomM  robe,  and  tore 
Through  pain  up  by  the  roots  Thessalian  pines ; 
And  Lichas  from  the  top  of  Oeta  threw 
Into  the  Euboic  sea." — u  Paradise  Lost,"  II.  542-546. 

Longa  fuit  medii  mora  temporis  :  actaque  magni 
ilerculis  implerant  terras  odium  que  novercae.  135 


80  METAMOEPHOSES,   IX.   134-272. 

Victor  ab  Oechalia  Cenaeo  sacra  parabat 
Vota  Jovi,  cum  fama  loquax  praecessit  ad  aures, 
Deianira,  tuas,  quae  veris  addere  falsa 
Gaudet,  et  e  minimo  sua  per  mendacia  crescit, 
Amphitryoniaden  Ioles  ardore  teneri.  140 

Credit  amans,  venerisque  novae  perterrita  fama 
Indulsit  primo  lacrimis,  fiendoque  dolorem 
Diffudit  miseranda  suum :  mox  deinde  "  quid  autem 
Flemus  ? M  ait  "  paelex  lacrimis  laetabitur  istis. 
Quae  quoniam  adveniet,  properandum  aliquidque  no- 
vandum  est,  145 

Dum  licet,  et  nondum  thalamos  tenet  altera  nostros. 
Conquerar,  an  sileam  ?  repetam  Calydona,  morerne  ? 
Excedam  tectis?  an,  si  nihil  amplius,  obstem? 
Quid  si  me,  Meleagre,  tuam  mem  or  esse  sororem 
Forte  paro  f acinus,  quantumque  injuria  possit  150 

Femineusque  dolor,  jugulata  paelice  testor  ? " 
Incursus  animus  varios  habet :  omnibus  illis 
Praetulit  imbutam  Kesseo  sanguine  vestem 
Mittere,  quae  vires  defecto  reddat  amori. 
Ignaroque  Lichae,  quid  tradat,  nescia,  luctus  155 

Ipsa  suos  tradit,  blandisque  miserrima  verbis, 
Dona  det  ilia  viro,  mandat.     Capit  inscius  heros, 
Induiturque  umeris  Lernaeae  viru&  echidnae. 

Tura  dabat  primis  et  verba  precantia  flammis, 
Yinaque  marmoreas  patera  fundebat  in  aras  :  160 

Incaluit  vis  ilia  mali,  resolutaque  flammis 
Herculeos  abiit  late  diffusa  per  artus. 
Dum  potuit,  solita  gemitum  virtute  repressit. 
Yicta  malis  postquam  est  patientia,  reppulit  aras, 
Implevitque  suis  nemorosum  vocibus  Oeten.  165 

Nee  mora,  letiferam  conatur  scindere  vestem  : 


23.   THE  DEATH  OF  HERCULES.  81 

Qua  trahitur,  trahit  ilia  cutem,  foedumqne  relatu, 

Aut  haeret  membris  frustra  temptata  revelli, 

Aut  laceros  artus  et  grandia  detegit  ossa. 

Ipse  cruor,  gelido  ceu  quondam  lammina  candens     170 

Tincta  laciij  stridit  coquiturque  ardente  veneno. 

Nee  modus  est,  sorbent  avidae  praecordia  flammac, 

Caeruleusque  fluit  toto  de  corpore  sudor, 

Ambustique  sonant  nervi ;  caecaque  medullis 

Tabe  liquefactis  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas  175 

"  Cladibus,"  exclamat  "  Saturnia,  pascere  nostris : 

Pascere,  et  hanc  pestem  specta,  crudelis,  ab  alto, 

Corque  ferum  satia ;  vel  si  miserandus  et  hosti, 

Hoc  est,  si  tibi  sum,  diris  cruciatibus  aegram 

Invisamque  animam  natamque  laboribus  aufer.         180 

Mors  mihi  munus  erit :  decet  haec  dare  dona  novercam. 

Ergo  ego  f  oedantem  peregrino  templa  cruore 

Busirin  domui  ?  saevoque  alimenta  parentis 

Antaeo  eripui  %  nee  me  pastoris  Hiberi 

Forma  triplex,  nee  forma  triplex  tua,Cerbere,movit?  185 

Vosne,  manus,  validi  pressistis  cornua  tauri  ? 

Vestrum  opus  Elis  habet,  vestrum  Stymphalides  undae, 

Partheniumque  nemus  ?  yestra  virtute  relatus 

Thermodontiaco  caelatus  balteus  auro, 

Pomaque  ab  insomni  concustodita  dracone  ?  190 

Nee  mihi  Centauri  potuere  resistere,  nee  mi 

Arcadiae  vastator  aper  ?  nee  prof uit  hydrae 

Crescere  per  damnum  geminasque  resumere  vires  ? 

Quid,  cum  Thracis  equos  humano  sanguine  pingues 

Plenaque  corporibus  laceris  praesepia  vidi,  195 

Yisaque  dejeci,  dominumque  ipsosque  peremi  ? 

His  elisa  jacet  moles  Nemeaea  lacertis : 

Hac  caelum  cervice  tuli.     Defessa  jubendo  est 


82  METAMORPHOSES,  IX.   134-272. 

Saeva  Jovis  conjunx :  ego  sum  indef essus  agendo. 
Sed  nova  pestis  adest,  cui  nee  virtute  resisti  200 

ISTec  telis  armisque  potest.     Pulmonibus  errat 
Ignis  edax  imis,  perque  omnes  pascitnr  artus. 
At  valet  Eurystheus  !  et  sunt,  qui  credere  possint 
Esse  deos  ? "  dixit,  perque  altum  saucius  Oeten 
Haud  aliter  graditur,  quam  si  venabula  taurus  205 

Corpore  fixa  gerat,  factique  refugerit  auctor. 
Saepe  ilium  gemitus  edentem,  saepe  frementem, 
Saepe  retemptantem  totas  refringere  vestes 
Sternentemque  trabes  irascentemque  videres 
Montibus  aut  patrio  tendentem  bracchia  caelo.  210 

Ecce  Liehan  trepidum  latitantem  rupe  cavata 
Aspicit,  utque  dolor  rabiem  collegerat  omnem, 
"  Tune,  Licha,"  dixit  *  f  eralia  dona  dedisti  ? 
Tune  meae  necis  auctor  eris  ?  "  tremit  ille,  pavetque 
Pallidus,  et  timide  verba  excusantia  dicit.  215 

Dicentem  genibusque  manus  adhibere  parantem 
Corripit  Alcides,  et  terque  quaterque  rotatum 
Mittit  in  Euboicas  tormento  fortius  undas. 
Ille  per  aerias  pendens  induruit  auras  : 
TJtque  f erunt  imbres  gelidis  concrescere  ventis,  220 

Inde  nives  fieri,  nivibus  quoque  molle  rotatis 
Astringi  et  spissa  glomerari  grandine  corpus, 
Sic  ilium  validis  actum  per  inane  lacertis 
Exsanguemque  metu  nee  quicquam  umoris  habentem 
In  rigidos  versum  silices  prior  edidit  aetas.  225 

Nunc  quoque  in  Euboico  scopulus  brevis  emicat  alto 
Gurgite  et  humanae  servat  vestigia  f ormae, 
Quern,  quasi  sensurum,  nautae  calcare  verentur, 
Appellant  que  Liehan.     At  tu,  Jovis  inclita  proles, 
Arboribus  caesis,  quas  ardua  gesserat  Oete,  230 


23.  THE  DEATn  OF  HERCULES.  83 

Inque  pyram  structis  arcum  pharetramque  capacem 
Regnaque  visuras  iterum  Trojana  sagittas 
Ferre  jubes  Poeante  satum,  quo  flamma  ministro 
Subdita  ;  dumque  avidis  comprenditur  ignibus  agger, 
Congeriem  silvae  Nemeaeo  vellere  summam  235 

Sternis,  et  imposita  clavae  cervice  recumbis, 
Haud  alio  vultu,  quam  si  con  viva  jaceres 
Inter  plena  meri  redimitus  pocula  sertis. 

Jamque  valens  et  in  omne  latus  diffusa  sonabat, 
Securosque  artus  contemptoremque  petebat  240 

Flamma  suum :  timuere  dei  pro  vindice  terrae. 
Quos  ita,  sensit  enim,  laeto  Saturnius  ore 
Juppiter  alloquitur :  "  nostra  est  timor  iste  voluptas, 
O  superi,  totoque  libens  mini  pectore  grator, 
Quod  memoris  populi  dicor  rectorque  paterque,         245 
Et  mea  progenies  vestro  quoque  tuta  favore  est. 
Nam  quam  quam  ipsius  datur  hoc  immanibus  actis, 
Obligor  ipse  tamen.     Sed  enim,  ne  pectora  vano 
Fida  metu  paveant,  istas  despernite  flammas  ! 
Omnia  qui  vicit,  vincet,  quos  cernitis,  ignes ;  250 

ISTec  nisi  materna  vulcanum  parte  potentem 
Sentiet :  aeternum  est  a  me  quod  traxit,  et  expers 
Atque  immune  necis,  nullaque  domabile  flamma. 
Idque  ego  defunctum  terra  caelestibus  oris 
Accipiam,  cunctisque  meum  laetabile  factum  255 

Dis  fore  confido.     Siquis  tamen  Hercule,  siquis 
Forte  deo  doliturus  erit,  data  praemia  nolet, 
Sed  meruisse  dari  sciet,  invitusque  probabit." 

Assensere  dei :  conjunx  quoque  regia  visa  est 
Cetera  non  duro,  duro  tamen  ultima  vultu  260 

Dicta  tulisse  Jovis,  seque  indoluisse  notatam. 

Interea,  quodcumque  f  uit  populabile  flammae, 


84:  METAMORPHOSES,  X.   1-77. 

Mulciber  abstulerat :  nee  cognoscenda  remansit 
Herculis  effigies,  nee  quicquam  ab  imagine  ductum 
Matris  habet,  tantumque  Jovis  vestigia  servat.  265 

Utque  novus  serpens  posita  cum  pelle  senecta 
Luxuriare  solet,  squamaque  virere  recenti : 
Sic  ubi  mortales  Tirynthius  exuit  artus, 
Parte  sui  meliore  viget,  majorque  videri 
Coepit  et  augusta  fieri  gravitate  verendus.  270 

Quern  pater  omnipotens  inter  cava  nubila  raptum 
Quadrijugo  curru  radiantibus  intulit  astris. 

24:.  Orpheus  and  Eurydice. 

X.  1-77. 

"Such  strains  as  would  have  won  the  ear 
Of  Pluto,  to  have  quite  set  free 
The  half-regained  Eurydice." 

Milton's  "17  Allegro." 

Inde  per  immensum  croceo  velatus  amictu 
Aethera  digreditur,  Ciconumque  Hymenaeus  ad  oras 
Tendit,  et  Orphea  nequiquam  voce  vocatur. 
Adfuit  ille  quidem,  sed  nee  sollemnia  verba 
Nee  laetos  vultus  nee  felix  attulit  omen.  5 

Fax  quoque,  quam  tenuit,  lacrimoso  stridula  f  umo 
TJsque  fuit,  nullosque  invenit  motibus  ignes. 
Exitus  auspicio  gravior :  nam  nupta  per  herbas 
Dum  nova  naiadum  turba  comitata  vagatur, 
Occidit  in  talum  serpentis  dente  recepto.  10 

Quam  satis  ad  superas  postquam  Ehodope'ius  auras 
Deflevit  vates,  ne  non  temptaret  et  umbras, 
Ad  Styga  Taenaria  est  ausus  descendere  porta  : 
Perque  leves  populos  simulacraque  functa  sepulcro 


24.    ORPHEUS  AND  EURYDICE.  85 

Persephonen  adiit  inamoenaque  regna  tenentem         15 

Umbrarum  dominum,  pulsisque  ad  earmina  nervis 

Sic  ait :  "  o  positi  sub  terra  numina  mundi, 

In  quern  reccidimus,  quicquid  mortale  creamur : 

Si  licet,  et  falsi  positis  ambagibus  oris 

Vera  loqui  sinitis,  non  hue,  ut  opaca  viderem  20 

Tartara,  descendi ;  nee  uti  villosa  colubris 

Terna  Medusaei  vincirem  guttura  monstri : 

Causa  viae  conjunx,  in  quam  calcata  venenum 

Vipera  diffudit,  crescentesque  abstulit  annos. 

Posse  pati  volui,  nee  me  temptasse  negabo :  25 

Vicit  Amor.     Supera  deus  hie  bene  notus  in  ora  est : 

An  sit  et  hie,  dubito ;  sed  et  hie  tamen  auguror  gsse, 

Famaque  si  veteris  non  est  mentita  rapinae,       [fcimoris, 

Yos  quoque  junxit  Amor.     Per  ego  haec  l(5ca~plena 

Per  Chaos  hoc  ingens  vastique  silentia  regni,  30 

Eurydices,  oro,  properata  retexite  fata. 

Omnia  debentur  vobis,  paulumque  morati 

Serius  aut  citius  sedem  properamus  ad  unam. 

Tendimus  hue  omnes,  haec  est  domus  ultima,  vosque 

Humani  generis  longissima  regna  tenetis.  35 

Haec  quoque,  cum  justos  matura  peregerit  annos, 

Juris  erit  vestri :  pro  munere  poscimus  usum. 

Quod  si  fata  negant  veniam  pro  conjuge,  certum  est . 

Nolle  redire  mihi :  leto  gaudete  duorum." 

Talia  dicentem  nervosque  ad  verba  moventem         40 
Exsangues  flebant  animae :  nee  Tantalus  undam 
Captavit  refugam,  stupuitque  Ixionis  orbis, 
Nee  carpsere  jecur  volucres,  urnisque  vacarunt 
Belides,  inque  tuo  sedisti,  Sisyphe,  saxo. 
Tunc  primum  lacrimis  victarum  carmine  fama  est      45 
Eumenidum  maduisse  genas.     Nee  regia  conjunx 


86  METAMOEPHOSES,  X.  1-77. 

Sustinet  oranti,  nee  qui  regit  ima,  negare  : 

Eurydicenque  vocant.     Umbras  erat  ilia  recentes 

Inter,  et  incessit  passu  de  vulnere  tardo. 

Hanc  simul  et  legem  Rhodope'ius  accipit  Orpheus,     50 

Ne  flectat  retro  sua  lumina,  donee  Avernas 

Exierit  valles  ;  aut  irrita  dona  futura. 

Carpitur  aeclivis  per  muta  silentia  trames, 
Arduus,  obscurus,  caligine  densus  opaca, 
Nee  procul  afuerunt  telluris  margine  summae  :  55 

Hie,  ne  deficeret,  metuens,  avidusque  videndi, 
Flexit  amans  oculos  :  et  protinus  ilia  relapsa  est, 
Bracchiaque  intendens  prendique  et  prendere  certus 
Nil  nisi  cedentes  infelix  arripit  auras. 
Jamque  iterum  moriens  non  est  de  conjuge  quicquam 
Questa  suo :  quid  enim  nisi  se  quereretur  amatam  ? 
Supremumque  vale,  quod  jam  vix  auribus  ille 
Acciperet,  dixit,  revolutaque  rursus  eodem  est. 

Non  aliter  stupuit  gemina  nece  conjugis  Orpheus, 
Quam  tria  qui  timidus,  medio  portante  catenas,  65 

Colla  canis  vidit ;  quern  non  payor  ante  reliquit, 
Quam  natura  prior,  saxo  per  corpus  oborto  : 
Quique  in  se  crimen  traxit  voluitque  videri 
Olenos  esse  nocens,  tuque,  o  confisa  figurae, 
Infelix  Lethaea,  tuae,  junctissima  quondam  70 

Pectora,  nunc  lapides,  quos  umida  sustinet  Ide. 

Orantem  frustraque  iterum  transire  volentem 
Portitor  arcuerat ;  septem  tamen  ille  diebus 
Squalidus  in  ripa  Cereris  sine  munere  sedit : 
Cura  dolorque  animi  lacrimaeque  alimenta  fuere.       75 
Esse  deos  Erebi  crudeles  questus,  in  altam 
Se  recipit  Ehodopen  pulsumque  aquilonibus  Haemum. 


25.   HYACINTIIUS.  87 

25.  Hyacinthus. 

X.  162-219. 

.  .  .  "that  sanguine  flower,  inscribed  with  woe." 

Milton's  "Lycidas." 

Te  quoque,  Amyclide,  posuisset  in  aethere  Phoebus, 
Tristia  si  spatium  ponendi  fata  dedissent. 
Qua  licet,  aeternus  tamen  es  :  quotiensque  repellit 
Yer  hiemem,  Piscique  Aries  succedit  aquoso,  165 

Tu  totiens  oreris,  viridique  in  caespite  flores. 
Te  mens  ante  omnes  genitor  dilexit,  et  orbe 
In  medio  positi  caruerunt  praeside  Delphi, 
Dum  dens  Enrotan  immunitamque  freqnentat 
Sparten  :  nee  citharae  nee  snnt  in  honore  sagittae :  170 
Immemor  ipse  sni  non  retia  ferre  recusat, 
Non  tenuisse  canes,  non  per  juga  montis  iniqui 
Isse  comes  ;  longaque  alit  assuetndine  flammas. 

Jamqne  fere  medius  Titan  venientis  et  actae 
Noctis  erat,  spatioqne  pari  distabat  utrimque :  175 

Corpora  veste  levant,  et  suco  pinguis  olivi 
Splendescunt,  latiqne  inennt  certamina  disci. 
Quern  prius  aerias  libratum  Phoebus  in  auras 
Misit,  et  oppositas  disjecit  pondere  nubes. 
Eeccidit  in  solidam  longo  post  tempore  terrain  180 

Pondus,  et  exhibuit  junctam  cum  viribus  artem. 
Protinus  imprudens  actusque  cupidine  lusus 
Tollere  Taenarides  orbem  properabat ;  at  ilium 
Dura  repercusso  subjecit  verbere  tellus 
In  vultus,  Hyaeinthe,  tuos.     Expalluit  aeque  185 

Quam  puer,  ipse  deus,  collapsosque  excipit  artus, 
Et  modo  te  refovet,  modo  tristia  vulnera  siccat, 


88  METAMOEPHOSES,   X.   162-219. 

Nunc  animam  admotis  fugientem  sustinet  lierbis. 

Nil  prosunt  artes ;  erat  immedicabile  vulnus. 

Ut  siquis  violas  riguove  papaver  in  horto  190 

Liliaque  infringat,  fulvis  liaerentia  lignis 

Marcida  demittant  subito  caput  ilia  gravatum, 

Nee  se  sustineant,  spectentque  cacumine  terram ; 

Sic  vultus  moriens  jaeet,  et  defecta  vigore 

Ipsa  sibi  est  oneri  cervix  umeroque  recumbit.  195 

"  Laberis,  Oebalide,  prima  fraudate  juventa," 
Phoebus  ait  "  videoque  tuum,  mea  crimina,  vulnus. 
Tu  dolor  es  facinusque  meum  :  mea  dextera  leto 
Inscribenda  tuo  est !  ego  sum  tibi  funeris  auctor. 
Quae  mea  culpa  tamen  ?  nisi  si  lusisse  vocari  200 

Culpa  potest,  nisi  culpa  potest  et  amasse  vocari. 
Atque  utinam  merito  vitam,  tecumque  liceret 
Keddere !  quod  quoniam  f  atali  lege  tenemur, 
Semper  eris  mecum,  memorique  haerebis  in  ore. 
Te  lyra  pulsa  manu,  te  carmina  nostra  sonabunt :      205 
Flosque  novus  scripto  gemitus  imitabere  nostros. 
Tempus  et  illud  erit,  quo  se  f  ortissimus  heros 
Addat  in  hunc  florem,  folioque  legatur  eodem." 

Talia  dum  vero  memorantur  Apollinis  ore, 
Ecce  cruor,  qui  fusus  humo  signaverat  herbas,  210 

Desinit  esse  cruor,  Tyrioque  nitentior  ostro 
Flos  oritur,  formamque  capit  quam  lilia,  si  non 
Purpureus  color  his,  argenteus  esset  in  illis. 
Non  satis  hoc  Phoebo  est — is  enim  fuit  auctor  honoris — 
Ipse  suos  gemitus  foliis  inscribit,  et  AI  AI  215 

Flos  habet  inscriptum,  funestaque  littera  ducta  est. 

Nee  genuisse  pudet  Sparten  Hyacinthon,  honorque 
Durat  in  hoc  aevi,  celebrandaque  more  priorum 
Annua  praelata  redeunt  Hyacinthia  pompa. 


26.   ATALANTA'S  RACE.  89 

26.  Atalanta's  Kace. 

X.  560-680. 

Venus  tells  Adonis  the  story  of  the  beautiful  and  fleet-footed 
Atalanta,  who  would  marry  no  suitor  who  could  not  vanquish 
her  in  a  race.  At  last  Hippomenes  outruns  her  and  wins  the 
prize. 

This  story,  too,  is  told  in  English  verse  by  Mr.  Morris,  in  his 
11  Earthly  Paradise,"  vol.  i. 

"  Forsitan  audieris  aliquam  certamine  cursus  560 

Yeloces  superasse  viros.     Non  f abula  rumor 
Ille  f  uit ;  superabat  enim  ;  nee  dicere  posses, 
Laude  pedum,  formaene  bono  praestantior  esset. 
Scitanti  deus  liuic  de  conjuge  '  conjuge '  dixit 
'  Nil  opus  est,  Atalanta,  tibi :  fuge  con jugis  usum.    565 
Nee  tamen  effugies,  teque  ipsa  viva  carebis.' 
Territa  sorte  dei  per  opacas  innuba  silvas 
Yivit,  et  instantem  turbam  violenta  procorum 
Condicione  f  ugat,  nee  ?  sum  potiunda,  nisi '  inquit 
*  Victa  prius  cursu ;  pedibus  contendite  mecum :       570 
Praemia  veloci  conjunx  thalamique  dabuntur ; 
Mors  pretium  tardis.     Ea  lex  certaminis  esto.' 
Ilia  quidem  immitis :  sed  tanta  potentia  f  ormae  est, 
Venit  ad  hanc  legem  temeraria  turba  procorum. 

Sederat  Hippomenes  cursus  spectator  iniqui,  5Y5 

Et  '  petitur  cuiquam  per  tanta  pericula  conjunx  ? ' 
Dixerat,  ac  nimios  juvenum  damnarat  amores. 
Ut  faciem  et  posito  corpus  velamine  vidit, 
Quale  meum,  vel  quale  tuum,  si  femina  fias, 
Obstipuit,  tollensque  manus  'ignoscite,'  dixit  580 

'Quos  modo  culpavi.     Nondum  mihi  praemia  nota, 
Quae  peteretis,  erant.'     Laudando  concipit  ignes, 


90  METAMORPHOSES,   X.  560-680. 

Et,  ne  quis  juvenum  currat  velocius,  optat 

Invidiaque  timet.     '  Sed  cur  certaminis  hujus 

Intemptata  mihi  fortuna  relinquitur  ? '  inquit  585 

'  Audentes  deus  ipse  juvat.'     Dum  talia  secum 

Exigit  Hippomenes,  passu  volat  alite  virgo. 

Quae  quamquam  Scythica  non  setius  ire  sagitta 

Aonio  visa  est  juveni,  tamen  ille  decorem 

Miratur  magis.     Et  cursus  facit  ille  decorem.  590 

Dum  notat  haec  hospes,  decursa  novissima  meta  est,  597 

Et  tegitur  festa  victrix  Atalanta  corona. 

Dant  gemitum  victi,  penduntque  ex  foedere  poenas. 

Non  tamen  eventu  juvenis  deterritus  horum  600 

Constitit  in  medio,  vultuque  in  virgine  n'xo 

'  Quid  facilem  titulum  superando  quaeris  inertes  ? 

Mecum  confer  ! '  ait  '  seu  me  fortuna  potentem 

Fecerit,  a  tanto  non  indignabere  vinci. 

Namque  mihi  genitor  Megareus  Onchestius :  illi       605 

Est  Neptunus  avus  :  pronepos  ego  regis  aquarum. 

Nee  virtus  citra  genus  est :  seu  vincar,  habebis 

Hippomene  victo  magnum  et  memorabile  nomen.' 

Talia  dicentem  molli  Schoeneia  vultu 

Aspicit,  et  dubitat,  superari  an  vincere  malit.  610 

Atque  ita  £quis  deus  hunc  formosis'  inquit  ^iniquus 

Perdere  vult,  caraeque  jubet  discrimine  vitae 

Conjugium  petere  lioc  ?  non  sum,  me  judice,  tanti. 

Nee  forma  tangor, — poteram  tamen  hac  quoque  tangi — 

Sed  quod  adhuc  puer  est.    Non  me  movet  ipse,  sed  aetas. 

Quid,  quod  inest  virtus  et  mens  interrita  leti  ? 

Quid,  quod  ab  aequorea  numeratur  origine  quartus? 

Quid,  quod  amat,  tantique  putat  conubia  nostra, 

Ut  pereat,  si  me  f ors  illi  dura  negarit  ? 

Dum  licet,  hospes,  abi,  thalamosque  relinque  cruentos. 


26.  ATALANTA'S  RACE.  91 

Conjugium  crudele  meum  est.     Tibi  nubere  nulla 

Nolet ;  et  optari  potes  a  sapiente  puella. 

Cur  tamen  est  mihi  cura  tui,  tot  jam  ante  peremptis  ? 

Viderit !  intereat,  quoniam  tot  caede  procorum 

Admonitus  non  est,  agiturque  in  taedia  vitae.  625 

Occidet  hie  igitur,  voluit  quia  vivere  mecum, 

Indignamque  necem  pretium  patietur  amoris  ? 

Non  erit  invidiae  victoria  nostra  ferendae. 

Sed  non  culpa  mea  est.     Utinam  desistere  velles ! 

Aut,  quoniam  es  demens,  utinam  velocior  esses !       630 

At  quam  virgineus  puerili  vultus  in  ore  est ! 

A !  miser  Hippomene,  nollem  tibi  visa  fuissem ! 

Yivere  dignus  eras.     Quod  si  felicior  essem, 

Nee  mihi  conjugium  fata  importuna  negarent, 

Unus  eras,  cum  quo  sociare  cubilia  vellem.'  635 

Dixerat :  utque  rudis,  primoque  Cupidine  tacta, 
Quid  facit,  ignorans,  amat  et  non  sentit  amorem. 
Jam  solitos  poscunt  cursus  populusque  paterque : 
Cum  me  sollicita  proles  Neptunia  voce 
Invocat  Hippomenes,  '  Cytherea '  que  '  comprecor,  ausis 
Adsit'  ait  'nostris  et  quos  dedit,  adjuvet  ignes.' 
Detulit  aura  preces  ad  me  non  invida  blandas  ; 
Motaque  sum,  fateor.     Nee  opis  mora  longa  dabatur. 
Est  ager,  indigenae  Tamasenum  nomine  dicunt, 
Telluris  Cypriae  pars  optima,  quam  mihi  prisci         645 
Sacravere  senes,  templisque  accedere  dotem 
Hanc  jussere  meis.     Medio  nitet  arbor  in  arvo, 
Fulva  comam,  fulvo  ramis  crepitantibus  auro. 
Hinc  tria  forte  mea  veniens  decerpta  ferebam 
Aurea  poma  manu  :  nullique  videnda  nisi  ipsi  650 

Hippomenen  adii,  docuique,  quis  usus  in  illis. 
Signa  tubae  dederant,  cum  carcere  pronus  uterque 


92  METAMORPHOSES,  X.  560-680. 

Emicat,»et  summam  celeri  pede  libat  harenam. 

Posse  putes  illos  sicco  freta  radere  passu, 

Et  segetis  canae  stantes  percurrere  aristas.  655 

Adiciunt  animos  juveni  clamorque  favorque, 

Verbaque  dicentum  \  nunc,  nunc  incumbere  tempus, 

Hippomene,  propera !  nunc  viribus  utere  totis. 

Pelle  in oram,  vinces : '  dubium,  Megareius  heros 

Gaudeat,  an  virgo  magis  his  Schoeneia  dictis.  660 

O  quotiens,  cum  jam  posset  transire,  morata  est, 

Spectatosque  diu  vultus  in  vita  reliquit ! 

Aridus  e  lasso  veniebat  anhelitus  ore, 

Metaque  erat  longe.     Turn  denique  de  tribus  unum 

Fetibus  arboreis  proles  Neptunia  misit.  665 

Obstipuit  virgo,  nitidique  cupidine  pomi 

Declinat  cursus,  aurumque  volubile  tollit : 

Praeterit  Hippomenes  :  resonant  spectacula  plausu. 

Ilia  moram  celeri  cessataque  tempora  cursu 

Corrigit,  atque  iterum  juvenem  post  terga  relinquit.  670 

Et  rursus  pomi  jactu  remorata  secundi, 

Consequitur  transitque  virum.     Pars  ultima  cursus 

Pestabat.     '  Nunc'  inquit  '  ades,  dea  muneris  auctor ! ' 

Inque  latus  campi,  quo  tardius  ilia  rediret, 

Jecit  ab  obliquo  nitidum  juvenaliter  aurum.  675 

An  peteret,  virgo  visa  est  dubitare  :  coegi 

Tollere,  et  adjeci  sublato  pondera  malo, 

Impediique  oneris  pariter  gravitate  moraque. 

Neve  meus  sermo  cursu  sit  tardior  ipso, 

Praeterita  est  virgo :  duxit  sua  praemia  victor."       680 


27.   THE  DEATH  OF  ORPHEUS.  93 

27.  Toe  Death  of  Orpheus. 

XI.  1-84. 

"  Whom  universal  Nature  did  lament, 
When,  by  the  rout  that  made  the  hideous  roar, 
His  gory  visage  down  the  stream  was  sent, 
Down  the  swift  Hebrus  to  the  Lesbian  shore." 

Milton's  "Lycidas." 

Carmine  dum  tali  silvas  animosque  f  erarnm 
Thre'icius  vates  et  saxa  sequentia  ducit, 
Ecce  nurus  Ciconum,  tectae  lymphata  ferinis 
Pectora  velleribus,  tumuli  de  vertice  cernunt 
Orphea  percussis  sociantem  carmina  nervis.  5 

E  quibus  una,  leves  jactato  crine  per  auras, 
"  En,"  ait  "  en  hie  est  nostri  contemptor !  "  et  hastam 
Yatis  Apollinei  vocalia  misit  in  ora, 
Quae  f oliis  praesuta  notam  sine  vulnere  fecit. 
Alterius  telum  lapis  est,  qui  missus  in  ipso  10 

Aere  concentu  victus  vocisque  lyraeque  est, 
Ac  veluti  supplex  pro  tarn  furialibus  ausis  V 

Ante  pedes  jacuit.     Sed  enim  temeraria  crescunt\ 

Bella,  modusque  abiit,  insanaque  regnat  Erinys.  3 

Cunctaque  tela  forent  cantu  mollita  :  sed  ingens         15 
Clamor  et  infracto  Berecyntia  tibia  cornu 
Tympanaque  et  plausus  et  Bacchei  ululatus 
Obstrepuere  sono  citliarae.     Turn  denique  saxa 
Non  exauditi  rubuerunt  sanguine  vatis. 
Ac  primum  attonitas  etiamnum  voce  canentis  20 

Innumeras  volucres  anguesque  agmenque  ferarum 
Maenades  Orpliei  titulum  rapuere  triumphi. 
Inde  cruentatis  vertuntur  in  Orphea  dextris 


94  METAMOKPHOSES,  XI.  1-84. 

Et  coeunt  ut  aves,  si  quando  luce  vagantem 

Noctis  avem  cernunt.     Structoque  utrimque  theatro  25 

Ceu  matutina  cervus  periturus  harena 

Praeda  canum  est,  vatemque  petunt  et  fronde  virentes 

Coniciunt  thyrsos,  non  liaec  in  munera  faetos. 

Hae  glaebas,  illae  direptos  arbore  ramos, 

Pars  torquent  silices.     Neu  desint  tela  furori,  30 

Forte  boves  presso  subigebant  vomere  terram, 

Nee  procul  liinc  multo  fructum  sudore  parantes 

Dura  lacertosi  fodiebant  arva  coloni. 

Agmine  qui  viso  fugiunt,  operisque  relinquunt 

Anna  sui ;  vacuosque  jacent  dispersa  per  agros  35 

Sarculaque  rastrique  graves  longique  ligones. 

Quae  postquam  rapuere  ferae,  cornuque  minaces 

Divulsere  boves,  ad  vatis  fata  recurrunt, 

Tendentemque  manus  atque  illo  tempore  primum 

Irrita  dicentem  nee  quicquam  voce  moventem  40 

Sacrilegae  perimunt ;  perque  os,  pro  Juppiter  !  illud 

Auditum  saxis  intellectumque  f erarum 

Sensibus  in  ventos  anima  exbalata  recessit. 

Te  maestae  volucres,  Orpheu,  te  turba  ferarum, 
Te  rigidi  silices,  te  carmina  saepe  secutae  45 

Fleverunt  silvae :  positis  te  f rondnSus  arbos 
Tonsa  comam  luxit.     Lacrimis  quoque  flumina  dicunt 
Increvisse  suis :  obstrusaque  carbasa  pullo 
JNTaides  et  Dryades  passosque  babuere  capillos. 
Membra  jacent  di versa  ,locis.     Caput,  Hebre,  lyramque 
Excipis  :  et  —  mirum !  —  medio  dum  labitur  amne, 
Flebile  nescio  quid  queritur  lyra,  flebile  lingua 
Murmurat  exanimis,  respondent  flebile  ripae. 
Jamque  mare  invectae  flumen  populare  relinquunt, 
Et  Methymnaeae  potiuntur  litore  Lesbi.  55 


27.   THE  DEATH  OF  ORPHEUS.  95 

Hie  ferns  expositum  peregrinis  anguis  harenis 

Os  petit  et  sparsos  stillanti  rore  capillos. 

Tandem  Phoebus  adest,  morsusque  inferre  parantem 

Arcet,  et  in  lapidem  rictns  serpentis  apertos 

Congelat,  et  patulos,  nt  erant,  indnrat  hiatus.  60 

Umbra  snbit  terras,  et  quae  loca  viderat  ante, 
Cuncta  recognoscit :  quaerensque  per  arva  piorum 
Invenit  Eurydicen,  cupidisque  amplectitur  ulnis. 
Hie  modo  conjunctis  spatiantur  passibus  ambo, 
Nunc  praecedentem  sequitur,  nunc  praevius  anteit,    65 
Euiydicenque  suam  jam  tuto  respicit  Orpheus. 

Non  impune  tamen  scelus  hoc  sinit  esse  Lyaeus : 
Amissoque  dolens  sacrorum  vate  suorum, 
Protinus  in  silvis  matres  Edonidas  omnes, 
Quae  videre  nefas,  torta  radice  ligavit.  70 

Quippe  pedum  digitos,  in  quantum  quaeque  secuta  est, 
Traxit,  et  in  solidam  detrusit  acumina  terram. 
Utque  suum  laqueis,  quos  callidus  abdidit  auceps, 
Crus  ubi  commisit  volucris,  sensitque  teneri, 
Plangitur,  ac  trepidans  astringit  vincula  motu  j  75 

Sic,  ut  quaeque  solo  defixa  cohaeserat  harum, 
Exsternata  f ugam  f rustra  temptabat :  at  illam 
Lenta  tenet  radix,  exsultantemque  coercet. 
Dumque  ubi  sint  digiti,  dum  pes  ubi,  quaerit,  et  ungues, 
Aspicit  in  teretes  lignum  succedere  suras.  80 

Et  conata  femur  maerenti  plangere  dextra, 
Pobora  percussit.     Pectus  quoque  robora  fiunt : 
Pobora  sunt  umeri :  longos  quoque  bracchia  veros 
Esse  putes  ramos,  et  non  fallare  putando. 


96  METAMORPHOSES,   XL   85-193. 

28.  Midas  ;  or,  the  King  of  the  Golden  Touch. 
XI.  85-193. 

]STec  satis  hoc  Bacclio  est :  ipsos  quoque  deserit  agros, 
Cumque  choro  meliore  sui  vineta  Timoli 
Pactolonque  petit ;  quamvis  non  aureus  illo 
Tempore  nee  caris  erat  invidiosus  harenis. 
Ilunc  assueta  cohors  satyri  bacchaeque  frequentant : 
At  Silenus  abest.     Titubantem  annisque  meroque      90 
Ruricolae  cepere  Phryges,  vinctumque  coronis 
Ad  regem  duxere  Midan,  cui  Thracius  Orpheus 
Orgia  tradiderat  cum  Cecropio  Eumolpo. 
Qui  simul  agnovit  socium  comitemque  sacrorum, 
Hospitis  adventu  festum  genialiter  egit  95 

Per  bis  quinque  dies  et  junctas  ordine  noctes. 
Et  jam  stellarum  sublime  coegerat  agmen 
Lucifer  undecimus,  Lydos  cum  laetus  in  agros 
Hex  venit,  et  juveni  Silenum  reddit  alumno. 
Huic  deus  optandi  gratum,  sed  inutile,  fecit  100 

Muneris  arbitrium,  gaudens  altore  recepto. 
Ille,  male  usurus  donis,  ait  '  effice,  quicquid 
Corpore  contigero,  fulvum  vertatur  in  aurum.' 
Adnuit  optatis,  nocituraque  munera  solvit 
Liber,  et  indoluit,  quod  non  meliora  petisset.  105 

Laetus  abit  gaudetque  malo  Berecyntius  heros : 
Pollicitique  fidem  tangendo  singula  temptat. 
Vixque  sibi  credens,  non  alta  fronde  virentem 
Ilice  detraxit  virgam  :  virga  aurea  facta  est. 
Tollit  humo  saxum  :  saxum  quoque  palluit  auro.        110 
Contigit  et  glaebam :  contactu  glaeba  potenti 
Massa  fit.     Arentes  Cereris  decerpsit  aristas : 
Aurea  messis  erat.     Demptum  tenet  arbore  pomum  : 


28.   MIDAS.  97 

Hesperidas  donasse  putes.     Si  postibus  altis 
Admovit  digitos,  postes  radiare  videntur.  115 

Ille  etiam  liquidis  palmas  ubi  laverat  undis, 
Unda  fluens  palmis  Danaen  eludere  posset. 
Vix  spes  ipse  suas  animo  capit,  aurea  fingens 
Omnia.     Gaudenti  mensas  posuere  ministri 
Exstructas  dapibus  nee  tostae  frugis  egentes :  120 

Turn  vero,  sive  ille  sua  Cerealia  dextra 
Munera  contigerat,  Cerealia  dona  rigebant ; 
Sive  dapes  avido  convellere  dente  parabat, 
Lammina  fulva  dapes,  admoto  dente,  premebat. 
Miscuerat  puris  auctorem  muneris  undis :  125 

Fusile  per  rictus  aurum  fluitare  videres. 
Attonitus  novitate  mali,  divesque  miserque, 
Effugere  optat  opes  et  quae  modo  voverat,  odit. 
Copia  nulla  famem  relevat ;  sitis  arida  guttur 
Urit,  et  inviso  meritus  torquetur  ab  auro.  130 

Ad  caelumque  manus  et  splendida  braccliia  tollens, 
6  Da  veniam,  Lenaee  pater  !  peccavimus ; '  inquit, 
6  Sed  miserere,  precor,  speciosoque  eripe  damno.' 
Mite  deum  numen  Bacchus  peccasse  fatentem 
Eestituit,  factique  fide  data  munera  solvit.  135 

'  Neve  male  optato  maneas  circumlitus  auro, 
Vade'  ait  <ad  magnis  vicinum  Sardibus  amnem, 
Perque  jugum  montis  labentibus  obvius  undis 
Carpe  viam,  donee  venias  ad  fluminis  ortus ; 
Spumigeroque  tuum  fonti,  qua  plurimus  exit,  140 

Subde  caput,  corpusque  simul,  simul  elue  crimen.' 
Rex  jussae  succedit  aquae.     Yis  aurea  tinxit 
Flumen,  et  humano  de  corpore  cessit  in  amnem. 
Nunc  quoque  jam  veteris  percepto  semine  venae 
Arva  rigent  auro  madidis  pallentia  glaebis.  145 


98  METAMORPHOSES,  XL   85-193. 

Ille,  perosus  opes,  silvas  et  rura  colebat, 
Panaque  montanis  habitantem  semper  in  antris. 
Pingue  sed  ingenium  mansit ;  nocituraque,  ut  ante, 
Pursus  erant  domino  stolidae  praecordia  mentis. 
Nam  freta  prospiciens  late  riget  arduus  alto  150 

Tmolus  in  ascensn,  clivoque  extensus  utroque 
Sardibus  liinc,  illinc  parvis  finitur  Hypaepis. 
Pan  ibi  dum  teneris  jactat  sua  carmina  nymphis 
Et  leve  cerata  modulatur  harundine  carmen, 
Ausus  Apollineos  prae  se  contemnere  cantus,  155 

Judice  sub  Tmolo  certamen  venit  ad  impar. 
Monte  suo  senior  judex  consedit,  et  aures 
Liberat  arboribus ;  quercu  coma  caerula  tantum 
Cingitnr,  et  pendent  circum  cava  tempora  glandes. 
Isque  deum  pecoris  spectans  '  in  judice '  dixit  160 

1  Nulla  mora  est.'     Calamis  agrestibus  insonat  ille : 
Barbaricoque  Midan — aderat  nam  forte  canenti — 
Carmine  delenit.     Post  liunc  sacer  ora  retorsit 
Tmolus  ad  os  Phoebi ;  vultum  sua  silva  secuta  est. 
Ille  caput  flavum  lauro  Parnaside  yinctus  165 

Verrit  humum  Tyrio  saturata  murice  palla : 
Instrictamque  fidem  gemmis  et  dentibus  Indis 
Sustinet  a  laeva :  tenuit  manus  altera  plectrum. 
Artificis  status  ipse  fait     Turn  stamina  docto 
Pollice  sollicitat,  quorum  dulcedine  captus  170 

Pana  jubet  Tmolus  citharae  summittere  cannas. 
Judicium  sanctique  placet  sententia  montis 
Omnibus  :  arguitur  tamen  atque  in  justa  vocatur 
Unius  sermone  Midae.     Nee  Delius  aures 
Humanam  stolidas  patitur  retinere  figuram  :  175 

Sed  trahit  in  spatium,  villisque  albentibus  implet, 
Instabilesque  imas  facit  et  dat  posse  moveri. 


29.    CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  99 

Cetera  sunt  liominis :  partem  damnatur  in  unam, 
Induiturque  aures  lente  gradientis  aselli. 

Ille  quidem  celare  cupit,  turpique  pndore  180 

Tempora  purpnreis  temptat  velare  tiaris. 
Sed  solitus  longos  ferro  resecare  capillos 
Yiderat  hoc  famulus.     Qui  cum  nee  prodere  visum 
Dedecus  auderet,  cupiens  efferre  sub  auras, 
Nee  posset  reticere  tamen,  secedit,  humumque  185 

Effodit,  et,  domini  quales  aspexerit  aures, 
Voce  refert  parva,  terraeque  immurmurat  haustae ; 
Indiciumque  suae  vocis  tellure  regesta 
Obruit,  et  scrobibus  tacitus  discedit  opertis. 
Creber  harundinibus  tremulis  ibi  surgere  lucus  190 

Coepit,  et,  ut  primum  pleno  maturuit  anno, 
Prodidit  agricolam :  leni  nam  motus  ab  austro 
Obruta  verba  refert,  dominique  coarguit  aures. 

29.  Ceyx  and  Alcyone. 

XL  410-748. 

The  poet  Keats,  in  his  "Endymion,"  thus  alludes  to  the  story 
of  Alcyone : 

"  O  magic  sleep !  O  comfortable  bird, 
That  broodest  o'er  the  troubled  sea  of  the  mind, 
Till  it  is  huslied  and  smooth." 

Interea  f  rat  risque  sui  fratremque  secutis  410 

Anxia  prodigiis  turbatus  pectora  Ceyx, 
Consulat  ut  sacras,  hominum  oblectamina,  sortes, 
Ad  Clarium  parat  ire  deum.     Nam  templa  profanus 
Invia  cum  Phlegyis  faciebat  Delphica  Phorbas. 
Consilii  tamen  ante  sui,  fidissima,  certam  415 

Te  facit,  Alcyone.     Cui  protinus  intima  frigus 


100  METAMORPHOSES,   XL  410-748. 

Ossa  receperunt,  buxoque  simillimus  ora 

Pallor  obit,  lacrimisque  genae  maduere  profusis. 

Ter  conata  loqui  ter  fletibus  ora  rigavit, 

Singultuque  pias  interrumpente  querellas  420 

1  Quae  mea  culpa  tuam,'  dixit  '  carissime,  mentem 

Yertit  ?  ubi  est,  quae  cura  mei  prior  esse  solebat  ? 

Jam  potes  Alcyone  securus  abesse  relicta  ? 

Jam  via  longa  placet  ?  jam  sum  tibi  carior  absens  % 

At,  puto,  per  terras  iter  est,  tantumque  dolebo,         425 

Non  etiam  metuam,  curaeque  timore  carebunt. 

Aequora  me  terrent  et  ponti  tristis  imago, 

Et  laceras  nuper  tabulas  in  litore  vidi, 

Et  saepe  in  tumulis  sine  corpore  nomina  legi. 

Neve  tuum  fallax  animum  fiducia  tangat,  430 

Quod  socer  Hippotades  tibi  sit,  qui  carcere  fortes 

Contineat  ventos,  et,  cum  velit,  aequora  placet. 

Cum  semel  emissi  tenuerunt  aequora  venti, 

Nil  illis  vetitum  est,  incommendataque  tellus 

Omnis,  et  omne  fretum :  caeli  quoque  nubila  vexant  435 

Excutiuntque  feris  rutilos  concursibus  ignes. 

Quo  magis  hos  novi, — nam  novi  et  saepe  paterna 

Parva  domo  vidi — magis  hoc  reor  esse  timendos. 

Quod  tua  si  flecti  precibus  sententia  nullis, 

Care,  potest,  conjunx,  nimiumque  es  certus  eundi,    440 

Me  quoque  tolle  simul.     Certe  jactabimur  una, 

Nee  nisi  quae  patiar,  metuam ;  pariterque  f eremus, 

Quicquid  erit ;  pariter  super  aequora  lata  feremur.' 

Talibus  Aeolidis  dictis  lacrimisque  movetur 
Sidereus  conjunx  :  neque  enim  minor  ignis  in  ipso  est.  445 
Sed  neque  propositos  pelagi  dimittere  cursus,  ^^ 
Nee  vult  Alcyonen  in  partem  adhibere  pericli ;  — - 
Multaque  respondit  timidum  solantia  pectus. 


29.   CEYX  AND  ALCYONE. 

Non'tamen  idcirco  causam  probat.     Addidit  illis 

Hoc  quoque  lenimen,  quo  solo  ilexit  amantem  : 

' Longa  quidem  est  nobis  omnis  mora :  sed  tibi  juro 

Per  patrios  ignes,  si  me  modo  fata  remittent, 

Ante  reversurum,  quam  luna  bis  impleat  orbem.'   \^ 

His  ubi  promissis  spes  est  admota  recursus,       Hi     \ 
Protinns  eductam  navalibus  aequore  tingui,  4fi$T 

Aptarique  suis  pinum  jubet  armamentis.       ■~00m 
Qua  rursus  visa,  veluti  praesaga  f  uturi, 
Horruit  Alcyone  lacrimasque  emisit  obortas, 
Amplexusqne  dedit,  tristique  miserrima  tandem 
Ore  '  vale '  dixit,  collapsaque  corpore  toto  est.  460 

Ast  juvenes,  quaerente  moras  Ceyce,  reducunt 
Ordinibus  geminis  ad  fortia  pectora  remos, 
Aequalique  ictn  scindnnt  f  reta.     Sustulit  ilia 
Umentes  oculos,  stantemque  in  puppe  reeurva 
Concussaque  manu  dantem  sibi  signa  maritum  465 

Prima  videt  redditque  notas :  ubi  terra  recessit 
Longius,  atque  oculi  nequennt  cognoscere  vultus, 
Dam  licet,  insequitnr  fugientem  lumine  pinum : 
Haec  quoque  ut  haud  poterat,  spatio  summota,  videri, 
Vela  tamen  spectat  summo  fluitantia  malo.  470 

Ut  nee  vela  videt,  vacuum  petit  anxia  lectum, 
Seque  toro  ponit.     Eenovat  lectusque  locusque 
Alcyonae  lacrimas,  et  quae  pars,  admonet,  absit. 
Portibus  exierant,  et  moverat  aura  rudentes : 
Obvertit  lateri  pendentes  navita  remos,  475 

Cornuaque  in  summa  locat  arbore,  totaque  malo 
Carbasa  deducit  venientesque  accipit  auras. 

Aut  minus,  aut  certe  medium  non  amplius  aequor 
Puppe  secabatur,  longeque  erat  utraque  tellus, 
Cum  mare  sub  noctem  tumidis  albescere  coepit         480 


102  METAMORPHOSES,  XL  410-748. 

Fluctibus  et  praeceps  spirare  valentius  eunis. 

'  Ardua  jamdudum  demittite  cornua,'  rector 

Clamat  '  et  antemnis  totum  subnectite  velum.' 

Hie  jubet :  impediunt  adversae  jussa  procellae, 

Nee  sinit  audiri  vocem  fragor  aequoris  ullam.  485 

Sponte  tamen  properant  alii  subducere  remos, 

Pars  munire  latus,  pars  ventis  vela  negare : 

Egerit  trie  fluctus,  aequorque  refundit  in  aequor, 

Hie  rapit  antemnas.     Quae  dum  sine  lege  geruntur, 

Aspera  crescit  hiems,  omnique  e  parte  feroces  490 

Bella  gerunt  venti  fretaque  indignantia  miscent. 

Ipse  pavet,  nee  se,  qui  sit  status,  ipse  fatetur 

Scire  ratis  rector,  nee  quid  jubeatve,  vetetve : 

Tanta  mali  moles,  tantoque  potentior  arte  est. 

Quippe  sonant  clam  ore  viri,  stridore  rudentes,  495 

Undarum  incursu  gravis  unda,  tonitribus  aether. 

Fluctibus  erigitur  caelumque  aequare  videtur 

Pontus,  et  inductas  aspergine  tangere  nubes ; 

Et  modo,  cum  fulvas  ex  imo  verrit  arenas, 

Concolor  est  illis,  Stygia  modo  nigrior  unda :  500 

Sternitur  interdum,  spumisque  sonantibus  albet. 

Ipsa  quoque  his  agitur  vicibus  Trachinia  puppis : 
Et  nunc  sublimis  veluti  de  vertice  montis 
Despicere  in  valles  imumque  Acheronta  videtur : 
Nunc,  ubi  demissam  curvum  circumstetit  aequor,     505 
Suspicere  inferno  summum  de  gurgite  caelum. 
Saepe  dat  ingentem  fluctu  latus  icta  fragorem, 
Nee  levius  pulsata  sonat,  quam  ferreus  olim 
Cum  laceras  aries  ballistave  concutit  arces. 
Utque  solent  sumptis  incursu  viribus  ire  510 

Pectore  in  arma  f eri  protentaque  tela  leones  : 
Sic  ubi  se  ventis  admiserat  unda  coortis, 


29.    CEYX  AND   ALCYONE.  103 

Ibat  in  arma  ratis,  multoque  erat  altior  illis. 

Jamque  labant  cunei,  spoliataque  tegmine  cerae 

Rima  patet,  praebetque  viam  letalibus  undis.  515 

Ecce  cadunt  largi  resolutis  nubibus  imbres, 
Inque  fretum  credas  totum  descendere  caelum, 
Inquc  plagas  caeli  tumefactum  ascendere  pontum. 
Vela  madent  nimbis,  et  cum  caelestibus  undis 
Aequoreae  miscentur  aquae.    Caret  ignibus  aether,  520 
Caecaque  nox  premitur  tenebris  hiemisqne  suisque. 
Discutiunt  tamen  has  praebentque  micantia  lumen 
Fulmina :  f  ulmineis  ardescunt  ignibus  undae. 

Dat  quoque  jam  saltus  intra  cava  texta  carinae 
Fluctus  :  et  ut  miles,  numero  praestantior  omni,       525 
Cum  saepe  assiluit  defensae  moenibus  urbis, 
Spe  potitur  tandem,  laudisque  accensus  amore 
Inter  mille  viros  murum  tamen  occupat  unus : 
Sic  ubi  pulsarunt  noviens  latera  ardua  fluctus, 
Vastius  insurgens  decimae  ruit  impetus  undae,  530 

Nee  prius  absistit  fessam  oppugnare  carinam, 
Quam  velut  in  captae  descendat  moenia  navis. 
Pars  igitur  temptabat  adhuc  invadere  pinum, 
Pars  maris  intus  erat.     Trepidant  haud  setius  omnes, 
Quam  solet  urbs,  aliis  murum  fodientibus  extra         535 
Atque  aliis  murum,  trepidare,  tenentibus  intus. 
Deficit  ars,  animique  cadunt :  totidemque  videntur, 
Quot  veniant  fluctus,  ruere  atque  irrumpere  mortes. 

Non  tenet  hie  lacrimas ;  stupet  hie ;  vocat  ille  beatos, 
Funera  quos  maneant ;  hie  votis  numen  adorat,         540 
Bracchiaque  ad  caelum,  quod  non  videt,  irrita  tollens 
Poscit  opem  :  subeunt  illi  fratresque  parensque, 
Huic  cum  pignoribus  domus,  et  quod  cuique  relictum  est. 
Alcyone  Ceyca  movet ;  Ceycis  in  ore 


104:  METAMOKPHOSES,  XL  410-748. 

Nulla  nisi  Alcyone  est :  et  cum  desideret  unam,       545 
Gaudet  abesse  tamen.     Patriae  quoque  vellet  ad  oras 
Pespicere,  inque  domum  supremos  vertere  vultus : 
Yerum  ubi  sit,  nescit ;  tanta  vertigine  pontus 
Fervet,  et  inducta  piceis  e  nubibus  umbra 
Omne  latet  caelum,  duplicataque  noctis  imago  est.    550 

Frangitur  incursu  nimbosi  turbinis  arbor ; 
Frangitur  et  regimen  :  spoliisque  animosa  superstes 
Unda,  velut  victrix,  sinuataque  despicit  undas  : 
Nee  levius,  quam  siquis  Athon  Pindumve  revulsos 
Sede  sua  totos  in  apertum  everterit  aequor,  555 

Praecipitata  cadit,  pariterque  et  pondere  et  ictu 
Mergit  in  ima  ratem,  cum  qua  pars  magna  virorum, 
Gurgite  pressa  gravi  neque  in  aera  reddita,  f ato 
Functa  suo  est.     Alii  partes  et  membra  carinae 
Trunca  tenent.  Tenet  ipse  manu,  qua  sceptra  solebat,  5 GO 
Fragmina  navigii  Ceyx,  socerumque  patremque 
Invocat  lieu  !  frustra.     Sed  plurima  nantis  in  ore 
Alcyone  conjunx.     Illam  meminitque  refertque  : 
Illius  ante  oculos  ut  agant  sua  corpora  fluctus, 
Optat,  et  exanimis  manibus  tumuletur  amicis.  565 

Dum  natat,  absentem,  quotiens  sinit  hiscere  fluctus, 
Nominat  Alcyonen,  ipsisque  immurmurat  undis. 
Ecce  super  medios  fluctus  niger  arcus  aquarum 
Frangitur,  et  rupta  mersum  caput  obruit  unda. 
Lucifer  obscurus,  nee  quern  cognoscere  posses,  570 

Ilia  nocte  fuit :  quoniamque  excedere  caelo 
Non  licuit,  densis  texit  sua  nubibus  ora. 

Aeolis  interea  tantorum  ignara  malorum 
Dinumerat  noctes  :  et  jam,  quas  induat  ille, 
Festinat  vestes,  jam  quas,  ubi  venerit  ille,  575 

Ipsa  gerat,  reditusque  sibi  promittit  inanes. 


29.    CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  105 

Omnibus  ilia  quidem  superis  pia  tura  f  erebat : 

Ante  tamen  cunctos  Junonis  templa  colebat, 

Proque  viro,  qui  nullus  erat,  veniebat  ad  aras, 

Utque  foret  sospes  conjunx  suus,  utque  rediret,         580 

Optabat,  nullumque  sibi  praeferret.     At  illi 

Hoc  de  tot  votis  poterat  contingere  solum. 

At  dea  non  ultra  pro  functo  morte  rogari 
Sustinet ;  utque  manus  f  unestas  arceat  aris, 
'  Iri,  meae '  dixit  i  fidissima  nuntia  vocis,  585 

Vise  soporiferam  Somni  velociter  aulam, 
Exstinctique  jube  Ceycis  imagine  mittat 
Somnia  ad  Alcyonen  veros  narrantia  casus.' 
Dixerat :  induitur  velamina  mille  colorum 
Iris,  et  arcuato  caelum  curvamine  signans  590 

Tecta  petit  jussi  sub  nube  latentia  regis. 

Est  prope  Cimmerios  longo  spelunca  reeessu, 
Mons  cavus,  ignavi  domus  et  penetralia  Somni : 
Quo  nunquam  radiis  oriens  mediusve  cadensve 
Phoebus  adire  potest.     Nebulae  caligine  mixtae       595 
Exhalantur  humo  dubiaeque  crepuscula  lucis. 
Non  vigil  ales  ibi  cristati  cantibus  oris 
Evocat  Auroram,  nee  voce  silentia  rumpunt 
Sollicitive  canes  canibusve  sagacior  anser. 
ISTon  fera,  non  pecudes,  non  moti  flamine  rami,         600 
Humanaeve  sonum  reddunt  convicia  linguae. 
Muta  quies  habitat.     Saxo  tamen  exit  ab  imo 
Eivus  aquae  Lethes,  per  quern  cum  murmure  labens 
Invitat  somnos  crepitantibus  unda  lapillis. 
Ante  fores  antri  fecunda  papa  vera  florent  605 

Innumeraeque  herbae,  quarum  de  lacte  soporem 
Nox  legit  et  spargit  per  opa^cas  umida  terras. 
Janua,  ne  verso  stridores  cardine  reddat, 


106  METAMOEPHOSES,  XI.  410-748. 

Nulla  domo  tota  ;  custos  in  limine  nullus. 

At  medio  torus  est  ebeno  sublimis  in  antro,  610 

Plumeus,  unicolor,  pullo  velamine  tectus ; 

Quo  eubat  ipse  deus  membris  languore  solutis. 

Hunc  circa  passim  varias  imitantia  formas 

Somnia  vana  jacent  totidem,  quot  messis  aristas, 

Silva  gerit  frondes,  ejectas  litus  liarenas.  615 

Quo  simul  intravit,  manibusque  obstantia  virgo 
Somnia  dimovit,  vestis  fulgore  reluxit 
Sacra  domus :  tardaque  deus  gravitate  jacentes 
Yix  oculos  tollens,  iterumque  iterumque  relabens 
Summaque  percutiens  nutanti  pectora  mento,  620 

Excussit  tandem  sibi  se,  cubitoque  levatus, 
Quid  veniat, — cognovit  enim — scitatur.     At  ilia  : 
'  Somne,  quies  rerum,  placidissime,  Somne,  deorum, 
Pax  animi,  quern  cura  f  ugit,  qui  corpora  duris 
Fessa  ministeriis  mulces  reparasque  labori !  625 

Somnia,  quae  veras  aequent  imitamine  formas, 
Herculea  Trachine  jube  sub  imagine  regis 
Alcyonen  adeant,  simulacraque  naufraga  fingant. 
Imperat  hoc  Juno.'     Postquam  mandata  peregit, 
Iris  abit :  neque  enim  ulterius  tolerare  vaporis  630 

Yim  poterat,  labique  ut  somnum  sensit  in  artus, 
Effugit,  et  remeat  per  quos  modo  venerat  arcus. 

At  pater  e  populo  natorum  mille  suorum 
Excitat  artificem  simulatoremque  figurae 
Morphea.     ]STon  illo  jussos  sollertius  alter  635 

Exprimit  incessus  vultumque  sonumque  loquendi ; 
Adicit  et  vestes  et  consuetissima  cuique 
Verba.     Sed  hie  solos  homines  imitatur  ;  at  alter 
Fit  fera,  fit  volucris,  fit  longo  corpore  serpens. 
Hunc  Icelon  superi,  mortale  Phobetora  vulgus  640 


29.    CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  107 

Nominat.     Est  etiam  diversae  tertius  artis 
Phantasos ;  ille  in  humum  saxumque  undamque  trabem- 
Quaeque  vacant  anima,  fallaciter  omnia  transit.       [que, 
Iiegibus  lii  ducibusque  suos  ostendere  vultus 
Nocte  solent,  populos  alii  plebemque  pererrant.         645 
Praeterit  hos  senior,  cunctisque  e  fratribus  unum 
Morphea,  qui  peragat  Thaumantidos  edita,  Somnus 
Eligit :  et  rursus  molli  languore  solutus 
Deposuitque  caput,  stratoque  recondidit  alto. 

Ille  volat  nullos  strepitus  facientibus  alis  650 

Per  tenebras,  intraque  morae  breve  tempus  in  urbem 
Pervenit  Haemoniam ;  positisque  e  corpore  pennis 
In  faciem  Ceycis  abit,  sumptaque  figura 
Luridus,  exanimi  similis,  sine  vestibus  ullis, 
Conjugis  ante  torum  miserae  stetit :  uda  videtur       655 
Barba  viri,  madidisque  gravis  fluere  unda  capillis. 
Turn  lecto  incumbens,  fletu  super  ora  refuso, 
Haec  ait :  i  agnoscis  Ceyca,  miserrima  conjunx  ? 
An  mea  mutata  est  f acies  necc  ?  respice !  nosces, 
Inveniesque  tuo  pro  conjuge  conjugis  umbram.         660 
Nil  opis,  Alcyone,  nobis  tua  vota  tulerunt : 
Occidimus ;  falso  tibi  me  promittere  noli. 
ISTubilus  Aegaeo  deprendit  in  aequore  navem 
Auster,  et  ingenti  jactatam  flamine  solvit : 
Oraque  nostra,  tuum  frustra  clamantia  nomen,  665 

Implerunt  iluctus.     Non  haec  tibi  nuntiat  auctor 
Ambiguus,  non  ista  vagis  rumoribus  audis : 
Ipse  ego  fata  tibi  praesens  mea  naufragus  edo. 
Surge,  age,  da  lacrimas,  lugubriaque  indue,  nee  me 
Indeploratum  sub  inania  Tartara  mitte.'  670 

Adicit  his  vocem  Morpheus,  quam  conjugis  ilia 
Crederet  esse  sui ;  fletus  quoque  fundere  veros 


108  METAMORPHOSES,   XL  410-748. 

Yisus  erat,  gestumque  manus  Ceyeis  habebat. 

Ingemit  Alcyone  lacrimans,  movet  atque  lacertos 

Per  somnum,  corpusque  petens  amplectitur  auras  ;   675 

Exclamatque  l  mane !  quo  te  rapis  %  ibimus  una.' 

Voce  sua  specieque  viri  turbata  soporem 

Excutit:  et  primo,  si  sit,  circumspicit,  illic, 

Qui  modo  visus  erat :  nam  moti  voce  ministri 

Intulerant  lumen.     Postquam  nori  invenit  usquam,  680 

Percutit  ora  manu,  laniatque  a  pectore  vestes, 

Pectoraque  ipsa  f erit.     Nee  crines  solvere  curat ; 

Scindit,  et  altriei,  quae  luctus  causa,  roganti 

1  Nulla  est  Alcyone,  nulla  est ' :  ait  '  occidit  una 

Cum  Ceyce  suo !     Solantia  toliite  verba !  685 

Naufragus  interiit.     Vidi  agnovique,  manusque 

Ad  discedentem,  cupiens  retinere,  tetendi. 

Umbra  f uit.     Sed  et  umbra  tamen  manifesta  virique 

Yera  mei.     Non  ille  quidem,  si  quaeris,  habebat 

Assuetos  vultus,  nee  quo  prius,  ore  nitebat.  690 

Pallentem  nudumque  et  adhuc  umente  capillo 

Infelix  vidi.     Stetit  hoc  miserabilis  ipso 

Ecce  loco ' — et  quaerit,  vestigia  siqua  supersint. 

c  Hoc  erat,  hoc,  animo  quod  divinante  timebam, 

Et  ne,  me  fugiens,  ventos  sequerere,  rogabam.  695 

At  certe  vellem,  quoniam  periturus  abibas, 

Me  quoque  duxisses.     Multum  fuit  utile  tecum 

Ire  mihi :  neque  enim  de  vitae  tempore  quicquam 

Non  simul  egissem,  nee  mors  discreta  fuisset. 

Nunc  absens  perii,  jactor  quoque  fluctibus  absens,     700 

Et  sine  te  me  pontus  habet.     Crudelior  ipso 

Sit  mihi  mens  pelago,  si  vitam  ducere  nitar 

Longius,  et  tanto  pugnem  superesse  dolori. 

Sed  neque  pugnabo,  nee  te,  miserande,  relinquam ; 


29.   OEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  109 

Et  tibi  nunc  saltern  veniam  comes.    Inque  sepulehro  705 
Si  non  urna,  tamen  junget  nos  littera :  si  non 
Ossibus  ossa  meis,  at  nomen  nomine  tangam.' 

Plura  dolor  prohibet,  verboque  intervenit  omni 
Plangor,  et  attonito  gemitus  e  corde  trahuntur. 

Mane  erat :  egreditur  tectis  ad  litus,  et  ilium         710 
Maesta  locum  repetit,  de  quo  spectarat  euntem. 
Dumque  moratur  ibi,  dumque  '  hie  retinacula  solvit, 
Hoc  mihi  discedens  dedit  oscula  litore '  dixit, 
Quae  dum  tota  locis  reminiscitur  acta,  fretumque 
Prospicit :  in  liquida,  spatio  distante,  tuetur  715 

Nescio  quid  quasi  corpus,  aqua.     Primoque,  quid  illud 
Esset,  erat  dubium.     Postquam  paulum  appulit  unda, 
Et,  quamvis  aberat,  corpus  tamen  esse  liquebat, 
Qui  f oret,  ignorans,  quia  naufragus,  omine  mota  est, 
Et,  tamquam  ignoto  lacrimam  daret,  *  lieu !  miser,'  inquit 
'  Quisquis  es,  et  siqua  est  conjunx  tibi ! '  fluctibus  actum 
Fit  propius  corpus.     Quod  quo  magis  ilia  tuetur, 
Hoc  minus  et  minus  est  mentis.  Jam  jamque  propinquae 
Admotum  terrae,  jam  quod  cognoscere  posset, 
Cernit :  erat  conjunx.     '  Hie  est ! '  exclamat,  et  una  725 
Ora  comas  vestem  lacerat,  tendensque  trementes 
Ad  Ceyca  manus  '  sic,  o  carissime  conjunx, 
Sic  ad  me,  miserande,  redis  ? '  ait.     Adjacet  undis 
Facta  manu  moles,  quae  primas  aequoris  iras 
Frangit  et  incursus  quae  praedelassat  aquarum.  730 

Insilit  hue.     Mirumque  fuit  potuisse?  volabat, 
Percutiensque  levem  modo  natis  aera  pennis, 
Stringebat  summas  ales  miserabilis  undas, 
Dumque  volat,  maesto  similem  plenumque  querellae 
Ora  dedere  sonum  tenui  crepitantia  rostro.  735 

Ut  vero  tetigit  mutum  et  sine  sanguine  corpus, 


110  METAMORPHOSES,   XII.  39-63. 

Dilectos  artus  amplexa  recentibus  alis, 
Frigida  nequiquam  duro  dedit  oscula  rostro. 
Senserit  hoc  Ceyx,  an  vultum  motibus  undae 
Tollere  sit  visus,  populus  dubitabat.     At  ille  740 

Senserat.     Et  tandem,  superis  miserantibus,  ambo 
Alite  mutantur.     Fatis  obnoxius  isdem 
Tunc  quoque  mansit  amor,  nee  conjugiale  solutum 
Foedus  in  alitibus.     Coeunt,  fiuntque  parentes  : 
Perque  dies  placidos  hiberno  tempore  septem  745 

Incubat  Alcyone  pendentibus  aequore  nidis. 
Tunc  jacet  unda  maris :  ventos  custodit  et  arcet 
Aeolus  egressu,  praestatque  nepotibus  aequor. 

30.   The  House  of  Fame. 

XII.  39-63. 

Orbe  locus  medio  est  inter  terrasque  fretumque 
Caelestesque  plagas,  triplicis  confinia  mundi :  40 

Unde  quod  est  usquam,  quamvis  regionibus  absit, 
Inspicitur,  penetratque  cavas  vox  omnis  ad  aures. 
Fama  tenet,  summaque  domum  sibi  legit  in  arce, 
Innumerosque  aditus  ac  mille  foramina  tectis 
Addidit,  et  nullis  inclusit  limina  portis.  45 

Nocte  dieque  patet.     Tota  est  ex  aere  sonanti ; 
Tota  fremit,  vocesque  refert,  iteratque  quod  audit. 
Nulla  quies  intus,  nullaque  silentia  parte. 
Nee  tamen  est  clamor,  sed  parvae  murmura  vocis : 
Qualia  de  pelagi,  siquis  procul  audiat,  undis  50 

Esse  solent ;  qualemve  sonum,  cum  Juppiter  atras 
Increpuit  nubes,  extrema  tonitrua  reddunt. 
Atria  turba  tenet :  veniunt  leve  vulgus  euntque ; 
Mixtaque  cum  veris  passim  commenta  vagantur 


30.   TIIE  HOUSE   OF  FAME.  m 

Milia  rumorum,  confusaque  verba  volutant.  55 

E  quibus  hi  vacuas  implent  sermonibus  aures, 

Hi  narrata  ferunt  alio,  mensuraque  ficti 

Crescit,  et  auditis  aliquid  novus  adicit  auctor. 

Illic  Credulitas,  illic  temerarius  Error 

Vanaque  Laetitia  est  consternatique  Timores,  CO 

Seditioque  repens  dubioque  auctore  Susurri. 

Ipsa,  quid  in  caelo  rerum  pelagoque  geratur 

Et  tellure,  videt,  totumque  inquirit  in  orbem.      ^M 


31.   Acis,  Galatea,  and  the  Cyclops. 

XIII.  750-897. 

The  Cyclops  Polyphemus,  jealous  of  Acis,  who  is  loved  by 
Galatea,  hurls  a  rock  at  him,  and  so  crushes  him  to  death. 

Acis  erat  Fauno  nymphaque  Symaethide  cretus,    750 
Magna  quidem  patrisque  sui  matrisque  voluptas, 
Nostra  tamen  major,  nam  me  sibi  junxerat  uni. 
Pulcher  et  octonis  iterum  natalibus  actis 
Signarat  dubia  teneras  lanugine  malas. 
Hunc  ego,  me  Cyclops  nulla  cum  fine  petebat :         755 
Nee,  si  quaesieris,  odium  Cyclopis,  amorne 
Acidis  in  nobis  f uerit  praesentior,  edam : 
Par  utrumque  f  uit.     Pro,  quanta  potentia  regni 
Est,  Venus  alma,  tui !  nempe  ille  immitis  et  ipsis 
Horrendus  silvis,  et  visus  ab  hospite  nullo  760 

Impune,  et  magni  cum  dis  contemptor  Olympi, 
Quid  sit  amor,  sentit,  validaque  cupidine  captus 
Uritur,  oblitus  pecorum  antrorumque  suorum. 
Jamque  tibi  formae,  jamque  est  tibi  cura  placendi 
Jam  rigidos  pectis  rastris,  Polypheme,  capillos  ;        765 


112  METAMOKPHOSES,   XIII.  750-897. 

Jam  libet  hirsutam  tibi  falce  recidere  barbam, 
Et  spectare  f eros  in  aqua,  et  componere  vultus. 
Caedis  amor  feritasque  sitisque  immensa  cruoris 
Cessant,  et  tutae  veniuntque  abeuntque  carinae. 
Telemus  interea  Siculam  delatus  ad  Aetnen,  770 

Telemus  Eurymides,  quern  nulla  fefellerat  ales, 
Terribilem  Polyphemon  adit, '  lumen '  que, i  quod  unum 
Eronte  geris  media,  rapiet  tibi '  dixit  '  Ulixes.' 
Risit  et  '  O  vatum  stolidissime,  f  alleris,'  inquit : 
6  Altera  jam  rapuit:'     Sic  frustra  vera  monentem      775 
Spernit,  et  aut  gradiens  ingenti  litora  passu 
Degravat,  aut  fessus  sub  opaca  revertitur  antra. 

Prominet  in  pontum  cuneatus  acumine  longo 
Collis ;  utrumque  latus  circumfluit  aequoris  unda. 
Hue  ferus  ascendit  Cyclops,  mediusque  resedit ;        780 
Lanigerae  pecudes,  nullo  ducente,  secutae. 
Cui  postquam  pinus,  baculi  quae  praebuit  usum, 
Ante  pedes  posita  est,  antemnis  apta  ferendis, 
Sumptaque  harundinibus  compacta  est  fistula  centum, 
Senserunt  toti  pastoria  sibila  montes,  785 

Senserunt  undae.     Latitans  ego  rupe,  meique 
Acidis  in  gremio  residens,  procul  auribus  liausi 
Talia  dicta  meis  auditaque  verba  notavi : 

"  Candidior  folio  nivei,  Galatea,  ligustri, 
Floridior  pratis,  longa  procerior  alno,  790 

Splendidior  vitro,  tenero  lascivior  haedo, 
Levior  assiduo  detritis  aequore  conchis, 
Solibus  hibernis,  aestiva  gratior  umbra, 
Nobiiior  palma  ac  platano  conspectior  alta, 
Lucidior  glacie,  matura  dulcior  uva  795 

Mollior  et  cygni  plumis  et  lacte  coacto, 
Et,  si  non  f ugias,  riguo  formosior  horto : 


31.   AOIS,   GALATEA,  AND  THE  CYCLOPS.      113 

Saevior  indomitis  eadem  Galatea  juvencis, 

Durior  annosa  quercu,  fallacior  undis, 

Lentior  et  salicis  virgis  et  vitibus  albis,  800 

His  immobilior  scopulis,  violentior  amne, 

Laudato  pavone  superbior,  acrior  igni, 

Asperior  tribulis,  f eta  truculentior  ursa, 

Surdior  aequoribus,  calcato  immitior  hydro, 

Et,  quod  praecipue  vellem  tibi  demere  possem,  805 

Non  tantum  cervo  Claris  latratibus  acto, 

Yerum  etiam  ventis  volucrique  f  ugacior  aura ! 

At  bene  si  noris,  pigeat  fugisse,  morasque 

Ipsa  tuas  damnes  et  me  retinere  labores. 

Sunt  milii,  pars  montis,  vivo  pendentia  saxo  810 

Antra,  quibus  nee  sol  medio  sentitur  in  aestu, 

Nee  sentitur  hiems ;  sunt  poma  gravantia  ramos ; 

Sunt  auro  similes  longis  in  vitibus  uvae, 

Sunt  et  purpureae  :  tibi  et  has  servamus  et  illas. 

Ipsa  tuis  manibus  silvestri  nata  sub  umbra  815 

Mollia  fraga  leges,  ipsa  autumnalia  corna 

Prunaque,  non  solum  nigro  liventia  suco, 

Yerum  etiam  generosa  novasque  imitantia  ceras. 

Nee  tibi  castaneae  me  conjuge,  nee  tibi  deerunt 

Arbutei  fetus  :  omnis  tibi  serviet  arbor.  820 

Hoc  pecus  omne  meum  est ;  multae  quoque  vallibus  er- 

Multas  silva  tegit,  multae  stabulantur  in  antris.      [rant, 

Nee,  si  forte  roges,  possim  tibi  dicere,  quot  sint. 

Pauperis  est  numerare  pecus.     De  laudibus  harum 

Nil  mihi  credideris :  praesens  potes  ipsa  videre,        825 

Ut  vix  circumeant  distentum  cruribus  uber. 

Sunt,  fetura  minor,  tepidis  in  ovilibus  agni ; 

Sunt  quoque,  par  aetas,  aliis  in  ovilibus  haedi. 

Lac  mihi  semper  adest  niveum.     Pars  inde  bibenda 


114  METAMORPHOSES,   XIII.   750-897. 

Servatur,  partem  liquefacta  coagula  durant.  830 

Nee  tibi  deliciae  faciles,  vulgataque  tantum 

Munera  contingent,  dammae,  leporesque,  caperque, 

Parve  columbarum,  demptusve  cacumine  nidus : 

Inveni  geminos,  qui  tecum  ludere  possint, 

Inter  se  similes,  vix  ut  dignoscere  possis,  835 

Villosae  catulos  in  summis  montibus  ursae : 

Inveni  et  dixi  "  dominae  servabimus  istos." 

Jam  modo  caeruleo  nitidum  caput  exime  ponto, 

Jam,  Galatea,  veni,  nee  munera  despice  nostra. 

Certe  ego  me  novi,  liquidaeque  in  imagine  vidi         840 

Nuper  aquae ;  placuitque  milii  mea  forma  videnti. 

Aspice,  sim  quantus.     Non  est  hoc  corpore  major 

Juppiter  in  caelo :  nam  vos  narrare  soletis 

Nescio  quern  regnare  Jovem.     Coma  plurima  torvos 

Prominet  in  vultus,  umerosque,  ut  lucus,  obumbrat. 

Nee  mea  quod  rigidis  horrent  densissima  saetis 

Corpora,  turpe  puta  :  turpis  sine  frondibus  arbor : 

Turpis  equus,  nisi  colla  jubae  flaventia  velent.  848 

Barba  viros  hirtaeque  decent  in  corpore  saetae.  850 

IJnum  est  in  media  lumen  mihi  front e,  sed  instar 

Ingentis  clipei.     Quid  ?  non  haec  omnia  magno 

Sol  videt  e  caelo  ?     Soli  tamen  unicus  orbis. 

Adde,  quod  in  vestro  genitor  meus  aequore  regnat. 

Hunc  tibi  do  socerum.    Tantum  miserere,  precesque  855 

Supplicis  exaudi :  tibi  enim  succumbimus  uni. 

Quique  Jovem  et  caelum  sperno  et  penetrabile  fulmen, 

Nerei',  te  vereor  :  tua  f  ulmine  saevior  ira  est. 

Atque  ego  contemptus  essem  patientior  hujus, 

Si  fugeres  omnes.     Sed  cur  Cyclope  repulso  860 

Acin  amas,  praefersque  meis  amplexibus  Acin  ? 

Hie  tamen  placeatque  sibi,  placeatque  licebit, 


81.   AOIS,   GALATEA,   AND  THE   CYCLOPS.      115 

Quod  nollem,  Galatea,  tibi :  modo  copia  detur  ! 
Sentiet  esse  mihi  tanto  pro  corpore  vires. 
Viscera  viva  traham,  divulsaqiie  membra  per  agros,  865 
Perque  tuas  spargam — sic  se  tibi  misceat ! — undas. 
Uror  enim,  laesusque  exaestuat  acrius  ignis, 
Cumque  suis  videor  translatam  viribus  Aetnam 
Pectore  f erre  meo :  nee  tu,  Galatea,  moveris." 

Talia  nequiquam  questus — nam  cuncta  videbam —  870 
Surgit,  et  ut  taurus  vacca  furibundus  adempta, 
Stare  nequit,  silvaque  et  notis  saltibus  errat : 
Cum  ferus  ignaros  nee  quicquam  tale  timentes 
Me  videt  atque  Acin,  '  video '  que  exclamat  '  et  ista 
Ultima  sit,  faciam,  Veneris  concordia  vestrae.'  875 

Tantaque  vox,  quantam  Cyclops  iratus  habere 
Debuit,  ilia  fuit.     Clamore  perhorruit  Aetne. 
Ast  ego  vicino  pavefacta  sub  aequore  mergor ; 
Terga  fugae  dederat  con  versa  Symaethius  heros  : 
1  Adf  er  opem,  Galatea,  precor,  mihi !  f erte  parentes,'  880 
Dixerat,  <  et  vestris  periturum  admittite  regnis.' 
Insequitur  Cyclops,  partemque  e  monte  revulsam 
Mittit,  et  extremus  quamvis  pervenit  ad  ilium 
Angulus  is  molis,  totum  tamen  obruit  Acin. 
At  nos,  quod  solum  fieri  per  fata  licebat,  885 

Fecimus,  ut  vires  assumeret  Acis  avitas. 
Puniceus  de  mole  cruor  manabat,  et  intra 
Temporis  exiguum  rubor  evanescere  coepit, 
Fitque  color  primo  turbati  fluminis  imbre, 
Purgaturque  mora.     Turn  moles  taetra  dehiscit,        890 
Vivaque  per  rimas  proceraque  surgit  harundo, 
Osque  cavum  saxi  sonat  exsultantibus  undis : 
Miraque  res,  subito  media  ten  us  extitit  alvo 
Incinctus  juvenis  flexis  nova  cornua  cannis, 


116  METAMORPHOSES,  XY.  871-879. 

Qui,  nisi  quod  major,  quod  toto  caerulus  ore,  895 

Acis  erat.     Sed  sic  quoque  erat  tamen  Acis,  in  amnem 
Versus ;  et  antiquum  tenuerunt  flumina  nomen.' 


32.  The  Epilogue. 

XY.  871-879.  v^ 

Jamque  opus  exegi,  quod  nee  Jovis  ira  nee  ignis 
Nee  poterit  ferrum  nee  edax  abolere  vetustas. 
Cum  volet,  ilia  dies,  quae  nil  nisi  corporis  hujus 
Jus  habet,  incerti  spatium  milii  finiat  aevi : 
Parte  tamen  meliore  mei  super  alta  perennis  875 

Astra  ferar,  nomenque  erit  indelebile  nostrum. 
Quaque  patet  domitis  Romana  potentia  terris, 
Ore  legar  populi,  perque  omnia  saecula  fama, 
Siquid  habent  veri  vatum  praesagia,  vivam. 


AMORES 


1.  The  Poet's  Defense  of  himself. 
I.  15. 

The  poet  vindicates  the  noble  offices  of  his  art,  and  predicts 
the  immortality  of  his  own  Muse. 

Quid  mihi,  Livor  edax,  ignavos  obicis  annos, 

Ingeniique  vocas  carmen  inertis  opus  ? 
Non  me  more  patrum,  dum  strenua  sustinet  aetas 

Praemia  militiae  pulverulenta  sequi, 
Nee  me  verbosas  leges  ediscere,  nee  me  5 

Ingrato  vocem  prostituisse  f oro. 
Mortale  est,  quod  quaeris,  opus.     Mihi  fama  perennis 

Quaeritur,  in  toto  semper  ut  orbe  canar. 
Vivet  Maeonides,  Tenedos  dum  stabit  et  Ide, 

Durn  rapidas  Simois  in  mare  volvet  aquas.  10 

Vivet  et  Ascraeus,  dum  mustis  uva  tumebit, 

Dum  cadet  incurva  falce  resecta  ceres. 
Battiades  semper  toto  cantabitur  orbe : 

Quamvis  ingenio  non  valet,  arte  valet. 
Nulla  Sophocleo  veniet  jactura  cothurno.  15 

Cum  sole  et  luna  semper  Aratus  erit. 
Dum  fallax  servus,  durus  pater,  improba  lena 

Vivent  et  meretrix  blanda,  Menandros  erit 


118  AMORES,   I.   15. 

Ennius  arte  carens  animosique  Actius  oris 

Casurum  nullo  tempore  nomen  habent.  20 

Varronem  primamque  ratem  quae  nesciet  aetas, 

Aureaque  Aesonio  terga  petita  duci? 
Carmina  sublimis  tunc  sunt  peritura  Lucreti, 

Exitio  terras  cum  dabit  una  dies. 
Tityrus  et  fruges  Aenei'aque  arma  legentur,  25 

Roma  triumphati  dum  caput  orbis  erit. 
Donee  erunt  ignes  arcusque  Cupidinis  arma, 

Discentur  numeri,  culte  Tibulle,  tui. 
Gallus  et  hesperiis  et  Gallus  notus  eois, 

Et  sua  cum  Gallo  nota  Lycoris  erit.  30 

Ergo  cum  silices,  cum  dens  patientis  aratri 

Depereant  aevo,  carmina  morte  carent. 
Cedant  carminibus  reges  regumque  triumphi, 

Cedat  et  auriferi  ripa  benigna  Tagi. 
Vilia  miretur  vulgus.     Mihi  flavus  Apollo  35 

Pocula  Castalia  plena  ministret  aqua, 
Sustineamque  coma  metuentem  frigora  myrtum  : 

Atque  ita  sollicito  multus  amante  legar. 
Pascitur  in  vivis  Livor.     Post  fata  quiescit, 

Cum  suus  ex  merito  quemque  tuetur  honos.  40 

Ergo  etiam  cum  me  supremus-adederit  ignis, 

Vivam,  parsque  mei  multa  superstes  erit. 

2.  The  Death  of  Tibullus. 
III.  9. 

Memnona  si  mater,  mater  ploravit  Achillem, 

Et  tangunt  magnas  tristia  fata  deas, 
Flebilis  indignos,  Elegeia,  solve  capillos. 

A,  nimis  ex  vero  nunc  tibi  nomen  erit ! 


2.    THE  DEATn   OF  TIBULLUS.  119 

Ille  tui  vates  operis,  tua  fama,  Tibullus  5 

Ardet  in  exstructo,  corpus  inane,  rogo. 
Ecce,  puer  Veneris  fert  eversamque  pharetram 

Et  fractos  arcus  et  sine  luce  facem. 
Aspice,  demissis  ut  eat  miserabilis  alis, 

Pectoraque  infesta  tundat  aperta  manu.  10 

Excipiunt  lacrimas  sparsi  per  colla  capilli, 

Oraque  singultu  concutiente  sonant. 
Fratris  in  Aeneae  sic  ilium  funere  dicunt 

Egressum  tectis,  pulclier  Iule,  tuis. 
Nee  minus  est  confusa  Yenus  moriente  Tibullo,  15 

Quam  juveni  rupit  cum  ferus  inguen  aper. 
At  sacri  vates  et  divum  cura  vocamur  ! 

Sunt  etiam,  qui  nos  numen  habere  putent ! 
Scilicet  omne  sacrum  mors  importuna  j3rofanat. 

Omnibus  obscuras  inicit  ilia  manus.  20 

Quid  pater  Ismario,#  quid  mater  profuit  Orplieo  ? 

Carmine  quid  victas  obstipuisse  f  eras  ? 
Aelinon  in  silvis  idem  pater,  aelinon,  altis 

Dicitur  invita  concinuisse  lyra. 
A  dice  Maeoniden,  a  quo,  ceu  fonte  perenni,  25 

Yatum  Pieriis  ora  rigantur  aquis. 
Ilunc  quoque  summa  dies  nigro  submersit  Averno : 

Diffugiunt  avidos  carmina  sola  rogos. 
Durat  opus  vatum  :  Trojani  fama  laboris, 

Tardaque  nocturno  tela  retexta  dolo  :  30 

Sic  Nemesis  longum,  sic  Delia  nomen  habebunt, 

Altera  cura  recens,  altera  primus  amor. 
Quid  vos  sacra  juvant  ?  quid  nunc  Aegyptia  prosunt 

Sistra  ?  quid  in  vacuo  secubuisse  toro  ? 
Cum  rapiant  mala  fata  bonos,  ignoscite  fasso,  35 

Sollicitor  nullos  esse  putare  deos. 


120  AMORES,  III.   9. 

Yive  pius,  moriere.     Pius  cole  sacra,  colentem 

Mors  gravis  a  templis  in  cava  busta  trahet. 
Carminibus  confide  bonis  :  jacet,  ecce,  Tibullus : 

Yix  manet  e  toto  parva  quod  urna  capit.  40 

Tene,  sacer  vates,  flammae  rapuere  rogales, 

Pectoribus  pasci  nee  timuere  tuis  ? 
Aurea  sanctorum  potuissent  templa  deorum 

Urere,  quae  tantum  sustinuere  nefas. 
Avertit  vultus  Erycis  quae  possidet  arces.  45 

Sunt  quoque,  qui  lacrimas  continuisse  negant. 
Sed  tamen  hoc  melius,  quam  si  Phaeacia  tellus 

Ignotum  vili  supposuisset  liumo. 
Hinc  certe  madidos  fugientis  pressit  ocellos 

Mater,  et  in  cineres  ultima  dona  tulit :  50 

Hinc  soror  in  partem  misera  cum  matre  doloris 

Yenit,  inornatas  dilaniata  comas : 
Cum  que  tuis  sua  junxerunt  Nemesisque  priorque 

Oscula,  nee  solos  destituere  rogos. 
Delia  descendens  '  f elicius '  inquit  '  amata  55 

Sum  tibi :  vixisti,  dum  tuus  ignis  eram.5 
Cui  Nemesis  ;  quid '  ait  '  tibi  sunt  mea  damna  dolori  ? 

Me  tenuit  moriens  deficiente  manu.' 
Si  tamen  e  nobis  aliquid  nisi  nomen  et  umbra 

Restat,  in  Elysia  valle  Tibullus  erit.  60 

Obvius  hide  venias,  hedera  juvenalia  cinctus 

Tempora,  cum  Calvo,  docte  Catulle,  tuo. 
Tu  quoque,  si  falsum  est  temerati  crimen  amici, 

Sanguinis  atque  animae  prodige  Galle  tuae. 
His  comes  umbra  tua  est.   Siqua  est  modo  corporis  umbra, 

Auxisti  numeros,  culte  Tibulle,  pios. 
Ossa  quieta,  precor,  tuta  requiescite  in  urna, 

Et  sit  humus  cineri  non  onerosa  tuo ! 


3.    FAREWELL  TO  LOVE-SONGS.  121 

3.   Farewell  to  Love-Songs. 
III.  15. 

Quaere  novum  vatem,  tenerorum  mater  Amorum  : 

Raditur  hie  elegis  ultima  meta  meis  : 
Quos  ego  composui,  Peligni  ruris  alumnus : 

Nee  me  deliciae  dedecuere  meae. 
Siquid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres,         5 

Non  modo  militiae  turbine  factus  eques. 
Mantua  Vergilio  gaudet :  Verona  Catullo. 

Pelignae  dicar  gloria  gentis  ego, 
Quam  sua  libertas  ad  honesta  coegerat  arma, 

Cum  timuit  socias  anxia  Roma  manus.  10 

Atque  aliquis  spectans  hospes  Sulmonis  aquosi 

Moenia,  quae  campi  jugera  pauca  tenent, 
'  Quae  tantum'  dicet  '  potuistis  ferre  poetam, 

Quantulacumque  estis,  vos  ego  magna  voco.' 
Culte  puer,  puerique  parens  Amathusia  culti,  15 

Aurea  de  campo  vellite  signa  meo. 
Corniger  increpuit  thyrso  graviore  Lyaeus  : 

Pulsanda  est  magnis  area  major  equis. 
Imbelles  elegi,  genialis  musa,  valete, 

Post  mea  mansurum  fata  superstes  opus  !  20 


FASTI. 


1.    RoMULUS    AND   KeMUS. 
II.   383-422. 

Silvia  Yestalis  caelestia  semina  partu 

Ediderat,  patruo  regna  tenente  suo. 
Is  jubet  auferri  parvos  et  in  amne  necari.  385 

Quid  facis  ?  ex  istis  Romulus  alter  erit ! 
Jussa  recusantes  peragunt  lacrimosa  ministri, 

Flent  tamen,  et  geminos  in  loca  jussa  ferunt. 
Albula,  quern  Tiberim  mersus  Tiberinus  in  undis 

Reddidit,  hibernis  forte  tumebat  aquis.  390 

Hie,  ubi  nunc  fora  sunt,  lintres  errare  videres, 

Quaque  jacent  valles,  Maxime  Circe,  tuae. 
Hue  ubi  venerunt,  neque  enim  procedere  possunt 

Longius,  ex  illis  unus  et  alter  ait : 
'  At  quam  sunt  similes !  at  quam  f  ormosus  uterque !  395 

Plus  tamen  ex  illis  iste  vigoris  habet. 
Si  genus  arguitur  voltu,  nisi  fallit  imago, 

Nescio  quern  vobis  suspicer  esse  deum.5 
1  At  si  quis  vestrae  deus  esset  originis  auctor, 

In  tarn  praecipiti  tempore  ferret  opem.  400 

Ferret  opem  certe,  si  non  ope  mater  egeret, 

Quae  facta  est  lino  mater  et  orba  die. 


2.   THE  DEIFICATION  OF  ROMULUS.  123 

Nata  simul,  moritura  simul,  simul  ite  sub  undas 

Corpora  ! '  desierat,  deposuitque  sinu. 
Vagierunt  ambo  pariter.     Sensisse  putares.  405 

Hi  redeunt  udis  in  sua  tecta  genis. 
Sustinet  impositos  summa  cavus  alveus  unda. 

Heu  quantum  fati  parva  tabella  tulit ! 
Alveus  in  limo  silvis  appulsus  opacis 

Paulatim  fluvio  deficiente  sedet.  410 

Arbor  erat.     Remanent  vestigia,  quaeque  vocatur 

Rumina  nunc  ficus,  Romula  ficus  erat. 
Venit  ad  expositos,  mirum  !  lupa  foeta  gemellos. 

Quis  credat  pueris  non  nocnisse  feram  ? 
Non  nocuisse  parum  est,  prodest  quoque.     Quos  lupa 

Perdere  cognatae  sustinuere  manus !  [nutrit, 

Constitit,  et  cauda  teneris  blanditur  alumnis, 

Et  fingit  lingua  corpora  bina  sua. 
Marte  satos  scires.     Timor  abfuit,  ubera  ducunt, 

Nee  sibi  promissi  lactis  aluntur  ope.  420 

Ilia  loco  nomen  fecit,  locus  ipse  lupercis. 

Magna  dati  nutrix  praemia  lactis  habet. 

2.  The  Deification  of  Romulus. 
II.  475-512. 

Proxima  lux  vacua  est.     At  tertia  dicta  Quirino.      475 

Qui  tenet  hoc  nomen,  Romulus  ante  fuit : 
Sive  quod  hasta  curis  priscis  est  dicta  Sabinis, 

Bellicus  a  telo  venit  in  astra  deus : 
Sive  suo  regi  nomen  posuere  Quirites : 

Seu  quia  Romanis  junxerat  ille  Cures.  480 

Nam  pater  armipotens  postquam  nova  moenia  vidit, 

Multaque  Romulea  bella  peracta  manu, 


124  FASTI,   II.  475-512. 

'  Juppiter,'  inquit  f  habet  Romana  potentia  vires : 

Sanguinis  officio  non  eget  ilia  mei. 
Redde  patri  natum.     Quamvis  intercidit  alter,  485 

Pro  se  proque  Eemo  qui  mihi  restat,  erit. 
1  Unus  erit,  quern  tu  tolles  in  caerula  caeli,' 

Tu  mihi  dixisti.     Sint  rata  dicta  Jovis.' 
Juppiter  annuerat.     Nutu  tremef actus  uterque 

Est  polus,  et  caeli  pondera  movit  Atlas.  490 

Est  locus,  antiqui  Capreae  dixere  paludem  : 

Forte  tuis  illic,  Romule,  jura  dabas. 
Sol  fugit,  et  removent  subeuntia  nubila  caelum, 

Et  gravis  effusis  decidit  imber  aquis. 
Hinc  tonat,  hinc  missis  abrumpitur  ignibus  aether.  495 

Fit  fuga.     Hex  patriis  astra  petebat  equis. 
Luctus  erat,  falsaeque  patres  in  crimine  caedis : 

Haesissetque  animis  forsitan  ilia  fides : 
Sed  Proculus  Longa  veniebat  Julius  Alba, 

Lunaque  fulgebat,  nee  facis  usus  erat,  500 

Cum  subito  motu  saepes  tremuere  sinistrae : 

Eettulit  ille  gradus,  horrueruntque  comae. 
Pulcher  et  humano  major  trabeaque  decorus 

Romulus  in  media  visus  adesse  via, 
Et  dixisse  simul :  f  Prohibe  lugere  Quirites,  505 

Nee  violent  lacrimis  numina  nostra  suis. 
Tura  ferant,  placentque  novum  pia  turba  Quirinum, 

Et  patrias  artes  militiamque  colant.' 
Jussit,  et  in  tenues  oculis  evanuit  auras. 

Convocat  hie  populos,  jussaque  verba  refert.  510 

Templa  deo  fiunt.     Collis  quoque  dictus  ab  illo  est, 

Et  referunt  certi  sacra  paterna  dies. 


3.   LUCRETIA.  125 

3.    LUCRETIA. 

II.  710-758. 

Traduntur  ducibus  moenia  nuda  suis.  710 

Ecce,  nefas  visu,  mediis  altaribus  anguis 

Exit,  et  exstinctis  ignibus  exta  rapit. 
Consulitur  Phoebus.     Sors  est  ita  reddita,  i  Matri 

Qui  dederit  princeps  oscula,  victor  erit.' 
Oscula  quisque  suae  matri  properata  tulerunt,  715 

Non  intellecto  credula  turba  deo. 
Brutus  erat  stulti  sapiens  imitator,  ut  esset 

Tutus  ab  insidiis,  dire  Superbe,  tuis. 
Hie  jacens  pronus  matri  dedit  oscula  Terrae, 

Creditus  offenso  procubuisse  pede.  720 

Cingitur  interea  Komanis  Ardea  signis, 

Et  patitur  lentas  obsidione  moras. 
Dum  vacat,  et  metuunt  hostes  committere  pugnam, 

Luditur  in  castris,  otia  miles  agit. 
Tarquinius  juvenis  socios  dapibusque  mcroque  725 

Accipit.     Ex  illis  rege  creatus  ait : 
6  Dum  nos  difficilis  pigro  tenet  Ardea  bello, 

Nee  sinit  ad  patrios  arma  referre  deos, 
Ecquid  in  officio  torus  est  socialis  ?  et  ecquid 

Conjugibus  nostris  mutua  cura  sumus  ? '  730 

Quisque  suam  laudat.     Studiis  certamina  crescunt, 

Et  fervent  multo  linguaque  corque  mero. 
Surgit  cui  dederat  clarum  Collatia  nomen : 

'  Non  opus  est  verbis,  credite  rebus  ! '  ait. 
i  !N"ox  superest.     Tollamur  equis,  Urbemque  petamus ! ' 

Dicta  placent,  frenis  impediuntur  equi. 
Pertulerant  dominos.     Kegalia  protinus  illi 

Tecta  petunt.     Custos  in  fore  nullus  erat. 


126  FASTI,   IV.   809-862. 

Ecce  nurum  regis  fusis  per  coll  a  coronis 

Inveniunt  posito  pervigilare  mero.  740 

Inde  cito  passu  petitur  Lucretia.     Nebat, 

Ante  torum  calathi  lanaque  mollis  erat. 
Lumen  ad  exiguum  f  amulae  data  pensa  trahebant : 

Inter  quas  tenui  sic  ait  ipsa  sono  : 
'  Mittenda  est  domino,  nunc,  nunc  properate,  puellae  ! 

Quamprimum  nostra  facta  lacerna  manu. 
Quid  tamen  auditis  ?  nam  plura  audire  potestis  : 

Quantum  de  bello  dicitur  esse  super  ? 
Postmodo  victa  cades.     Melioribus,  Ardea,  restas, 

Improba,  quae  nostros  cogis  abesse  viros !  750 

Sint  tantum  reduces  !     Sed  enim  temerarius  ille 

Est  meus,  et  stricto  quolibet  ense  ruit. 
Mens  abit,  et  morior,  quotiens  pugnantis  imago 

Me  subit,  et  gelidum  pectora  frigus  habet.' 
Desinit  in  lacrimas,  intentaque  fila  remittit,  755 

In  gremio  voltum  deposuitque  suum. 
Hoc  ipsum  decuit,  lacrimae  decuere  pudicae, 

Et  facies  animo  dignaque  parque  fuit. 
6  Pone  metum,  venio  ! '  conjnnx  ait.     Ilia  revixit, 

Deque  viri  collo  dulce  pependit  onus.  700 

4.  The  Building  of  Home. 
IV.  809-8G2. 

Jam  luerat  poenas  f rater  ISTumitoris,  et  omne 

Pastorum  gemino  sub  duce  volgus  erat.  810 

Contrahere  agrestes  et  moenia  ponere  utrique 
Convenit.     Ambigitur,  moenia  ponat  uter. 

i  Nil  opus  est '  dixit  '  certamine 5  Eomulus  '  ullo  : 
Magna  fides  avium  est.     Experiamur  aves.' 


4.    TIl£  BUILDING  OF  ROME.  127 

Res  placet.     Alter  adit  nemorosi  saxa  Palati :  815 

Alter  Aventinum  mane  cacumen  init. 
Sex  Remus,  hie  volucres  bis  sex  videt  ordine.     Pacto 

Statur,  et  arbitrium  Romulus  urbis  habet. 
Apta  dies  legitur,  qua  moenia  signet  aratro. 

Sacra  Palis  suberant,  inde  movetur  opus.  820 

Fossa  fit  ad  solidum.     Fruges  jaciuntur  in  ima, 

Et  de  vicino  terra  petita  solo. 
Fossa  repletur  humo,  plenaeque  imponitur  ara, 

Et  novus  accenso  f ungitur  igne  focus. 
Inde  premens  stivam  designat  moenia  sulco  :  825 

Alba  jugum  niveo  cum  bove  vacca  tulit. 
Vox  f uit  haec  regis  :  '  Condenti,  Juppiter,  urbem 

Et  genitor  Mavors  Vestaque  mater,  ades ! 
Quosque  pium  est  adhibere  deos,  advertite  cuncti ! 

Auspicibus  vobis  hoc  mihi  surgat  opus.  830 

Longa  sit  huic  aetas  dominaeque  potentia  terrae, 

Sitque  sub  hac  oriens  occiduusque  dies.5' 
Ille  precabatur.     Tonitru  dedit  omina  laevo 

Juppiter,  et  laevo  fulmina  missa  polo. 
Augurio  laeti  jaciunt  fundamina  cives,  835 

Et  novus  exiguo  tempore  murus  erat. 
Hoc  Celer  urget  opus,  quern  Romulus  ipse  vocarat, 

4  Sint '  que,  '  Celer,  curae '  dixerat  '  ista  tuae. 
Neve  quis  aut  muros,  aut  factam  vomere  fossam 

Transeat,  audentem  talia  dede  neci.'  840 

Quod  Remus  ignorans  humiles  contemnere  muros 

Coepit,  et i  His  populus  '  dicere  '  tutus  erit  ? ' 
Nee  mora,  transiluit.     Rutro  Celer  occupat  ausum.  ^ 

Ille  premit  duram  sanguinulentus  humum. 
Haec  ubi  rex  didicit,  lacrimas  introrsus  obortas  845 

Devorat,  et  clausum  pectore  volnus  habet. 


128  FASTI,  IV.   809-862. 

Flere  palara  non  volt,  exemplaque  fortia  servat, 

'  Sic '  que  '  meos  muros  transeat  hostis '  ait 
Dat  tamen  exequias.     Nee  jam  suspend  ere  fletum 

Sustinet,  et  pietas  dissimulata  patet.  850 

Osculaque  applicuit  posito  suprema  f  eretro, 

Atque  ait,  '  Invito  f rater  adempte,  vale ! ' 
Arsurosque  artus  unxit.     Fecere,  quod  ille, 

Faustulus  et  maestas  Acca  soluta  comas. 
Turn  juvenem  nondum  facti  Severe  Quirites.  855 

Ultima  plorato  subdita  flamma  rogo  est. 
Urbs  oritur— quis  tunc  hoc  nlli  credere  posset  ? — 

Yictorem  terris  impositura  pedem. 
Cuncta  regas,  et  sis  magno  sub  Caesare  semper : 

Saepe  etiam  pluris  nominis  hujus  babe :  860 

Et  quotiens  steteris  domito  sublimis  in  orbe, 

Omnia  sint  umeris  inferiora  tuis. 


TKISTIA. 


1.  The  Poet's  Departure  from  Rome. 
I.  3. 

Cum  subit  illius  tristissima  noctis  imago, 

Qua  mihi  supremum  tempus  in  urbe  f  uit, 
Cum  repeto  noctem,  qua  tot  mihi  cara  reliqui, 

Labitur  ex  oculis  nunc  quoque  gutta  meis. 
Jam  prope  lux  aderat,  qua  me  discedere  Caesar  5 

Finibus  extremae  jusserat  Ausoniae. 
Nee  spatium  f  uerat,  nee  mens  satis  apta  parandi : 

Torpuerant  longa  pectora  nostra  mora. 
Non  mihi  servorum,  comitis  non  cura  legendi, 

Non  aptae  prof ugo  vestis  opisve  fuit.  10 

JSTon  aliter  stupui,  quam  qui  Jovis  ignibus  ictus 

Vivit,  et  est  vitae  nescius  ipse  suae. 
Ut  tamen  hanc  animi  nubem  dolor  ipse  removit, 

Et  tandem  sensus  convaluere  mei, 
Alloquor  extremum  maestos  abiturus  amicos,  15 

Qui  modo  de  multis  unus  et  alter  erant. 
Uxor  amans  flentem  flens  acrius  ipsa  tenebat, 

Imbre  per  indignas  usque  cadente  genas. 
Nata  procul  Libycis  aberat  diversa  sub  oris, 

Nee  poterat  fati  certior  esse  mei.  20 


130  TRISTIA,   I.   3. 

Quocumque  aspiceres,  luctus  gemitusque  sonabant, 

Formaque  non  taciti  funeris  intus  erat. 
Femina  virque  meo,  pueri  quoque,  f  unere  maerent : 

Inque  domo  lacrimas  angulus  omnis  habet. 
Si  licet  exemplis  in  parvo  grandibus  uti,  25 

Haec  facies  Trojae,  cum  caperetur,  erat. 
Jamque  quiescebant  voces  hominumque  canumque, 

Lunaque  nocturnos  alta  regebat  equos. 
Hanc  ego  suspiciens,  et  ab  hac  Capitolia  cernens, 

Quae  nostro  frustra  juncta  fuere  lari,  30 

'  Numina  vicinis  liabitantia  sedibus,'  inquam, 

Jamque  oculis  nunquam  templa  yidenda  meis, 
Dique  relinquendi,  quos  urbs  tenet  alta  Quirini, 

Este  salutati  tempus  in  omne  mihi ! 
Et  quanquam  sero  clipeum  post  vulnera  sumo,  35 

Attamen  hanc  odiis  exonerate  fugam, 
Caelestique  viro,  quis  me  deceperit  error, 

Dicite.     Pro  culpa  ne  scelus  esse  putet. 
Ut  quod  vos  scitis,  poenae  quoque  sentiat  auctor, 

Placato  possum  non  miser  esse  deo.'  40 

Hac  prece  adoravi  superos  ego.     Pluribus  uxor, 

Singultu  medios  impediente  sonos. 
Ilia  etiam  ante  lares  passis  prostrata  capillis 

Contigit  extinctos  ore  trementefocos, 
Multaque  in  adversos  effudit  verba  penates  45 

Pro  deplorato  non  valitura  viro. 
Jamque  morae  spatium  nox  praecipitata  negabat, 

Versaque  ab  axe  suo  Parrhasis  arctos  erat. 
Quid  f  acerem  ?  blando  patriae  retinebar  amore : 

Ultima  sed  jussae  nox  erat  ilia  fugae.  50 

A  !  quotiens  aliquo  dixi  properante,  '  Quid  urgues ! 

Yel  quo  f estines  ire,  vel  unde,  vide ! ' 


1.   THE  POET'S  DEPARTURE  FROM  ROME.      131 

A  !  quotiens  certam  me  sum  mentitus  habere 

Horam,  propositae  quae  foret  apta  viae. 
Ter  limen  tetigi,  ter  sum  revocatus,  et  ipse  55 

Indulgens  animo  pes  mihi  tardus  erat. 
Saepe  vale  dieto  rursus  sum  multa  locutus, 

Et  quasi  discedens  oscula  summa  dedi. 
Saepe  eadem  mandata  dedi,  meque  ipse  fefelli, 

Respiciens  oculis  pignora  cara  meis.  [quam, 

Denique, '  Quid  propero  ?  Scythia  est,  quo  mittimur,'  in- 

'  Roma  relinquenda  est.     TJtraque  justa  mora  est.  * 
Uxor  in  aeternum  vivo  mihi  viva  negatur, 

Et  domus  et  fidae  dulcia  membra  domus, 
Quosque  ego  fraterno  dilexi  more  sodales,  65 

O  mihi  Thesea  pectora  juncta  fide ! 
Dum  licet,  amplectar.     Nunquam  fortasse  licebit 

Amplius.     In  lucro  est  quae  datur  hora  mihi.' 
Nee  mora,  sermonis  verba  imperfecta  relinquo, 

Complectens  animo  proxima  quaeque  meo.  70 

Dum  loquor  et  flemus,  caelo  nitidissimus  alto, 

Stella  gravis  nobis,  Lucifer  ortus  erat. 
Dividor  haud  aliter,  quam  si  mea  membra  relinquam, 

Et  pars  abrumpi  corpore  visa  suo  est. 
Sic  doluit  Metus  tunc,  cum  in  contraria  versos  75 

Ultores  habuit  proditionis  equos. 
Turn  vero  exoritur  clamor  gemitusque  meorum, 

Et  feriunt  maestae  pectora  nuda  manus. 
Turn  vero  conjunx,  umeris  abeuntis  inhaerens, 

Miscuit  haec  lacrimis  tristia  dicta  suis :  80 

1  Non  potes  avelli.     Simul,  a !  simul  ibimus,'  inquit : 

i  Te  sequar  et  conjunx  exulis  exul  ero. 
Et  mihi  facta  via  est.     Et  me  capit  ultima  tellus : 

Accedam  profugae  sarcina  parva  rati. 


132  TRISTIA,  III.  7. 

Te  jubet  a  patria  discedere  Caesaris  ira,  85 

Me  pietas.     Pietas  haec  mihi  Caesar  erit. 
Talia  temptabat,  si  cut  temptaverat  ante, 

Yixque  dedit  victas  utilitate  manus. 
Egredior,  sive  illud  erat  sine  funere  ferri, 

Squalidus  immissis  hirta  per  ora  comis.  90 

Ilia  dolore  aniens  tenebris  narratur  obortis 

Semianimis  media  procubuisse  domo : 
Utque  resurrexit  foedatis  pulvere  turpi 

Crinibus,  et  gelida  membra  levavit  humo, 
Se  modo,  desertos  modo  eomplorasse  penates,  95 

Nomen  et  erepti  saepe  vocasse  viri ; 
Nee  gemuisse  minus,  quam  si  nataeve  meumve 

Yidisset  structos  corpus  habere  rogos, 
Et  voluisse  mori,  moriendo  ponere  sensus, 

Kespectuque  tamen  non  voluisse  mei.  100 

Vivat !  et  absentem,  quoniam  sic  fata  tulerunt, 

Yivat  ut  auxilio  sublevet  usque  suo. 

2.  To  his  Daughter  Perilla. 
III.  T. 

Yade  salutatum,  subito  perarata,  Perillam, 

Littera,  sermonis  fida  ministra  mei ! 
Aut  illam  invenies  dulci  cum  matre  sedentem, 

Aut  inter  libros  Pieridasque  suas. 
Quicquid  aget,  cum  te  scierit  yenisse,  relinquet,  5 

Nee  mora,  quid  venias  quidve,  requiret,  agam. 
Yivere  me  dices,  sed  sic,  ut  vivere  nolim, 

Nee  mala  tarn  longa  nostra  levata  mora : 
Et  tamen  ad  Musas,  quamvis  nocuere,  reverti, 

Aptaque  in  alternos  cogere  verba  pedes.  10 


2.   TO  HIS  DAUGHTER  PERILLA.  133 

Tu  quoque,  die,  studiis  communibus  ecquid  inhaeres, 

Doctaque  non  patrio  carmina  more  canis  ? 
Nam  tibi  cum  fatis  mores  natura  pudicos 

Et  raras  dotes  ingeniumque  dedit. 
Hoc  ego  Pegasidas  deduxi  primus  ad  undas,  15 

Ne  male  fecandae  vena  periret  aquae. 
Primus  id  aspexi  teneris  in  virginis  annis, 

Utque  pater  natae  duxque  comesque  fui. 
Ergo  si  remanent  ignes  tibi  pectoris  idem, 

Sola  tuum  vates  Lesbia  vincet  opus.  20 

Sed  vereor,  ne  te  mea  nunc  f ortuna  retardet, 

Postque  meos  casus  sit  tibi  pectus  iners. 
Dum  licuit,  tua  saepe  mihi,  tibi  nostra  legebam : 

Saepe  tui  judex,  saepe  magister  eram : 
Aut  ego  praebebam  factis  modo  versibus  aures,  V       25 

Aut,  ubi  cessaras,  causa  ruboris  eram.  — ^ 

Forsitan  exemplo,  quia  me  laesere  libelli, 

Tu  quoque  sis  poenae  facta  ruina  meae. 
Pone,  Perilla,  metum.     Tantummodo  femina  non  sit 

Devia,  nee  scriptis  discat  amare  tuis.  30 

Ergo  desidiae  remove,  doctissima,  causas, 

Inque  bonas  artes  et  tua  sacra  redi. 
Ista  decens  facies  longis  vitiabitur  annic, 

liugaque  in  antiqua  f ronte  senilis  erit : 
Inicietque  manum  formae  damnosa  senectus,  35 

Quae  strepitum  passu  non  faciente  venit. 
Curnque  aliquis  dicet,  '  Fuit  haec  f ormosa,'  dolebis, 

Et  speculum  mendax  esse  querere  tuum. 
Sunt  tibi  opes  modicae,  cum  sis  dignissima  magnis : 

Finge  sed  immensis  censibus  esse  pares,  40 

Nempe  dat  id  cuicumque  libet  fortuna  rapitque, 

Irus  et  est  subito,  qui  modo  Croesus  erat. 


134:        *  TRISTIA,  IV.  10. 

Singula  quid  ref eram  ?  nil  non  mortale  tenemus 

Pectoris  exceptis  ingeniique  bonis. 
En  ego,  cum  patria  caream  vobisque  domoque,  45 

Kaptaque  sint,  adimi  quae  potuere  mihi, 
Ingenio  tamen  ipse  raeo  comitorque  f ruorque : 

Caesar  in  hoc  potuit  juris  habere  nihil. 
Quilibet  hanc  saevo  vitam  mihi  finiat  ense, 

Me  tamen  extincto  fama  superstes  erit,  50 

Dumque  suis  septem  victrix  de  montibus  orbem 

Prospiciet  domitum  Martia  Roma,  legar. 
Tu  quoque,  quam  studii  maneat  felicior  usus, 

Effuge  venturos,  qua  potes,  usque  rogos ! 


3.  The  Poet's  Life. 
IY.  10. 


f 


Hie  ego  qui  fuerim,  tenerorum  lusor  amorum, 

Quern  legis  ut  noris,  accipe  posteritas. 
Sulmo  mihi  patria  est,  gelidis  uberrimus  undis, 

Milia  qui  novies  distat  ab  Urbe  decern. 
Editus  hinc  ego  sum,  nee  non  nt  tempora  noris,  5 

Cum  cecidit  f ato  consul  uterque  pari : 
Si  quid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres, 

Non  modo  fortunae  munere  factus  eques. 
Nee  stirps  prima  fui.    Genito  sum  fratre  creatus, 

Qui  tribus  ante  quater  mensibus  ortus  erat.  10 

Lucifer  amborum  natalibus  adfuit  idem  : 

Una  celebrata  est  per  duo  liba  dies. 
Haec  est  armiferae  festis  de  quinque  Minervae, 

Quae  fieri  pugna  prima  cruenta  solet. 
Protinus  excolimur  teneri,  curaque  parentis  15 

Imus  ad  insignes  Urbis  ab  arte  viros. 


3.   THE   POET'S  LIFE.  135 

Frater  ad  eloquium  viridi  tendebat  ab  aevo, 

Fortia  verbosi  natus  ad  arma  fori. 
At  mini  jam  puero  caelestia  sacra  placebant, 

Inque  suum  furtim  Musa  trahebat  opus.  20 

Saepe  pater  dixit,  '  Studium  quid  inutile  temptas  ? 

Maeonides  nullas  ipse  reliquit  opes.' 
Motus  eram  dictis,  totoque  Helicone  relicto 

Scribere  conabar  verba  soluta  modis. 
Sponte  sua  carmen  numeros  veniebat  ad  aptos,  25 

Et  quod  temptabam  dicere,  versus  erat. 
Interea  tacito  passu  labentibus  annis 

Liberior  fratri  sumpta  mihique  toga  est, 
Induiturque  umeris  cum  lato  purpura  clavo, 

Et  studium  nobis  quod  f uit  ante,  manet.  30 

Jamque  decern  vitae  frater  geminaverat  annos, 

Cum  perit,  et  coepi  parte  carere  mei. 
Cepimus  et  tenerae  primos  aetatis  honores, 

Deque  viris  quondam  pars  tribus  una  fui. 
Curia  restabat.     Clavi  mensura  coacta  est :  35 

Ma  jus  erat  nostris  viribus  illud  onus. 
Nee  patiens  corpus,  nee  mens  fuit  apta  labori, 

Sollicitaeque  fugax  ambitionis  eram. 
Et  petere  Aoniae  suadebant  tuta  sorores 

Otia,  judicio  semper  amata  meo.  40 

Temporis  illius  colui  fovique  poetas, 

Quotque  aderant  vates,  rebar  ad  esse  deos. 
Saepe  suas  volucres  legit  mihi  grandior  aevo, 

Quaeque  necet  serpens,  quae  juvet  herba,  Macer. 
Saepe  suos  solitus  recitare  Propertius  ignes,  45 

Jure  sodalicio  qui  mihi  junctus  erat. 
Ponticus  heroo,  Bassus  quoque  clarus  iambis 

Dulcia  convictus  membra  fuere  mei. 


136  TKISTIA,  IV.   10. 

Et  tenuit  nostras  numerosus  Horatius  aures, 

Dam  ferit  Ausonia  carmina  culta  lyra.  50 

Vergilium  yidi  tantum.     Nee  amara  Tibullo 

Tempus  amicitiae  fata  dedere  raeae. 
Successor  f  uit  hie  tibi,  Galle  :  Propertius  illi : 

Quart  us  ab  his  serie  temporis  ipse  fui. 
Utque  ego  ma j ores,  sic  me  coluere  minores,  55 

Notaque  non  tarde  facta  Thalia  mea  est. 
Carmina  cum  primum  populo  juvenilia  legi, 

Barba  resecta  mihi  bisve  semelve  fuit. 
Moverat  ingeninm  totam  cantata  per  Urbem 

Nomine  non  vero  dicta  Corinna  mihi.  60 

Multa  quidem  scripsi.     Sed  quae  vitiosa  putavi, 

Emendaturis  ignibus  ipse  dedi. 
Tunc  quoque,  cum  fugerem,  quaedam  placitura  cremavi, 

Iratus  studio  carminib  usque  meis. 
Molle  Cupidineis  nee  inexpugnabile  telis  65 

Cor  mihi,  quodque  levis  causa  moveret,  erat. 
Cum  tamen  hie  essem,  minimoque  accenderer  igne, 

Nomine  sub  nostro  fabula  nulla  fuit. 
Paene  mihi  puero  nee  digna  nee  utilis  uxor 

Est  data,  quae  tempus  per  breve  nupta  fuit.  70 

Illi  successit,  quamvis  sine  crimine  conjunx, 

Non  tamen  in  nostro  firma  f  utura  toro. 
Ultima,  quae  mecum  seros  permansit  in  annos, 

Sustinuit  conjunx  exulis  esse  viri. 
Filia  me  mea  bis  prima  f ecunda  juventa,  75 

Sed  non  ex  uno  conjuge,  fecit  avum. 
Et  jam  complerat  genitor  sua  fata,  novemque 

Addiderat  lustris  altera  lustra  novem. 
Non  aliter  flevi,  quam  me  fleturus  ademptum 

Ille  fuit.     Matri  proxima  justa  tuli.  80 


3.   THE  POET'S  LIFE.  137 

Felices  ambo  tempestiveque  sepulti, 

Ante  diem  poenae  quod  periere  meae  ! 
Me  quoque  felicem,  quod  non  viventibus  illis 

Sum  miser,  et  de  me  quod  doluere  nihil. 
Si  tamen  extinctis  aliquid  nisi  nomina  restat,  85 

Et  gracilis  structos  effugit  umbra  rogos  : 
Fama,  parentales,  si  vos  mea  contigit,  umbrae 

Et  sunt  in  Stygio  crimina  nostra  foro, 
Scite,  precor,  causam,  nee  vos  mihi  fallere  fas  est, 

Errorem  jussae,  non  scelus,  esse  fugae.  90 

Manibus  hoc  satis  est.     Ad  vos,  studiosa,  revertor, 

Fectora,  qui  vitae  quaeritis  acta  meae. 
Jam  mihi  canities  pulsis  melioribus  annis 

Venerat,  antiquas  miscueratque  comas, 
Postque  meos  ortus  Pisaea  vinctus  oliva  95 

Abstulerat  decies  praemia  victor  equus, 
Cum  maris  Euxini  positos  ad  laeva  Tomitas 

Quaerere  me  laesi  principis  ira  jubet. 
Causa  meae  cunctis  nimium  quoque  nota  ruinae 

Indicio  non  est  testificanda  meo.  100 

Quid  ref eram  comitumque  nef as  f amulosque  nocentes  ? 

Ipsa  multa  tuli  non  leviora  fuga. 
Indignata  malis  mens  est  succumbere,  seque 

Praestitit  invictam  viribus  usa  suis. 
Oblitusque  mei  ductaeque  per  otia  vitae,  105 

Insolita  cepi  temporis  arm  a  manu. 
Totque  tuli  casus  pelagoque  terraque,  quot  inter 

Occultum  stellae  conspicuumque  polum. 
Tacta  mihi  tandem  longis  erroribus  acto 

Juncta  pharetratis  Sarmatis  ora  Getis.  110 

Hie  ego  finitimis  quamvis  circumsoner  armis, 

Tristia,  quo  possum,  carmine  fata  levo. 


138  TRISTIA,  IV.  10. 

Quod  quamvis  nemo  est,  cujus  referatur  ad  aures, 

Sic  tamen  absumo  decipioque  diem. 
Ergo  quod  vivo,  durisque  laboribus  obsto,  115 

Nee  me  sollicitae  taedia  lucis  habent, 
Gratia,  Musa,  tibi.     Nam  tu  solacia  praebes, 

Tu  curae  requies,  tu  medicina  venis. 
Tu  dux  et  comes  es.     Tu  nos  abducis  ab  Histro, 

In  medioque  mihi  das  Helicone  locum.  120 

Tu  mihi,  quod  rarum  est,  vivo  sublime  dedisti 

Nomen,  ab  exequiis  quod  dare  fama  solet. 
Wee  qui  detrectat  praesentia,  Livor  iniquo 

Ullum  de  nostris  dente  momordit  opus. 
Nam  tulerint  magnos  cum  saecula  nostra  poetas,       125 

Non  fuit  ingenio  fama  maligna  meo. 
Cumque  ego  praeponam  multos  mihi,  non  minor  illis 

Dicor  et  in  toto  plurimus  orbe  legor. 
Si  quid  habent  igitur  vatum  praesagia  veri, 

Protinus  ut  moriar,  non  ero,  terra,  tuus.  130 

Sive  favore  tuli,  sive  hanc  ego  carmine  famam 

Jure,  tibi  grates,  candide  lector,  ago. 


NOTES. 


NOTES 


METAMOKPHOSES. 

I.   The  Creation. 
I.  1-88. 

1.  Fert  animus,  my  mind  leads  (me),  I  purpose. Mutatas  formas, 

changed  forms,  or  changes  of  forms.  It  is  a  Latin  expression  for  the 
Greek  word  metamorphoses,  transformations.  Such  changes  of  form  the 
poet  purposes  to  describe  as  he  finds  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  Mytholo- 
gy :  men  changed  to  divine  forms,  as  Hercules  or  Romulus ;  or  gods 
changed  to  human  forms ;  or  men  changed  into  beasts,  or  into  trees,  and 
the  like. 

2.  Et  illas,  also  those,  i.  e  ,  as  all  other  things  which  undergo  change. 

3.  Aspirate,  used  often  of  winds  which  arc  favorable,  and  so  gener- 
ally in  the  sense  of  favor. Primaque  mwkii9  from  the  very  origin  of 

the  world.     Mundus  means  first  order,  k6o-/jlos,  and  then  the  orderly  world. 

7.  Ch&OS  (from  xa^w)»  first  yawning  space,  and  then  used  for  form- 
less matter ;  as  in  the  second  verse  of  Genesis,  "  the  earth  was  without 
form,  and  void." 

90  Discordia,  adjective  agreeing  with  semina,  which,  meaning  seeds, 
expresses  what  we  call  elements. 

10-14.  The  names  Titan,  Phoebe,  Amphitrite,  are  here  personifica- 
tions for  Sun,  Moon,  and  Sea. 

13*  Ponderibus — suis.  The  plural  in  ponderibus  is  used,  because  the 
weights  of  the  parts  of  the  whole  are  thought  of,  and  as  equal  to  one  an- 
other, i.  e.,  in  equilibrium ;  balanced  by  its  own  weights,  or  held  in  equili- 
brium ;  so  also  in  Horace,  Ep.  i.  6,  51. 

14.  Amphitrite ;  the  line  is  a  spondaic  hexameter,  examples  of  which 

are  common  in  this  poem. Margfnc  ;  without  the  preposition  in,  with 

the  idea  of  place,  as  often  in  poetry. 

*  The  grammatical  references  (II.  or  Gr.)  are  to  the  Latin  Grammar  of  Professor 
Albert  Harkness,  revised  edition  of  1831. 


142  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   1-88. 

15,  16.  Utque — sic,  and  as — so;  though — yet. 

IT.  Nulli  5  here  neuter  ;  but  in  prose  nullae  rei  is  more  common. 

Sua  refers  to  nulli ;  H.  449,  2. 

20.  Sine  pondere  5  =  eis  quae  sine  pondere  sunt. 

23.  IAquidum — caelum,  the  clear  heavens,  in  distinction  from  the 
denser  atmosphere  below  (spisso — aere).  It  is  called  aether  in  lines  15  and 
67,  and  ignea  vis  in  line  26,  as  if  of  the  same  nature  as  fire. 

24.  Quae,  i.  e.,  caelum,  terras,  undas,  aer. Caeco — acervo  ;  a  cir- 
cumlocution for  chaos,  caeco  being  used  passively,  as  no  one  thing  in  it 
could  be  distinguished  from  another ;  the  blind  mass. 

26.  Join  thus :  ignea  et  sine  pondere  vis — caeli. 

27.  Summaque — in  arce ;  arx,  a  citadel,  is  used  often  for  a  high 
place,  and  for  height ;  here  the  same  as  "  firmament "  in  Genesis ;  and  in 
the  v erg  firmament. 

31.  Possedit,  from  possido,  and  so  having  an  active  or  causative  sense, 
just  as  the  simple  verb  sido  is  distinguished  from  sedco  ;  took  possession  of. 

34.  Non  aeqnalis,  to  be  taken  together. 

37.  Terrae,  dative  with  ace.  litora ;  the  verb  circumdo  has  also  the 
construction  of  abl.  (litoribus)  with  ace.  terram. 

39.  Obliqnis,  winding ;  declivia,  down-running. 

40.  Qnae,  sc.  flumina ;  ipsa,  sc.  terra. 

42.  Kipis,  the  banks  of  rivers,  litora,  the  shores  of  the  sea ;  though 
they  are  sometimes  interchanged  by  the  poets. 

43.  Subsidere,  from  subsldo.  See  above,  n.  on  line  31 ;  literally,  to 
set  themselves  down,  to  sink. 

45-48.  Division  of  the  heavens  into  five  zones,  to  which  correspond 
five  zones  on  the  earth's  surface. 

45.  Dextra,  sinistra,  relatively  to  the  equator. 

46.  Quinta,  same  as  media  in  1.  49. 

47.  Onus  inclnsnm,  i.  e.,  the  earth,  as  encompassed  by  the  heavens. 
50.  Totidem,  sc.  zonas. IJtramqne,  i.  e.,  on  either  hemisphere  be- 
tween the  torrid  and  the  frigid  zone.     Ilaupt  reads  utrwmquc. 

52.  His,  i.  e.,  plagis  terrestribus. 

56.  Cum  fulminibus ;  the  preposition  instead  of  et  f ulmina ;  and  the 
winds  that  cause  the  cold  as  well  as  the  lightning.  The  idea  seems  to  have 
been  that  the  winds  cause  the  lightning  by  means  of  the  friction  of  the 
clouds. 

57.  His,  sc.  ventis.  Habendum  is  used  in  the  sense  of  having  under 
control,  and  non  passim  implies  that  only  in  certain  places  were  the  winds 
allowed  such  control. 


1.    THE  CREATION.  143 

58-60.  Nunc  with  emphasis,  and  explained  by  cum  scqq.,  since,  etc.; 

and  quin  lament  depends  upon  obsistitur,  according  to  H.  504,  4. Fra- 

tmm ;  the  Winds  were  personified  as  sons  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora. 

61*  The  Nahaiaei  were  an  Arabian  people. 

62.  Juga,  etc.,  refers  to  the  range  of  mountains  in  India. Mat  uti- 

nis  ;  a  spondaic  line. 

63.  Vesper,  used  in  a  local  sense  for  the  West,  only  by  the  poets. 

64.  Septemque  trionem,  for  septemtrionemque ;  the  dactyl  of  the 
fifth  place  makes  the  division  by  que  necessary.  The  constellation  of  the 
Wain  or  the  Great  Bear,  consisting  of  seven  stars,  five  for  the  Wain  and 
two  for  the  steers;  the  name  of  it  was  called,  rather  irregularly,  septem 
triones,  and  then  in  the  sing,  septemtrio. 

66.  "The  South  wind  (aquaticus  auster,  2,  285)  brings  with  it  rain  in 
Greece  and  Italy.  Hence  the  Greek  name  for  it,  called  by  the  Romans 
Notus,  cf.  vorls,  moisture."     Haupt. 

67.  Haec,  i.  e.,  acra,  nubes,  ventos.  Super  governs  hacc,  the  preposi- 
tion coming  after,  as  not  unfrequently  with  the  poets,  especially  in  dis- 
syllabic words. 

72.  Animantibus.     The  ancients  ascribed  to  the  stars  life  and  even 

reason. Formae  deorum ;  the  gods  were  conceived  as  having  bodily 

forms. 

76.  Animal ;  because  a  living  being  ;  but  sanclius,  because  nobler,  as 
endowed  with  reason,  made  in  the  image  of  God ;  diviner. 

77.  Deerat,  a  dissyllable. Quod — posset,  of  such  nature  that  it 

might  be  able,  H.  503,  i. 

80.  Nuper,  as  described  in  line  22,  terris  abscidit  undas. 

81.  Cognati ;  because,  before  the  dividing  of  chaos,  the  heavens  had 
been  mingled  with  earth. 

82.  Iapeto ;  four  syllables,  as  the  /  of  Greek  words  is  never  to  be 
pronounced  as  J.  Ovid  follows  the  myth,  which  represents  Prome- 
theus, the  son  of  the  Titan  Iapetus,  as  fashioning  man  from  earth  and 
water. 

83.  Moderantum ;  the  genitive  in  um  instead  of  ium,  on  account  of 

the  metre  ;  but  see  II.  158,  2. In  effigiem — deorum.     In  the  same  way 

as  the  gods  were  conceived  as  appearing  in  human  form  among  men,  so, 
as  here,  man  is  made  in  the  image  of  the  gods,  reminding  us  of  the  words 
in  Genesis  1,  26,  "  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image." 

85.  Caelumque  videre,  sc.  eum,  referring  to  homini,  as  the  subject 
of  videre.  Comp.  Cic.  de  Amicitia,  c.  21,  caelestium  ordinem  contem- 
plantes. 


144:  METAMORPHOSES,  I.  89-150. 

2.  The  Four  Ages. 
I.  89-150. 

89-150.  In  Verg.  Georg.  1,  125  seqq.,  and  in  Tibullus,  i.  3,  35  seqq., 
the  golden  or  good  age  is  that  of  Saturn,  which  is  followed  by  that  of 
Jupiter.  Hesiod  has  five  ages,  the  golden,  silver,  brazen,  the  fourth  with- 
out name,  and  the  iron.  Aratus  has  three,  the  golden,  silver,  and  iron. 
Ovid  has  drawn  in  part  from  these  poets.  The  designation  of  the  periods 
by  the  metals  from  gold  downward  manifestly  teaches  the  fall  of  the  race 
from  a  golden  innocence  to  successive  stages  of  moral  degeneracy.  In 
like  manner  this  idea  of  four  ages  is  taught  in  the  Zendavesta  or  sacred 
books  of  the  ancient  Persians,  and  in  those  of  the  Hindoos,  both  Brah- 
manic  and  Buddhistic,  and  in  the  Sagas  of  the  ancient  Germans ;  also  in 
the  legends  of  the  Aegyptians. 

89-112.  The  Golden  Age. 

89.  Anrea  5  the  first  word  of  the  sentence  is  the  emphatic  one,  as  if 

we  should  say  in  English,  with  gold  was  the  first  age  sown. Yindicc  nul- 

lOj  abl.  absolute,  and  may  be  rendered,  toil/tout  any  to  punish. 

91,92.  Poena  metusque  5  penalty  and  fears,  i.  e.,  fears  of  penalty. 

Verba   miliaria — aere  5    in  reference  to  laws,  as  of  the   Twelve 

Tables,  which  on  brazen  tablets  were  fixed  on  the  Capitol  and  other 
public  places. 

93.  Erant  5  an  indefinite  subject  understood,  as  in  English  they.  An- 
other reading  is  vindice,  instead  of  judice. 

91.  Suis,  its  own,  in  opposition  to  pcregrinum. 

98.  Direeti.  The  tuba  was  straight,  and  the  cornu  curved.  Aeris, 
denoting  the  material,  is  in  the  genitive,  after  the  analogy  of  the  gen.  of 
quality.     H.  396,  v. 

101.  Ipsa,  in  the  first  place  because  emphatic,  of  itself ;  as  opposed 
to  what  followed,  it  is  =  tellus  inarata. 

104.  Arbuteos  foetus  5  the  fruit  of  the  arbutus  or  wild  strawberry, 
like  the  fraga  or  common  strawberry,  but  larger. Legebant  5  the  sub- 
ject indefinite,  as  above  erant,  1.  93. 

105.  Corna,  the  fruit  of  the  wild  cornel-tree,  a  horn-like  cherry,  be- 
cause so  hard. Mora,  blackberries,  the  fruit  of  the  rubeta  (pi.). 

108.  Jovis  arbore  5  i.  e.,  the  oak,  one  species  of  which  bears  acorns 
which  are  edible. 

108.  Semine ;  for  semente,  sowing,  i.  e.,  without  sowing  on  the  part 
of  any  one. 


2.    THE   FOUR  AGES.  145 

110#  Nee  renovatns,  i.  e.,  et  non  rcnovatus,  and  without  renewal. 

Cauebat  (from  ciineo),  whitened. 

111.  Fluniina,  etc.,  figurative  for  abundance  ;  the  ncctaris  itself  figu- 
rative for  wine.  So  of  the  land  of  promise  in  Exodus,  3,  8,  "  a  land  flow- 
ing with  milk  and  honey." 

112.  Stillabant ;  the  honey  was  thought  of,  as  in  the  golden  age  dis- 
tilling like  dew  from  the  trees. 

113-124.  The  Silver  Age. 

113.  Saturno.  Saturnus,  a  god  of  the  ancient  Italians,  was  after- 
ward identified  with  the  Greek  Kronos. 

114.  Snbiit  5  the  final  syllable  is  long,  its  original  quantity.  So  also 
below,  iv.  712,  abilt ;  x.  15,  adilt ;  xi.  14,  abilt. 

116.  Contraxit  5  before,  as  said  on  1.  107,  the  spring  was  perpetual. 

117.  Another  spondaic  line. 

118.  Excgit.  The  ex  in  the  verb  (literally,  out)  gives  the  verb  the 
meaning  of  bringing  to  an  end ;  brought  the  year  to  an  end  through  winters, 
etc.     Hence  it  comes  to  mean  finish. 

121.  Snbiere ;  an  indefinite  subject  again;  they.  The  sub  in  the 
compound  verb  is  well  fitted  to  these  primitive  homes,  as  described  in 
the  next  line. 

122.  Cortice  5  bark,  but  properly  the  outer,  while  liber  is  the  word 
for  the  inner. 

123.  Ccrcalia  5  because  Ceres  was  supposed  to  have  given  men  the 
seeds,  and  to  have  taught  them  agriculture ;  thus  we  call  now  the  differ- 
ent grains  Cereals. 

125-140.  The  Brazen  and  the  Iron  Age. 

128.  Venae;  limits  acvum  as  a  gen.  of  characteristic;  an  age  of  a 
worse  vein.     H.  396,  v. 

133.  Qoaeqne  5  the  antecedent  is  carlnae,  which  is  used  figuratively 

for  naves. Stfctfcrant — altis  5  in  reference  to  the  trees,  of  which  the 

ships  were  made. 

134.  Insultaverc  $  with  the  primary  meaning  of  the  word  as  a  com- 
pound of  salto  ;  danced  upon  ;  with  something,  too,  of  the  meaning  of 
our  derived  word  insult,  as  the  ships,  as  it  were,  despised  the  danger. 
So,  also,  contemner e  (literally,  not  to  fear)  is  used  by  Tibullus,  i.  3,  37, 
nondum  pinus  contempserat  undas. 

135.  Prius ;  limits  communem ; — lumina  and  auras,  drawn  by  at- 
traction in  the  ace.  to  humum  ;  though  regularly  it  would  read,  ecu  lu- 
mina solis  et  aurae  communia  sunt. 

136.  Lioiite  means  here  a  boundary, -Mensor  is  the  surveyor. 

8 


146  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   244-312. 

13T.  Segetes,  ace.  as  object  of  poscebatur,  as  posco  in  the  active 
governs  two  accusatives.     H.  3*14. 

139.  Stygiisque — umbris  5  the  realm  of  the  Shades,  where  the  Styx 
flows ;  thought  of  as  in  the  very  depths  of  the  earth.  Styx,  the  Gr.  2rtf|, 
the  hateful  river.  So  Milton,  in  the  line  ("  Paradise  Lost,"  ii.  519)  "  Ab- 
horred Styx,  the  flood  of  deadly  hate.11 

140.  Malorum  is  objective  genitive.     II.  396,  III. 

112.  tTtroque5  i.  e.,  both  iron  and  gold.  In  what  sense  is  it  true  of 
gold? 

145.  Non  socer  a  genero  5  perhaps,  as  Haupt  suggests,  in  allusion  to 
Caesar  and  Pompeius. 

147.  Lurida  $  so  called  from  the  effect  of  aconite  on  the  complexion 
of  those  who  are  poisoned  by  it. 

148.  Inquirit  5  i.  e.,  of  astrologers-,  as  he  is  impatient  for  his  father's 
death,  and  for  the  possession  of  his  property. 

150.  Ultima  ;  in  the  better  times  the  gods  dwelt  among  men ;  but  one 
after  another  left  the  degenerate  earth,  Astraea,  the  goddess  of  justice, 
the  Dike  of  the  Greeks,  being  the  last  to  take  her  flight.  Astraea,  the 
daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Themis,  was  placed  as  Virgo  among  the  con- 
stellations. 

3.   The  Flood. 

I.  244-312. 

244-312.  Traditions  of  a  flood,  similar  to  the  one  here  given  by  Ovid, 
are  found  among  many  and  very  diifcrent  nations.  Buttmann  has  treated 
of  these  traditions  in  his  Mythologus,  I.  180  seqq.,  and  also  Jacob  Grimm 
in  his  German  Mythology,  541  seqq.  The  similarity  of  them  all  to  the 
Biblical  narrative  is  striking. 

244.  Dicta  Jovis.     In  the  preceding  passage  Jupiter  had  declared 

his  purpose,  in  a  council  of  the  gods,  to  destroy  the  world. Pars  5  i.  e., 

of  the  gods. 

245.  Partes ;  here  in  the  sense  of  their  part,  or  their  duty,  which 
they  fulfill  as  members  of  the  council.  « 

250.  Quaerentes  5  ace.  subject  of  trcpidare. Fore  depends  upon  a 

word  of  saying  suggested  by  vetat. 

254.  Sacer  ;  as  the  dwelling-place  of  the  gods. 

255.  Axis  ;  here  put  for  caelum  itself,  as  in  6,  64,  longum  caelum. 

256.  In  fatis ;  it  was  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  philosophers,  espe- 
cially the  Stoics,  that  the  world,  having  arisen  from  fire,  would  also  be 


3.   THE  FLOOD.  147 

dissolved  in  fire.  Such  an  opinion  Ovid  represents  as  an  utterance  of 
the  fates.     What  is  the  derivation  of  fatum  ? 

250.  Cyclopum  ;  the  fabled  sons  of  Uranus  and  the  Earth,  hurled  to 
Tartarus  by  Saturn,  and  then  rescued  by  Jupiter,  for  whom  they  after- 
ward forged  thunderbolts.  Homer  represents  them  in  the  Odyssey  as  a 
giant  race  in  Sicily.  Later  they  wTere  fancied  as  Vulcan's  workmen  in 
his  smithy  in  Aetna,  or  in  Lipara. 

262.  Aeoliis  ;  from  Aeolus,  the  god  of  the  winds,  fabled,  as  in  Vergil, 
Aen.  i,  52,  to  hold  them  in  caves  in  the  Aeolian  or  Liparaean  islands,  near 

Sicily. Aquiloncm  ;  this  wind  is  shut  up  as  it  brings  clear  and  dry 

weather.     On  Noium  see  n.  1.  66. 

261.  Alis  5  the  winds,  from  their  swiftness,  often  are  winged  with 
the  poets  ;  so,  also,  in  Hebrew  poetry,  Psalm  xviii.  10,  upon  the  wings  of 
the  wind. 

265.  Vultnm  ace.  of  the  part.,  Gr.  §  378. 

266.  Barba,  sc.  est ;  canis — capillis;  preposition  omitted ;  seen.  1.14. 

26T.  Sinns  ;  the  personification  is  thus  kept  up,  as  the  wind  is  cloud- 
clad,  as  it  were,  and  the  sinus  are  the  folds  of  his  dress,  as  so  often  used 
of  the  toga. 

269.  Aethfcre,  the  upper  air,  and  so  =  caelo. 

271.  Conelpit,  draws  to  itself  as  the  Iris,  or  rainbow,  was  thought  to 
draw  up  the  moisture  from  the  earth ;  as  in  Verg.  Georg.  i.  38,  Mbit 
ingens  arcus.  So  Homer  often  represents  Iris  as  the  messenger  of 
Juno,  and,  as  such,  forming  the  rainbow  for  her  bright  path  through  the 
heavens. 

273.  Vota,  put  for  the  crops,  as  the  object  of  his  hopes  ;  the  whole 

may  be  rendered,  and  the  farmer  mourns  over  his  prostrate  hopes. 

Pfcrit— inltns,  comes  to  naught. 

274.  Sao,  i.  e.,  as  hi*  own  peculiar  abode ;  not  content  with  what  is 
furnished  by  the  heavens,  he  avails  himself,  too,  of  the  resources  of  the 
sea. 

275.  Frater;  Neptune,  represented,  like  all  sea-deities,  as  of  the 
color  of  the  sea  itself. 

276.  Tecta,  the  depths  of  the  sea  as  Neptune's  abode. 

279.  Dttmos,  the   caves  and  clefts  of  the  earth,  where  the  waters 

arise. M©I$,  the  rocky  mass  which,  like  a  dam  or  a  dike,  confines  the 

waters. 

280.  In  this  line,  and  the  two  next  ones,  the  image  is  drawn  from 
horses,  the  reins  flung  loose  upon  the  streams  (immittite  habenas\  the  bits 
let  go  from  the  moutlis  of  the  springs  (fontibus  or  a  relaxant),  and  then  the 


148  METAMORPHOSES,   I.   313-415. 

rivers  (amnes  to  be  supplied  with  hi)  rolling  down  in  unbridled  course 
(defrenato — cursu). 

283.  Tridentc  ;  here,  and  below  330,  trieuspide  telo,  the  trident,  the 
three-pronged  spear  of  Neptune,  is  the  symbol  of  his  power.  So,  too,  in 
Homer,  with  whom  also  he  is  the  earth-shaker,  ewoviydios. 

286,  287.  Cam  satis,  together  with  the  crops  =  et  sata.  So,  also,  cum 
— sacris.  Sacra  for  the  images  of  the  gods,  which  are  kept  in  the  pene- 
tralia, or  innermost  part  of  the  house. 

289.  Hujus  refers  to  domus,  and  limits  culmen. 

290.  Turres,  towers,  here  used  for  high,  tower-like  buildings. 
292.  Deerant,  as  in  1.  77. 

296.  Summa— in  ulmo,  on  the  top  of  the  elm.  So  Horace,  0.  i.  2,  9, 
summa — idmo,  also  in  describing  the  flood. 

299.  Mftdo  qua,  where  just  now ;  observe  the  contrasts  in  the  cor- 
responding places  of  the  two  lines,  graciles  and  deformes,  capellae  and 
phocae. 

302.  Nereides,  the  daughters  of  the  sea-god  Nereus. 

303.  Agltataque,  i.  e.,  by  the  swaying  waves. 

305.  Nee  vires  fulminis,  i.  c.,  the  wild  boar,  strong  as  he  is,  unequal 
to  contend  with  the  lightning. 

306.  Ablato,  carried  away  by  the  flood. 

307.  308.  Quaesitisqne,  etc.  And  having  long  sought  for  places  on 
the  (solid)  earth,  where  it  may  be  given  (her)  to  stand.  Compare  the  de- 
scription in  Genesis,  viii.  9,  "  But  the  dove  found  no  rest  for  the  sole  of 
her  foot." 

309,  310.  Observe  the  climax  from  tumulos,  the  hills,  to  montana 
cacumina,  the  tops  of  the  mountains. Novi,  strange,  because  never  be- 
fore there. 

4.  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha. 

I.  313-415. 

313.  Aftnios,  etc.  Phocis,  a  district  between  Mount  Oeta,  in  Thessaly, 
and  Bocotia,  was  also  called  Aonia,  from  the  Aones  who  formerly  in- 
habited it. 

316.  Vertici&us — duofous,  the  two  spurs  of  Mount  Parnassus,  so  fa- 
mous in  ancient  story,  between  which  flowed  the  fountain  of  Castalia.  At 
the  foot  of  the  mount  was  Delphi,  the  seat  of  the  oracle. 

318.  Deucalion  was  the  son  of  Prometheus,  and  his  wife  Pyrrha  the 
daughter  of  Epimetheus.     Deucalion  had  been  the  ruler  of  Phthia,  in 


4.   DEUCALION  AND  PYRRIIA.  HO 

Thessaly,  and  by  his  son  Ilcllen  was  the  founder  of  the  race  of  the 
Ilcllcnes. 

320.  Coryddas.  Behind  the  above-mentioned  heights  of  Parnassus 
was  a  cave  called  Coryeus,  which  was  sacred  to  the  nymphs  and  to  Bac- 
chus. 

321.  Thfcmin.  Themis,  the  goddess  of  justice,  was  also  a  prophetess. 
The  Delphic  oracle  was  presided  over  first  by  Gaea,  the  mother  of  The- 
mis, then  by  Themis,  afterward  by  Phoebe,  and  finally  by  Phoebus  Apollo. 

330.  Positoqne  \  in  the  sense  of  deposito,  and  having  laid  aside. 

TricuspWe ;  see  n.  on  tridente,  283. 

331.  Mnlcct,  soothes,  quiets  the  waters. Prof  and  tun,  for  mare,  the 

deep. 

332.  Fmerds;  ace.  of  part,  as  above  265,  vultum. Mnrice,  prop- 
erly the  shell-fish  from  which  the  purple  dye  was  obtained,  is  here  used 
for  concha,  or  any  sea-shell. 

333.  Tritona.     Triton,  a  sea  god  subordinate  to  Neptune,  and,  with 

some  of  the  poets,  son  of  Neptune  and  Amphitrite. Concliac  sonanti. 

The  use  of  spiral  shells  for  horns  is  not  uncommon  now  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean coasts. 

336.  Turbine — lino ;  the  lowest  bend  of  the  winding  (torlilis)  horn  is 
narrowest  and  serves  for  the  mouthpiece,  and  from  this  the  horn  grows 
larger  with  the  other  bends. 

337.  Afcra ;  used  of  the  Triton's  breath  as  he  blows  the  horn. 

338.  I'troqne,  i.  e.,  oriente  et  occidente,  in  the  East  and  the  West. 

340.  ContXgit ;  the  subject  is  a  pronoun  referring  to  bucina. Rc- 

eeptas,  the  expression  in  prose  for  sounding  a  retreat  is  rcceptui  canere. 

341.  Plenos  capit.  The  rivers  are  still  full,  as  they  flow,  but  are  kept 
within  their  beds. 

346.  DXem  longam.     Dies  here  feminine,  as  it  means  time. M- 

datii,  i.  e.,  undis,  as  the  next  line  shows  that  they  are  still  clothed  with 
leaves. 

349.  Terras  is  the  subject,  and  is  used  with  agcre  silentia  after  the 
analogy  of  agerc  vitam,  aetatem,  and  the  like ;  lying  in  profound  silence. 

352.  Patruelis ;  Prometheus  and  Epimetheus,  the  fathers  respectively 
of  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha,  were  brothers. 

353.  Deinde ;  a  dissyllable. 

355.  Turba ;  peculiarly,  and  not  without  a  turn  of  wit  in  the  expres- 
sion, is  turba  here  used  of  two  persons ;  so,  also,  in  vi.  200,  Latonac  iur- 

bam  ;  we  two  make  up  t/ie  crowd  of  all  the  lands. Possedit,  as  above, 

1.31. 


150  METAMORPHOSES,   I.    313-415. 

356*  Haec — fiduria,  even  this  pledge,  i.  e.,  that  we  alone  survive. 

Adhuc  non=nondum,  not  yet,  and  followed  in  next  line  by  etiam  nunc, 
now  also. 

358.  Quid — fftret,  animi  limits  quid ;  what  courage  would  you  have? 
Fatis,  by  the  fates,  i.  e.,  if  fate  had  rescued  you  alone. 

360.  Quo  consolante  dftleres5=quis  te  dolentem  consolaretur. 

363.  Paternis ;  i.  e.,  of  Prometheus. 

365.  Nunc ;  i.  e.,  as  things  now  are. 

367.  Placuit,  it  pleased  them,  they  determined. 

369.  Cephisldas,  of  the  Cephisus,  which  has  its  sources  in  the  range 
of  Parnassus,  in  Phocis,  and  flows  into  the  lake  Copais. 

370.  lTt — sic;  though — yet. 

371.  Irroravere,  bedewed ;  render  sprinkled  upon  ;  when  they  had 
drawn  (libatos)  water,  and  sprinkled  it  upon,  etc.  It  was  necessary  to 
purify  themselves  by  washing  in  the  running  water,  before  coming  to  the 
shrine. 

374.  Palleuant;  used  to  express  the  contrast  to  the  before  bright 
and  cheerful  aspect  of  the  temple ;  now  it  wears  a  dull  look,  and  is  over- 
grown with  moss. 

376.  Hiimi,  for  the  construction,  Gr.  §  426,  2. Oscftla;  the  deriva- 
tion and  primary  meaning  of  the  word  ?    Also  of  numina  in  the  next  line  ? 

380.  With  res  and  an  adj.,  as  secundae,  adversae,  and  here  mersae,  the 
condition  of  things  is  described  as  fortunate  or  unfortunate,  and  so= 
fortune  or  misfortune  ;  come  to  our  help  in  our  misfortunes  from  the  flood. 

382.  Velate,  etc.  The  head  was  to  be  veiled  in  sacred  transactions, 
to  avoid  all  distraction ;  and  the  ungirding  the  dress  was  a  token  of  the 
unloosing  of  all  bonds,  and  so  signified  entire  submission. 

386.  Detque,  etc.     Bet  depends  upon  rogat,  Gr.  §  498,  II.,  and  499,  2. 

Pavetque.     It  was  deemed  sacrilegious  to  disturb  the  remains  of  the 

buried  dead ;  and  the  poet  fitly  represents  the  woman  as  yet  more  sensi- 
tive to  the  impiety  than  the  man. 

388.  Caecis — latebris ;  the  sense  of  the  words  was  hidden,  as  in  a  rid- 
dle ;  the  whole  may  be  rendered :  hidden  in  blind  riddles. 

390.  The  patronymics  here  are  adroitly  used  to  indicate  that  the  cun- 
ning of  the  parents  is  inherited  by  the  children. 

391.  Sollcrtia,  from  sollers,  sollus=totus,  and  ars;  all  art,  sagacity. 

Nobis,  in  the  sense  of  the  singular,  my  sagacity ;  but  what  is  the 

construction  of  the  dative  ? 

395.  Augurio ;  as  an  augury  is  a  sign  by  which  something  is  to  be 
known,  it  comes  to  mean,  as  here,  interpretation. 


5.   PYTIIOK  151 

400.  Credat — sit ;  the  subj.  is  potential ;  ivho  could  believe  this,  unless 
the  old  tradition  (oldness)  were  the  witness? 

401.  Ponerc,  for  deponere,  as  above,  1.  330,  posito. 

401i  The  ut  is  concessive,  as  above,  370 ;  though  a  certain  form  of 
man  may  be  seen,  yet  it  is  not  clear  to  the  sight. 
406.  Exacta;  see  n.  on  exigerc,  i.  118. 
408.  Corpdris,  of  flesh. 
410.  Vena ;  the  word  is  used  of  stone  also,  as  is  our  word  vein. 

413.  Feminaj  collectively  for  the  sex. 

414.  Durum.  So,  also,  in  Verg.  Georg.  1,  61,  unde  homines  nati,  du- 
rum genus. 

5.  Python. 

I.  434-451. 

434.  Ergo.  The  poet  has  been  describing  the  discordant  harmony 
(discors  concordia)  of  the  forces  of  nature,  and  especially  of  moisture  and 
heat,  in  producing  different  species  of  animals.  The  ergo,  therefore,  now 
takes  up  and  carries  forward  the  narrative. 

435.  Solibns,  surfs  rays. 

438.  Nollet,  sc.  te  genuisse.  The  imperf.  represents  the  wish  as  im- 
possible of  fulfillment. Python  (the  Gr.  Tlvduv),  according  to  olden 

legend  the  dragon  that  guarded  the  Delphic  shrine ;  also  called  son  of 
earth.  Ovid  seems  to  have  added  the  fiction  of  the  creature  as  a  growth 
of  the  slimy  earth,  simply  to  make  a  transition  to  his  next  story. 

440.  De  monte,  i.  e.,  Parnassus. 

441.  Arcftgaens,  one  of  the  many  names  of  Apollo,  as  in  Gr. 
apyvp6ro^os,  god  of  the  silver  bow,  and  many  others. 

444.  Nigra,  black,  from  the  poisonous  blood,  veneno. 

446.  Celfcbri  certamine,  abl.  of  characteristic. Lndos.  The  Pyth- 
ian games  were  celebrated,  in  historic  times,  every  four  years  at  Delphi. 

447.  Pytliia,  sc.  certamina;  but,  as  here,  the  noun  is  generally 
omitted. 

448.  Mann — rotave,  referring  respectively  to  contests  in  boxing,  run- 
ning, and  chariot-racing. 

450.  Longo — erine.  As  the  god  of  youthful  beauty,  Apollo  is  thus 
generally  figured  with  long,  flowing  locks.  So  the  epithet  intomus,  and 
others  like  it. 


152  METAMORPHOSES,   I.  452-567. 

6.   Daphne. 

I.  452-567. 

452.  Peneia.  So,  too,  it  was  a  legend  that  the  oldest  Delphic  shrine 
of  Apollo  was  a  hut  of  laurel-branches,  brought  from  Tempe,  the  valley 
of  the  Peneus. 

454.  Delias,  from  the  island  of  Delos,  the  place  of  his  fabled  birth 
and  worship. 

455.  Cornua,  Cupid's  bow,  tipped  with  horn,  or  as  made  of  two  horns 
put  together ;  called  also  sometimes  in  the  sing.,  cornu. 

456.  Tibij  sc.  est.     What  have  you  to  do  ? 

457.  Ista,  those  of  yours,  which  you  are  carrying. 

460.  Iiiniiuieris,  as  above,  443,  mille. 

461.  Face,  torch ;  in  poetry,  as  in  sculpture  and  in  painting,  Cupido 

or  Amor  often  carries  a  torch,  with  which  he  kindles  love. NescXft  quos, 

here,  as  usual,  with  something  of  contempt,  as  loves  which  Apollo  cares 
not  for. 

462.  Landes,  i.  e.,  his  bow  and  quiver,  as  above,  441,  arcitenens. 

463.  FIgat,  potential  may,  but  in  the  concessive  sense  of  though  it 
may  ;  with  the  mens  arcus  in  next  line  supply  fiyet. 

465.  Observe  the  quantities  in  tua  gloria  nostra,  and  the  consequent 
case  for  each. 

466.  Eliso  \  from  e  and  lacdo,  whence  elide,  elision,  and  many  other 
cognate  English  words ;  having  parted  the  air  zvith  the  beating  of  his 


467.  Impiger,  tvith  siviftness  of  flight ;  the  adj.  at  the  beginning  cf 
the  line  goes  straight  to  constitit  arcc,  whither  the  winged  god  is  flying. 

469.  Operum,  effects;  this  duplicity  of  the  arrows  seems  to  be  the 
invention  of  Ovid. 

473.  Medullas  (from  medius\  the  marrows ;  i.  e.,  the  very  heart  of 
Apollo. 

474.  Nomen  &mantis ,  i.  e.,  the  very  name  of  lover  is  hateful ;  she 
will  not  have  it. 

476.  Exuvlis ;  i.  e.,  as  a  huntress ;  a  rival  of  Phoebe  or  Diana  in 
this,  as  well  as  in  being  innupta. 

477.  On  sine  lege,  Haupt  compares  the  expression,  which  occurs  in 
Ovid  II.  413,  vitta  coercuerat  neglecta  alba  capillos. 

479.  Mm  drum  avfti;  Gr.  397,  3,  Note  4;  the  pathless  icoods. 

480.  II  y  men,  or  Hymcnacus,  the  god  of  marriage.     The  word,  the 


6.   DAPIINE.  153 

Gr.  vy.riv,  was  originally  the  name  of  the  song  at  bridals ;  hence  Hymen 
is  made  by  the  poets  the  son  of  Calliope. 

483.  Taedas  jugales,  bridal  torches,  by  which  the  bride  was  brought 
home  on  the  wedding-day. 

484.  Ori;  ace.  of  part;  is  suffused  in  face. 

485.  Patris,  etc.,  and  clinging  to  her  father's  neck  with  coaxing  arms. 

487.  Pate>,  i.  e.,  Jupiter,  the  father  of  Diana;  her  father. 

488.  Istc,  that  grace  of  yours  ;  the  poet,  by  a  sudden  turn,  addresses 

the  maiden  herself,  as  if  she  were  present. Quod  optas  is  the  subject 

of  esse. 

491.  Sna,  his  own  ;  sua  referring  to  ilium. 

492.  Adftlentnr.  The  Romans  were  wont  to  burn  the  stubble,  in 
order  thereby  to  improve  the  soil. Adolcrc  is  often  used  of  the  burn- 
ing of  incense,  but  here  in  the  general  sense. 

494.  Jam  sub  lace,  i.  e.,  at  daybreak. 

498.  Quid,  etc. ;  that  is,  how  beautiful  they  must  be,  if  they  are 
dressed,  if  so  attractive  now  ? 

499.  Oscula,  here  in  the  literal  sense  of  the  diminutive  of  os  ;  lips ; 
but  seldom  so  used. Non — S&tis,  is  not  enough  ;  he  longs  to  kiss  them. 

501.  MSdia — parte ;  abl.  after  the  compar.  plus. 

502.  Observe  the  quantities,  si  qua  and  fugit,  and  consequently  the 
case  of  the  one,  and  the  tense  of  the  other,  word. 

507.  Quaeque,  by  apposition  to  the  preceding  nominatives ;  but  in 
prose  the  order  would  be  suos  quacque ;  why  ? 

513.  A  nn  en  ta,  herds,  as  oxen;  greges,  flocks,  as  sheep  ;  "  I  am  not  an 
unkempt  (horridus)  shepherd,"  /  do  not  tend  here  herds  and  flocks. 

516.  Clarfts,  in  Ionia,  where  were  a  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo; 

hence  the  name  Clarius  deus. Teaetlos,  an  island  in  the  Aegean,  off 

the  coast  of  Troas,  where  also  was  a  temple  of  Apollo. Patara,  a  city 

in  Lycia,  was  also  celebrated  for  Apollo's  worship. 

517-524.  Apollo  proclaims  himself  the  god  of  prophecy  (per  me — 
patet),  of  music  (concordant — ncrvis),  of  the  bow  (ccrta — fecit),  and  of 
medicine  (invenlum — artes). 

518.  Concordant  expresses  the  harmonious  accompaniment  of  the 
song  and  the  strings  (nervos)  of  the  instrument. 

520.  Y&f-uo,  i.  e.,  free  hitherto  from  love. 

523.  Amftr,  (my)  love,  as  appears  from  the  next  line. 

526.  Camqne  ipso  verba,  i.  e.,  both  himself  and  his  words. 

530.  Sfcd  fcnim.  The  sed  belongs  to  sequitur  in  1.  532,  and  cnim  to 
sustinet.     But  the  god  follows,  etc.,  for  he  bears  (it)  no  longer  to  lose,  etc. 


154        METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-779.    II.   1-339. 

532.  Admisso  passu*  Admittere  or  immittere  is  often  used  with 
habenas,  to  give  (a  horse)  the  rein  ;  and  so  figuratively  here,  with  quick- 
ened pace. 

533.  G  alliens.     The  Gallic  hounds  were  much  valued  for  the  chase. 

535.  Inhaesuro,  in  the  dat.,  limits  similis,  like  to;  i.  e.,  as  if  about  to 

fasten  upon  the  hare. Jam  janiquc  expresses  the  creature's  eagerness 

of  expectation. 

536.  Vestigia,  here  means  the  feet. Stringit,  grazes,  is  close  upon. 

541.  Tergdque — imnilnet,  and  is  close  upon  the  back. 

547.  I  have  followed  Haupt  in  the  reading,  though  most  MSS.  have 
another  line  (546),  thus :  Qua  nimium  placui,  tcllus,  ait  hisce,  vel  istam, 
Quae  facit  ut  laedar,  mutando  perde  figuram. 

548.  Yix — fiiilta  may  be  rendered  like  our  nom.  independent,  her 
prayer  hardly  finished ;  and  so  occupat  has  its  proper  sense  of  being 
beforehand  with  a  person  or  thing.  Before  the  prayer  was  fairly  finished 
the  transformation  begins. 

551.  The  juxtaposition  of  the  words  velox,  pigris,  helps  very  much 
the  expression  of  contrast,  the  swift  foot,  and  the  dull  roots. 

552.  R&manet,  only  the  beauty  of  the  maiden  remains  in  the  bright- 
ness of  the  laurel-leaf.     Haupt  compares  Ovid,  14,  720,  nitida  lauru. 

556.  Eefugit,  etc.,  "It  loves  the  shade,  and  so  shuns  the  sun's 
kisses." 

560.  Dncibus.    The  Roman  general,  when  triumphing,  was  adorned 

with  the  laurel. Triumphum,   i.  e.,  lo  triumphc,  as  in  Hor.,  0.  iv.  2, 

49;  also  Ovid,  Tristia,  4,  2,  51.  The  Triumphus  was  personified,  and 
thus  addressed  with  the  shout. 

562.  Postibus  Angustis ;  of  the  Palace  of  Augustus,  on  the  Palatine, 
on  each  side  of  which  stood  a  laurel-tree. 

565.  Semper,  i.  e.,  as  an  evergreen.    , 

566.  Paean  $  f  r.  the  Gr.  Uaicav  or  Tlaidv,  which  was  a  name  of  Apollo ; 
also  of  Aesculapius.  In  the  Iliad  it  is  the  name  of  the  physician  of 
Jupiter. 

7.  Phaethon. 

I.  748-779.     II.  1-339. 

748.  Huie  5  refers  to  lo,  the  story  of  whom  had  just  been  told  by  the 
poet:  how  she  was  changed  into  a  heifer,  and  was  driven  by  the  jealousy 
of  Juno  over  the  earth ;  how  finally  she  ended  her  wanderings  in  Egypt, 
where,  together  with  her  son  Epaphus,  she  was  worshiped.     The  Greeks 


7.   PHAETHOK  155 

identified  Io  and  Epaphus  with  the  Aegyptian  Isis  and  Serapis. Tan- 
dem 5  i.  e.,  after  all  that  had  been  suffered  by  his  mother  and  himself,  at 
last. 

750.  Animis,  the  plural  expresses  the  fullness  of  spirit,  as  we  also 
say,  in  good  spirits  ;  here,  in  proud  feelings. 

752.  SIM ;  i.  c,  to  him,  as  the  son  of  Jupiter. Phocboqne.    The 

sun-god,  in  Gr.  Helios,  though  by  some  Greek  writers  distinguished  from 
Apollo,  yet  is  generally  one  and  the  same  with  him. 

753.  Inaxhldcs.    Inachus,  king  of  Argos,  was  the  father  of  Io. 

754.  Imagine  means  here  the  notion,  and  falsi  expresses  the  idea  that 
his  descent  from  Phoebus  is  only  an  invention  of  his  mother.  So  in  ii. 
37,  falsa — sub  imagine  ;  render,  with  tlw  false  notion  of  (Phoebus  being) 
your  sire. 

757.  Hie  ;  the  pronoun  in  the  sense  of  "  that  one  "  points  to  a  person 
as  one  well  known;  and  so~7,  who  am  usually  free  of  speech  and  impetu- 
ous, was  (in  this  case)  silent. 

761.  Assfcre  caelo ;  in  imitation  of  the  Koman  legal  phrase  asserere 
in  libcrtatem,  to  assert  or  maintain  one's  liberty ;  so  here,  and  vindicate 
my  heavenly  descent. 

763.  Merops  was  the  husband  of  Clymene. Taedas  (see  n.  on  1. 

483)  stands  here  for  the  fortunate  marriages  of  the  sisters  of  Phaethou, 
the  Heliades. 

761.  Traderct  \  the  subj.  in  dependence  upon  oravit,  with  the  omis- 
sion of  ut  ;  Gr.  493,  2. 

765.  Clymfenc,  subject  of  porrexit,  and  the  clause  ambiguum,  etc. 
(with  est  omitted),  is  thrown  in.  Clymene,  it  is  uncertain  whether  moved 
the  more  by  the  entreaties,  or,  etc. 

766.  Dicti — criminis,  at  the  charge  uttered  against  her,  i.  c.,  that  she 
had  made  up  the  story  of  Phaethon's  birth. 

771.  Neget,  etc.,  deny  me  the  sight  of  him,  which  is  equivalent  to  de- 
nying one  the  light  of  life,  as  appears  from  the  next  line. 

774.  Construe  domus  undc  oritur,  etc.  The  subject  of  oritur  is  pater, 
to  be  supplied  from  the  adj.  palrios. 

777.  Coneipit — mente.  Acthera,  the  upper  air,  or  the  heavens,  the 
abode  of  the  gods.  With  concipile  the  meaning  is  that  he  conceives  of, 
has  the  thought  of,  the  heavens  in  his  mind  as  if  he  were  there  already ; 
and,  with  the  thought  of  the  heavens  in  his  mind,  he  passes  his  own  Aethio- 
pians,  etc. 


156        METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-779.    II.   1-339. 

II.     1-339. 

2.  Pyropo  ;  irvpooirSs,  a  mixture  of  gold  and  copper. 

3*  Cnjus,  to  be  construed  with  fastigia  and  with  cbur  in  the  sense  of 
decorations  sculptured  in  ivory. 

5.  Mulciber,  an  epithet  of  Vulcan ;  derived,  perhaps,  from  mulcere, 

as  the  god  of  fire,  qui  aes  mulcet. Hlic,  i.  e.,  on  the  valvae,  which  were 

embossed,  as  described  in  the  next  following  lines. 

8.  Habet,  i.  e.,  as  represented  by  the  artist. 

9.  Ambignnm,  dubious ;  Proteus  was  a  sea-god,  who  had  the  power 
of  taking  on  various  forms ;  hence  our  word  Protean. 

10.  Aegeona,  called  also  Briareus,  a  fabulous  sea-god,  having  an  hun- 
dred arms,  and  represented  as  borne  on  the  backs  of  whales. 

11.  Doris  was  the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  wife  of  the 
sea-god  Nereus ;  their  daughters  (natas)  were  called  hence  Nereides. 

12.  Mole,  meaning  primarily  any  solid  mass,  may  here  be  used  of 
the  shore,  or  some  huge  rock  in  the  sea. 

13.  Una,  etc.,  they  have  not  one  and  the  same  face,  and  yet  not  differ- 
ent ;  they  have  a  family  likeness. 

18.  Sign  a,  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 

19.  Clymgneia — proles ;  so  used  of  the  mother,  as  his  descent  from 
Phoebus  was  in  question  (dubitati). 

26.  Ilorae,  here  the  Hours  (not,  as  usual,  the  seasons),  and  subject  to 
the  god  of  day  (Dies).  So  also  below,  118.  All  these — Dies,  Mensis, 
etc. — arc  conceived  by  the  poet  as  persons,  and  attendant  upon  the 
sun-god. 

28.  Nulla,  lightly  clad,  as  expressive  of  the  heat  of  summer. 

29.  UviSj  in  allusion  to  the  vintage  of  the  autumn  season. 

30.  Canos— capillos  ;  for  the  ace,  II.  378. 

31.  Incle,  i.  c.,  ex  solio. Loco,  abl.  of  specification  with  medius. 

32.  OcnliSj  with  those  eyes. 
37.  Imagine  $  see  n.  i.  754. 

39.  Animis — nostris,  from  my  mind,  nostris  being  used  for  meis,  and 
animi  in  the  plural,  because  the  uncertainty  (errorem)  touches  all  his 
feelings  and  thoughts,  his  whole  mind. 

43.  Veros — ortus,  has  declared  your  real  origin  ;  for  a  similar  reason 
as  29,  animis,  ortus  here  in  the  plural,  as  his  brother  is  thought  of  in 
reference  to  his  father,  and  also  his  mother ;  and  their  ancestry  also. 

46.  Palus ;  the  Styx,  called  palus  because  of  the  sluggishness  of  its 
current ;  so,  also,  in  iv.  434,  Styx — iners.     For  the  long  us  in  palus,  Gr. 


7.    PHAETHOK  157 

581,  IX.  1. Jnranda,  by  which  the  gods  have  to  swear.     The  passive 

juranda  is  used,  as  the  accusative  is  sometimes  used  in  the  active, 
instead  of  per  with  the  ace. ;  so  below,  101,  Stygias  juravimus  undas. 

Incognita,  because  the  sun's  light  does  not  reach  the  lower  world. 

0<  ulis,  figuratively  of  the  sun's  rays. 

48.  AHpednm.  Also  in  Greek  poetry  and  art,  the  steeds  of  the  sun's 
chariot  are  winged  ;  but  Ovid  uses  alipedum  only  as  poetic  for  swift-fooled, 
So  also  below,  153,  159. 

51.  McjI — tua;  Rash  did  my  word  (promise)  become  through  yours 
(your  request). 

53.  Non — v  6 1  nut  as  \  what  you  will  have  is  not  safe. 

54,  55.  Et  quae — convfcniant ;  and  of  such  sort  as  arc  not  suited,  etc. ; 
the  relative =talia  munera  ut  non,  etc. ;  Gr.  503, 1. Istis,  those  pow- 
ers of  yours. 

57.  Etiam,  even. Snperis  limits  fas,  and  fas  expresses  what  is 

allowed  by  divine  law  ;  right. 

58.  Placfcat,  in  the  subjunctive  depends  upon  licebit,  with  ut  omitted; 
Gr.  499,  2. 

59.  Axe,  used  here  for  curru. 

62.  Non  agat,  may  not  drive,  with  the  force  of  the  potential  in  the 
subj. 

63.  Prima,  the  first  of  the  way. Qua.  with  the  subj.  cnitantur, 

as  above,  quae,  54. 

65,  66.  Mini  ipsi  limits  yft,  and  videre  is  the  subject  of  fit ;  I,  myself, 
often  become  alarmed  to  see,  etc. 

68.  Etiam,  to  be  construed  with  Tcthys  sold.  TJicn,  also,  Tcthys  her- 
self is  icont  to  fear. 

70.  Ycrtigine  caelum.  Vertigo,  from  vcrtcre.  to  turn,  means  a  turn- 
ing or  whirl  (hence  our  word  vertigo).  The  heavens  constantly  revolv- 
ing from  west  to  cast,  and  carrying  with  them  the  fixed  stars ;  the  sun, 
with  the  planets,  in  the  opposite  direction ;  hence  below,  of  the  sun,  nitor 
in  adversum. 

73.  Rapido  \  from  the  nearness  here  of  rapitur  caelum  the  primary 
meaning  of  the  adj.  is  more  readily  noticed. Orbi,  i.  e.,  of  the  heav- 
ens ;  the  word  limits  contrarius. 

74,  75.  Finge — eurrns  ;  fancy  the  chariot  given  (to  you). Rtttatis 

— ptflis,  the  wheeling  poles  ;  poli,  taken  for  the  heavens,  as  the  extremities 
of  the  axis  of  the  heavens,  in  the  same  way  as  axis  itself,  ciius  axis  {the 
swift-revolving  axis).     Nc  seems  to  be  herc=ita  ut  non. 

76-78.  Forsitan,  etc.    Perhaps  you  are  expecting  to  see  many  fine 


158        METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-779.    II.   1-339. 

things  on  your  way,  as  groves  and  cities  and  shrines  rich  in  gifts  (donis 

limits  ditia) ;  no,  your  way  is  beset  with  snares  and  perils. Ammo 

limits  concipias. For  mas  f  era  rum,  the  shapes  of  wild  beasts  ;  referring, 

in  illustration  of  the  dangers  of  the  way,  to  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  five 
of  which  arc  then  mentioned,  the  Taurus,  Sagittarius  or  Archer,  Leo, 
Scorpio,  and  Cancer. 

80.  The  position  of  per,  as  parted  from  the  noun  which  it  governs,  is 
not  unusual  in  poetry. 

81.  Haemdniosque  anus;  in  allusion  to  the  sign  of  Sagittarius  or 
the  Archer,  who  was  figured  as  a  Centaur.  The  Centaurs  lived  in  Thes- 
saly,  which  was  called  also  Haemonia,  from  a  king  Haemon,  father  of 
Thessalus. 

83.  Scorpiftn,  Greek  ace.  from  the  Gr.  Scorpios. Aliter,  in  a  differ- 
ent direction. 

84-86.  Tibi  limits  in  promptu,  in  readiness,  which  has  here  the  force 
of  an  adj.  prompium,  ready,  easy  ;  nor  for  you  is  it  easy  to  govern,  etc. 
Promptus,  from  promo,  which  is  a  compound  of  emo,  and  means,  literally, 

to  bring  out.     Thus,  prompius,  brought  out,  prompt,  easy. Ignlbus, 

the  abl.  of  cause,  limits  animosos. 

89.  Cave ;  Gr.  581,  IV.  3.  The  que  in  rcsque  connects  corrige  with 
cave. 

91.  Tlmendo,  by  fearing  (for  you). Posses  ;  the  force  of  the  Im- 
perfect (in  the  subj.)  with  utinam  ?    See  Gr.  483,  2. 

101.  Indus,  for  the  ace.  see  n.  above  on  46. 

101.  Prfcmit,  insists  upon  his  purpose. 

105.  Qua  lleuit,  so  far  as  he  might  ;  limiting  cunctatus. 

107.  Summae — rdtae,  of  the  extremity  of  the  wheel,  its  rim. 

109.  Juga,  the  yoke. Chrysdlithi,  literally  (from  the  Greek)  gold 

stone,  topaz. Gemmae,  and  the  (other)  jewels,  aliae  being  omitted. 

110.  Phoebo,  figurative  for  sole  ;  by  the  refection  of  Sol  threw  back 
bright  lights. 

111.  Magnanimus,  high-spirited. 

113.  Plena  rosarum,/w#  of  rosy  light. 

114.  Agin  in  a  cogit ;  chases  the  troops. 

115.  Ndvissimus  ;  last  (of  all)  leaves  his  post  in  the  heavens. 

116.  Quern,  referring  to  Lucifer. Vidit  agrees  with  a  pronoun 

which  refers  to  Titan.     On  Titan  see  n.  i.  10. 

111.  Extremae,  loaning,  in  its  last  quarter. 

118.  On  Horis  see  n.  above  on  26. 

120.  Ambroslae  suco.     They  are  the  horses  of  a  god,  and  so  in  a 


7.   PHAETHOK  159 

sense  divine,  and  fed  with  a  divine  food.  Ovid  fancies  the  ambrosia  as 
a  plant,  and  its  juice  as  the  food  of  the  gods.  So  in  Metam.  iv.  215, 
where  also  the  poet  is  speaking  of  the  horses  of  the  sun ;  Ambrosiam 
pro  gramine  habcnt. 

123.  Patientia,  able  to  bear  ;  with  the  gen.  for  which  see  Gr.  399, 
ii. Rapidae,  swift-consuming. 

127.  Fortius  $  i.  e.,  the  bit*  (loris)  more  than  the  spurs  (stimulis). 

128.  Volentes,  sc.  properare. 

129.  Dircctos,  etc.,  straight  across  the  Jive  zones. 

130.  Sectns,  etc.  The  order  of  the  words  (and  especially  the  word 
itself  obliquum)  is  in  contrast  with  direcios,  etc.  Cut  obliquely  with  a  broad 
bend  is  the  path ;  render,  the  path  cuts  obliquely  with  a  wide  curve.  The 
poet  describes  the  sun's  path,  or  the  Ecliptic,  as  bounded  by  three  zones, 
the  torrid  zone  and  the  two  temperate  zones. 

132.  Arcton,  the  constellation  of  the  Bear,  which  is  near  the  North 
Tole. 

133.  Hae,  sc.  via. 

133.  Manifcsta  5  the  poet  fancies  a  plain  path  through  the  heavens, 
marked  by  the  track  of  the  wheels.  So  also  below,  167,  trilum — spa- 
tium. 

135.  Nec  premc,  neither  drive  too  loiv,  i.  e.,near  the  horizon,  nor  force 
the  chariot  upwards  through  the  heights  of  the  sky.  Cursum  is  the  object 
of  both  verbs.  On  the  expressions  for  the  two  extremes,  and  also  the 
safe  mean,  compare  Horace,  0.  ii.  10. 

136,  137.  Altius,  too  high;  inferins,  too  low.  The  preposition  in 
egressus  implies  the  getting  out  of  the  right  track  into  one  too  high  or 
too  low. 

138,  139.  Here,  too,  the  extremes  are  to  be  shunned ;  and  now,  of 
too  far  to  the  right,  and  too  far  to  the  left,  the  former  toward  the  Serpent, 
which  winds  (torlum)  through  the  heavens,  between  the  Great  and  Little 
Bear  in  the  north  (as  in  Metam.  iii.  45,  geminas  qui  separat  Arctos),  the 
latter  toward  the  Altar,  which  lies  low  (prcssani),  near  the  South  Pole. 

141.  Juvet,  con s  11  la t,  in  the  subj.  depending  upon  oplo,  ut  being 

omitted. Tibi.     What  is  the  difference  in  the  meaning  between  the 

dat.  (tibi)  with  consulo,  and  the  ace.  ? 

142.  Hesperio  litore  ;  tWepoy,  Hesperus,  vesper ;  and  so  the  evening, 

western. Metae  means  primarily  the  cones  of  a  fir-tree,  and  then  the 

three  conical  posts  set  up  at  either  end  of  the  spina  of  a  race-course, 
around  which  the  chariots  ran.  Here  the  word  (metas)  is  figurative  for  the 
bounds  of  the  course  of  the  Night  across  the  sky,  at  the  extreme  west, 


160:        METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-7*9.    II.   1-339. 

the  shore  of  the  western  ocean.  Now  that  Night  has  run  her  course,  the 
Sunmws^  begin  his  (poscimur). 

147.  Dum  belongs  to  adstas  as  well  as  to  potcs. 

149.  Quae  has  lumina  for  its  antecedent,  and  with  species  expresses 
purpose. Sine,  imperative. 

150.  Hie,  referring  to  Phaethon.  The  chariot  is  light  (levcm),  as  it 
bears  now  only  a  youth's  body,  and  not  that  of  Phoebus. 

153.  The  names,  from  the  Greek,  are  all  significant.  Pyrois,  irvp6eis, 
the  Fiery ;  Eous,  'H$os  (but  the  Roman  poets,  as  here,  shorten  the  first 
syllable),  the  Early  (of  the  dawn) ;  Aethon,  Afowv,  the  Burning ;  Phlegon, 
QXeyoov,  the  Flaming. 

155.  Repagula  ;  the  barriers,  the  sun's  course  being  thought  of  as  a 
race.  Comp.  in  Hebrew  poetry,  as  said  of  the  sun,  "And  rejoiceth,  as  a 
strong  man,  to  run  a  race."     Ps.  xix.  5. 

156.  Tethys,  the  goddess  of  the  ocean.  Since  the  sun  is  seen  arising 
from  the  ocean  in  the  morning,  and  sinking  into  it  at  evening,  the  poet 
naturally  represents  Tethys  as  letting  go  the  barriers  (quae  reppulit)  for 
the  sun's  free  course  (copia)  over  the  world. 

160.  Practcrcunt,  pass.  The  poet  has  still  in  mind  the  image  of  a 
race.     They  are  swifter  than  the  winds,  and  leave  them  behind. 

161.  Levc,  the  emphatic  place  at  the  beginning  gives  the  adj.  the 

stronger  meaning  of  too  light. Quod  with  the  subj.  posset  is=tale  ut 

id ;  and  not  such  as  the  horses  of  the  Sun  could  recognize,  i.  c.,  as  their 
usual  weight.     Gr.  £03,  i. 

163.  Jnstc — pondcrc,  regular  weight,  in  the  same  sense  as  Justus  h 
used  with  triumphus  and  cxercitus. 

165.   Dat — saltus,   gives  leaps, =salit,   leaps. Oncrc,   abl.   with 

vacuus  by  Gr.  414,  hi. 

168.  Quo  prins  $  the  antecedent  is  ordine  ;  as  before. 

169,  170.     The  qua — flectat  depends  upon  scit,  as  well  as  qua  sit  iter. 

Nee — illis,  nor  if  he  knew,  could  he  master  them.     We  should  expect 

the  imperfect  sciret — imperarct ;  but  the  poet,  cither  because  of  the  pre- 
ceding present  tenses,  or  because  he  chooses  to  represent  the  scire  as 
possible,  uses  the  present. 

171.  Trioncs  5  see  n.  i.  G4. 

172.  Yetito ;  because  the  constellation  of  the  Wagon  or  the  Wain 
(the  septem  trioncs,  the  seven  stars  in  the  Great  Bear)  is  always  above 
the  horizon. 

173.  Glaciali,  icy,  nsjunctam — Arcton,  in  1.  132,  for  the  North  Pole. 
Serpens,  same  as  Anguis,  in  1.  138,  where  see  note. 


7.   PHAETHON.  161 

17G.  Boote.  Bootes,  Gr.  fSodorris,  the  ox-driver,  the  constellation 
just  behind  the  Wagon.  He  is  called  tardus,  from  his  slow  and  late  set- 
ting. This  constellation  is  also  called  Arctophylax,  when  the  Wagon  is 
thought  of  as  the  Bear. 

179.  Penitns  penitnsqne,  deep  and  yet  deeper  ;  like  Milton's  "  In  the 
depths  a  lower  deep." 

181.  Per  tan  turn  lumen,  in  the  midst  of  so  much  light  darkness  arose 
before  his  eyes  ;  "  dark  with  excess  of  light." 

182.  Mallet.     Comp.  n.  on  nollet,  i.  438. 

184.  Merdpis,  sc.  filius.  Merops  was  the  husband  of  Clymenc.  Phac- 
thon  would  now  gladly  claim  an  humbler  birth. 

185.  Finns,  for  navis,  as  the  ships  were  so  often  made  of  pine. 

Yicta,  i.  e.,  by  the  storm  on  sea. 

186.  Frcna — rector.  The  expressions  arc  transferred  from  a  chariot 
to  a  ship,  from  driving  to  sailing. 

187.  Quid — faciat;  what  is  he  to  do?  a  rhetorical  question.  See 
Gr.  486,  II. 

189.  Fatum — est,  for  him  it  is  not  fated.  What  is  the  primary 
meaning  of  fari,  and  how  is  it  connected  in  meaning  with  our  word 
fate  i 

192.  Nee  noniina;  not  knowing  their  names,  he  can  not  call  to  them. 

193.  Yario  ;  used  in  reference  to  the  many  stars  and  constellations ; 
the  spangled  heavens.  For  miracula,  and  in  the  next  line  simulacra  f era- 
rum,  see  n.  on  78. 

195.  Conc&vat;  an  unusual  word  for  curvat ;  curves  his  claws  into 
tivo  bows. 

197.  Dnornm  5  according  to  the  earlier  view,  which  Ovid  follows,  the 
Scorpion  filled  the  space  of  two  twelfths  of  the  Zodiac ;  but  later  his 
claws  were  fashioned  into  the  sign  of  the  Libra. 

198.  Sndore  venenij  veneni,  because  from  the  Scorpion;  sudor c,  on 
account  of  the  heat ;  he  sweats  poison. 

199.  Cnrvatii  enspide,  the  curved  (pointed)  siing,  at  the  end  of  the 
Scorpion's  tail. 

202.  Exspatiantur,  stray  from  the  track,  from  ex  and  spaiium,  whence 
our  word  expatiate. 

204.  Hac  corresponds  to  qua,  with  via  understood. Sine  lege,  law- 
lessly. 

207.  Spatio,  in  a  track  ;  the  abl.  with  the  omission  of  in,  as  often  in 
poetry. 

208.  Suis,  abl.  with  comparative  inferius  ;  lower  down  than  her  own. 


162         METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-779.     II.   1-339. 

Fraternos,  i.  e.,  of  the  Sun,  as  Artemis  or  Diana  and  her  brother 

Apollo  were  synonymous  with  Luna  and  Sol. 

210.  Quaeque  subject  of  est  understood ;  but  ut — altissima  may  be 
rendered  according  to  its  height.  The  usual  construction  would  require 
ita  maxime  with  corripitur. 

211.  Agit  rimas;  an  expression  not  uncommon  with  Ovid;  so  in 
Metam.  x.  512,  Arbor  agit  rimas;  but  in  iv.  65,  the  noun  is  used  with 
duco  ;  it  splits  and  gets  cracks  in  it. 

213.  Suo  damno,  to  its  own  damage. 

214.  Parva,  i.  c.,  the  things  he  has  already  mentioned  arc  small  mat- 
ters for  complaint ;  but  he  goes  on  to  say  that  great  cities  and  entire  races 
are  consumed. 

217.  In  the  enumeration  which  here  follows,  alike  of  mountains  and 
rivers,  the  poet  seems  to  follow  no  particular  order,  but  only  illustrates 
the  universal  conflagration.  Aihos,  in  Macedonia ;  Tmolus,  in  Lydia ; 
Oete,  in  Thessaly. 

218,  219.  Ide  (or  Ida)  in  Phrygia,  Helicon  in  Boeotia,  and  Hacmos  in 
Thrace. 

221.  Eryx,  in  Sicily,  Cynthus,  on  the  island  of  Delos,  and  Olhrys,  in 
Thessaly,  as  also  (below)  Ossa,  Pindus,  and  Olympus. 

222.  Rhoddpe,  in  Thrace,  and  Mimas,  in  Ionia. 

223.  224.  Dindyma,  also  Dindymus,  in  Phrygia,  Mycale,  in  Ionia ; 
Cithacron,  in  Boeotia,  was  the  seat  of  the  worship  of  Bacchus  (nalus  ad 
sacra)  ;  Caucasus  (with  ardet)  illustrates  the  allusion  to  the  cold  climate 
of  Scythia. 

226.  Appenninus  in  the  spondaic  line  makes  a  fitting  rhythmic  end- 
ing to  the  long  catalogue  of  names. 

230.  Ore  trahit,  inhales. 

233.  Eat,  sit,  subjunctives  of  indirect  question,  in  dependence  upon 
ncscit. 

235.  Tunc  limits  vocato.  Credunt  has  an  indefinite  subject  under- 
stood, as  in  English,  they  believe. In  corpora  snmma,  i.  e.,  to  the 

surface;  the  belief  was,  that  from  the  blood  thus  drawn  to  the  sur- 
face and  becoming  black  from  the  heat  the  people  got  their  dark  com- 
plexion. 

237.  As  in  1.  123  rapidae  Jlammae  meant  the  swift-consuming  fame, 
so  here  raptis  umoribus,  the  swift-consumed  moisture. 

238-240.  Nymphae — deflevere,  the  nymphs  with  disheveled  hair  be- 
wailed the  loss  of  the  springs  and  lakes.  Passis  from  pando.  Dirce, 
a  fountain  near  Thebes ;  Amymdne}  a  fountain  and  river  flowing  into 


T.  PIIAETHON.  163 

Lake  Lcrna,  in  Argolis  (Argos) ;  and  Pirune  in  Corinth,  the  old  name  of 
which  was  Ephyre. 

242.  Tanais,  the  Don.  This  river  and  the  other  rivers  here  are  per- 
sonified as  river-gods.     Hence  mediis  in  undis. 

243.  Peneos,  which  rises  on  Pindus  in  Thessaly ;  a  river  which  forms 

the  valley  of  Tempo. Caicns,  in  Mysia,  in  the  district  of  Teuthrania 

( Teuthranteus\  which  got  its  name  from  a  mythical  king,  Teuthras. 

244.  Ismenos,  near  Thebes  in  Boeotia. Erymanthns,  in  Arcadia, 

and  the  epithet  comes  from  the  city  of  Phegia,  by  which  it  flows.  Ob- 
serve the  hiatus  in  the  fifth  foot,  the  o  in  Phegiaco  being  preserved  from 
elision  ;  this  is  common  with  Ovid  in  using  Greek  words. 

245.  Xanthos,  or  Scamander,  the  famous  Trojan  river.  Itcrum,  be- 
cause Ilomer,  in  II.  21,  342,  represents  it  as  set  on  fire  by  order  of  Juno. 
Lyeormas,  in  Aetolia. 

246.  Maeandros,  in  Phrygia.  The  syllabic  re  in  recurvatis  expresses 
the  many-winding  course  of  the  river ;  whence  our  word  meander. 

247.  Mclas,  in  Thrace,  from  /zeAas,  the  black  river.     The  Mygdones 

were  emigrants  from  Thrace  into  Phrygia. Taenariiis,  from  Tacnarus, 

the  southern  promontory  of  Laconia ;  and  so  the  Eurotas  is  here  called 
Taenarian  instead  of  Laconian.  The  us  in  Taenarius  is  long,  because 
from  the  Gr.  word  which  ends  long.  Gr.  581,  IX.  3.  The  line  is  spon- 
daic. 

249.  Thermodon,  in  Pontus ;  Ganges,  the  well-known  river  of  India. 
Phasis,  in  Colchis,  and  Histcr  (so  better  spelled  than  Ister),the  modern 
Danube. 

250.  Alpheos,  in  Elis. Sperchftfdgs,  from  the  river  Spcrcheos,  in 

Thessaly ;  for  the  short  quantity  es,  Gr.  581,  VI.  3. 

252,  253.  Maeonia  was  the  old  name  for  Lydia,  the  home  of  the 
river  Cayster.  Celebrdrant,  here  in  the  primary  sense  of  celebro,  which 
has  in  it  the  idea  of  great  numbers,  and  so  of  filling  a  place  with  any- 
thing ;  had  filled  ivith  their  song  ;  so  in  Lucretius,  i.  4. 

The  word  volucrcs  refers  to  the  swans,  which  so  early  as  Homer's  time 
(in  Iliad,  2,  461)  gave  celebrity  to  the  banks  of  the  Cayster. 

255.  Adhnc  latet.  It  is  a  playful  fancy  of  the  poet,  that  the  Nile 
hides  its  head  (caput  for  the  head-waters  of  the  river)  from  terror;  but 
the  fact  of  the  sources  of  the  Nile  being  unknown  is  one  that  is  often 
mentioned  by  ancient  writers.  The  discovery  of  these  sources  was  re- 
served for  these  modern  days. 

257.  Ismarfos,  from  Ismarus,  a  mountain  in  Thrace.  Supply  amnes 
from  the  next  line. 


164:         METAMORPHOSES,   I.   748-779.     II.   1-339. 

25  8.  HespMosque,  literally  of  the  evening  (vespers),  and  so  western ; 

and  here  in  relation  to  Greece,  the  rivers  of  the  West. Thybrin,  the 

Grecian,  and  also  the  poetic,  form  for  Tiberim. 

261.  Regem,  i.  e.,  Pluto  with  Proserpine. Terret,  the  light  (lumen) 

terrifies,  as  something  never  before  seen  in  the  lower  world. 

262.  The  subject  of  est  is  id,  which  is  to  be  supplied  as  the  antece- 
dent of  quod. 

261.  Augent.  The  mountains  which  arise  form  new  islands,  thus 
increasing  the  number  of  the  Cyclades  in  the  Aegean  Sea.  For  the  short 
final  syllable  in  Cycladas  see  Gr.  581,  V.  2. 

265.  Cnrvi  describes  the  curve  of  their  backs,  as  they  just  project 
above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

267.  Resupina,  stretched  out  on  their  backs  upon  the  surface  of  the 
deep,  as  is  the  habit  of  seals. 

269.  Doridaque,  etc.     Sec  n.  above,  1.  11. 

272-274.  lit  erat  circnmdata,  surrounded,  as  she  was  ;  in  accordance 
with  the  ancient  idea  that  the  earth  was  encompassed  by  the  sea. 

276.  Opposuitque,  etc. ;  to  shield  her  eyes  from  the  heat. 

277.  Infra  qnam.  Infra  has  in  it  a  comparative  sense,  lower  than,  a 
use  of  the  word  not  unknown  in  prose.  liutfuit,  following  esse,  seems  to 
be  a  very  tame  expression  for  Ovid  to  use. 

278.  Sicca  is  well  applied  to  voce,  because  when  the  throat  is  dry  we 
notice  it  directly  in  the  voice.     But  Merkel  has  the  reading  sacra. 

270.  Si  placet  hoc,  if  this  is  your  pleasure. 

280.  Periturae,  sc.  mihi ;  let  me,  if  destined  to  perish  by  the  forces  of 
fire,  perish  by  your  fire. 

281.  Clademque — Ifcvarc ;  as  if  the  thought  that  Jove  himself  were 
the  author  of  her  destruction  would  be  an  alleviation ;  and  to  lighten  my 
calamity  by  the  thought  (of  thee)  as  its  author. 

282.  Vix,  etc. ;  scarcely  indeed  for  these  very  words  do  I  open  my 

mouth;  so  also  in  i.  181,  ora — solvit. The  preposition  in  expresses 

purpose. 

283.  Prcsserat,  the  heat  had  closed  her  mouth. 

285.  Fructus,  figurative  for  praemia;  such  rewards  as  these,  such 
thanks  (honorem)  as  this  do  you  give  in  return  (refers)  for  my  fruitfulncss, 
and  for  the  service  I  render  ? 

288.  Alimcnta  is  in  apposition  to  fruges. 

290.  Fac  in  the  sense  of  put  the  case,  suppose. With  nndac  sup- 
ply from  the  next  line  mcruerunt. 

291.  Frater  \  Neptune,  Jupiter's  brother. Sortc ;  in  allusion  to 


7.  PHAETHON.  165 

the  myth,  that  after  the  fall  of  Saturn,  his  three  sons,  Jupiter,  Neptune, 
and  Pluto,  drew  lots  for  their  respective  shares  in  their  father's  dominion, 
and  to  Neptune  fell,  as  his  share,  the  sea. 

293.  M$&  is  used  objectively,  as  if  mci  (gen.);  if  you  are  touched  by 
good-will  neither  towards  your  brother  nor  towards  me. 

294.  it,  yet  at  least. Utrnmque,  sc.  polum. 

296.  Atlas ;  the  poet  follows  the  ancient  fancy  of  Atlas,  the  son 
of  the  Titan  Iapetus,  supporting  the  arch  of  the  heavens  upon  his 
shoulders. 

300.  Rernm — snmmae,  i.  e.,for  the  ivelfare  of  the  world. 

301.  Haec ;  it  is  implied  that  she  had  spoken  only  these  things,  and  no 
more,  for,  etc.,  neque  enim,  etc. 

303.  Rettulit — in  se.  The  poet,  departing  from  the  personifica- 
tion of  tcllus,  mingles  here  the  plain  with  the  figurative. Manibus ; 

if  the  word  were  manibus,  with  the  first  syllable  short,  what  would 
be  the  meaning  ?  Compare  the  meaning  of  this  line  with  that  in  L 
139. 

301.  Ipsnm,  i.  e.,  Phoebus. 

308.  Interitura,  sc.  esse,  depends  upon  testatus. 

311.  Libratum,  etc.  The  image  is  that  of  poising  a  spear  or  other 
weapon  before  hurling  it  {librare) ;  and  dextra — ab  aure,  because  in  such 
poising  the  uplifted  hand  would  of  course  be  on  the  right  and  near  the 
ear.  So  Vergil,  ix.  417,  summa  telum  librabat  ab  aure,  where  the  spear 
was  poised  from  the  tip  of  the  ear. 

313.  Expulit.  By  the  figure  called  zeugma  the  verb  is  made  to 
do  double  duty,  first  with  rotis,  to  which  alone  it  properly  applies, 
and  then  with  anima ;  we  should  expect  with  anima  such  a  word  as 
privavit. 

318.  Vestigia,  the  fragments,  which  are  traces  that  once  they  belonged 
to  a  chariot ;  so  sometimes  vestigia  urbis,  of  a  ruined  city. 

322.  Pot  ait  is  used  in  an  aoristic  sense,  as  not  unfrequcntly  of  things 
which  are  wont  to  take  place. 

323.  Divcrso ;  in  the  western  world,  far  off  from  the  original  home 
of  Phaethon. 

324.  Eridaans,  a  mythical  river,  mentioned  by  Ilesiod,  and  also  by 
Herodotus,  the  latter  placing  it  in  the  extreme  west  of  Europe,  and  de- 
scribing it  as  a  river  where  amber  was  found.  Aeschylus  and  Euripides 
also  have  it  in  their  tragedies,  connecting  it  sometimes  with  the  Rhone, 
and  sometimes  with  the  Po. Famantiaque — ora. 

326.  Corpora ;  used  instead  of  the  singular. 


166  METAMORPHOSES,   II.   340-360. 

328.  Excidit.  The  word  is  skillfully  chosen  to  express  both  his  fall 
and  his  failure ;  and  magnis  tamen  comes  in  with  like  skill ;  yet  great  ivas 
the  venture  i?i  which  he  failed. 

329.  Nam,  etc.,  as  a  reason  for  the  father's  not  doing  this  last  office 
to  his  son. 

331.  In  urn,  etc.,  that  one  day  went  without  the  sun. 
333.  Quaecnmqne — dicenda,  the  prayers  and  other  services  usual  at 
a  burial. 

335.  Sinus,  ace.  of  the  part,  with  laniata.  Sinus  primarily  means 
the  folds  of  the  dress.  Such  tearing  of  the  dress,  also  of  the  hair,  is 
often  mentioned  as  a  token  of  grief. Percensuit,  wandered  over. 

336.  Artus,  the  limbs ;  here  put  for  the  body. 

33T.  Peregrina.  The  being  buried  in  a  foreign  land  is  mentioned  as 
an  aggravation  of  the  misfortune. 

8.   The  IIeliades. 
II.  340-360. 

341.  Muncra,  in  apposition  to  lacrimas. Pectora,  ace.  of  the  part. 

343.  Adsternimtur,  used  in  a  middle  or  reflexive  sense ;  throw  them- 
selves upon  his  tomb. 

346.  PhaetMsa ;  the  name  of  Phaethon's  sister,  the  Shining  bright. 
A  similar  name  of  another  sister  in  349,  Lampetie,  from  X&inreiv,  the 
Flaming.  Other  poets  mention  other  sisters,  in  number  (in  all)  some- 
times five,  sometimes  seven. 

351.  Baec,  subject  of  dolet  in  the  next  line. 

352.  Fieri,  are  becoming,  are  turning  into. 

356.  Msi  limits  eat ;  except  to  go,  etc. Hnc  makes  the  antecedent 

to  quo. 

363.  Cortex — yenit.  Ere  she  has  said  the  last  words,  the  bark  closes 
her  mouth. 

364.  Stillata,  the  fact,  well  known  to  the  ancients,  that  amber  was 
an  exudation  from  trees,  undoubtedly  gave  rise  to  this  fancy  of  Ovid's. 
Comp.  Tacitus,  Germania,  c.  45. 

365.  Lucidus  amnis,  the  Eriddnus.     See  n.  above,  324. 

366.  Gcstanda,  to  wear,  i.  e.,  in  the  form  of  ornaments. Nnrns, 

often  used  in  poetry,  as  here,  for  young  women. 


9.   CYCNUS.    GRIEF  OF  PHOEBUS.  167 

9.   Cycnus.     Grief  op  Phoebus. 

II.  367-400. 

367.  Monstro,  used  of  anything  unusual  in  nature,  and  here  of  the 

strange  transformation ,  which  has  just  been  described. Stheneleia, 

the  offspring  of  Sthcnelus  ;  related,  as  mentioned  in  next  line,  to  Clymcne 
{materno). 

369.  Propior,  yet  nearer  in  mind  (by  friendship),  i.  e.,  than  in  blood. 

370.  The  Ligures  inhabited  that  part  of  the  Italian  coast  which  now 
comprises  Nice,  the  southern  part  of  Piedmont,  Genoa,  and  the  western 
parts  of  Parma  and  Piacenza. 

372.  Sororibns,  i.  e.,  of  Phaethon,  who,  now  turned  to  poplar-trees, 
made  the  forest  larger. 

373.  Viro,  dat.  limiting  est  tcnuata ;  Gr.  384,  4,  Note  2.  This  is  a 
regular  Latin  construction,  as  the  dative  expresses  the  relation  to  viro 
of  the  verb's  action. 

375.  Junctnra,  i.  e.,  of  skin. 

376.  T$net  OS,  holds  the  place  of  the  mouth  ;  rostrum  is,  of  course,  the 
subject. 

377.  Joviquc  seems  to  be  added  in  its  original  sense  of  Juppitcr,  as 
the  father  of  day  or  of  light  (Dics-pitcr).  The  root  is  div  (brightness, 
bright  light),  also  djav — djov — djuv ;  and  thus  (D)jov-is,  Jup-patcr,  Jup- 
piter.     So  Dics-piter=Di(v)es-(old  gen.)  pSter. 

380.  Quae  colat;  subjunctive  of  purpose,  to  dwell  in,  chooses  the 
rivers — for  his  dwelling. 

381.  Sqnalidus ;  from  the  custom  of  the  Romans  to  wear  squalid 
dress  as  a  token  of  grief,  squalidus  comes  to  mean  in  mourning.  The 
word  is  here  transferred  from  human  relations  to  divine. 

382.  Deficit  orbem,  when  he  fails,  i.  e.,  when  he  withdraws  himself 
from — the  icorld,  as  in  an  eclipse. 

385.  Satis  limits  irrcquieta,  and  aevi  limits  principiis. 

387.  Mini  with  actorum  as  dat.  of  the  agent. 

388.  Qnilibet  alter,  let  another  ^  whoever  you  please. 

390.  Ipse,  let  himself ;  the  supremacy  of  Jove  making  the  mention 

of  the  name  unnecessary. It  saltern — ponat,  that  at  least  he  may  lay 

aside  ;  i.  o,  that  while  thus  occupied  he  may  give  over  the  sending  of 
thunderbolts  that  bereave  fathers  of  their  sons. 

400.  Objeetat ;  and  reproaches  them  with  the  death  of  his  son,  literally, 
casts  at— as  illis  limits  both  verbs  in  the  line.  Imputat,  imputes,  charges 
it  to  them. 


168  METAMOEPHOSES,  II.   760-796. 

10.  The  House  op  Envy. 
II.  760-796. 

760,  Haupt  mentions  the  personification  of  Envy  by  the  Greek  poet 
Callimachus,  in  his  Hymn  to  Apollo.  But  in  this  passage  the  conception 
of  Envy  and  her  house  is  original  with  Ovid. 

761.  Petit  agrees  with  a  pronoun  referring  to  Minerva. Hnjus 

limits  clomus. 

761.  The  subjunctives  in  the  line  with  quae,  which  has  the  force  of 
talis  ut  ea  ;  of  such  sort  that  it,  etc.,  Gr.  503,  I. 

765.  Belli,  with  mctuenda,  a  poetic  genitive,  which,  however,  some- 
times occurs  also  in  Tacitus.     Gr.  399,  III. Virago.     See  n.  vi.  130  ; 

but  here  the  word  is  used  in  a  good  sense  ;  heroine. 

767.  Extrema  cnsplde,  with  the  point  of  her  spear. 

769.  Alimenta ;  her  own  poisonous  nature  is  fed  by  this  poisonous 
food. 

770.  Yisaque,  ablative ;  from  the  sight  of  her. 

771.  Pigre,  used  adverbially ;  slowly. 

771.  Ingemuit,  etc. ;  from  envy  at  the  superiority  of  the  goddess. 

776.  Acies ;  with  the  negative  nusquam  =  obliquus  (as  below,  787, 
obliquo  lumine;  and  as  in  Horace,  Epp.  i,  14,  37,  obliquo  oculo  ;  and 
Verg.  Aen.  xi,  337,  Invidia  obliqua.  Acies  (acer,  ak),  sharpness  (edge), 
and  then  sharp  vision.     Envy  always  looks  askance. 

778.  Nisi  quern,  except  {that)  ivhich. 

780.  Ingratos,  etc.,  unwelcome  (to  her) ;  and  pines  at  seeing  them. 

781.  Carpit;  carps  (at  others),  and  (in  so  doing)  wears  herself  away. 
So  Thomson  (Seasons,  Spring,  283) :  "  Base  envy  withers  at  another's  joy." 

782.  Odfcrat  agrees  with  a  pronoun  referring  to  Tritoriia ;  quamvis 
qualifies  oderat,  and  tamen  qualifies  adfata  est.  The  goddess  has  the  epi- 
thet from  the  brook  Triton  in  Boeotia,  near  which  she  was  worshiped. 
A.  later  myth  connects  it  with  the  Libyan  river  Triton. 

786.  Reppulit ;  the  goddess  bounds  upward  in  her  flight,  as  behind 
her  she  strikes  her  spear  into  the  ground. 

788.  Successurmn  governs  Minervae,  dative ;  that  it  is  to  succeed  or 
go  well  for  Minerva ;  that  Minerva  is  to  succeed,  i.  e.,  in  her  plan  against 
Aglauros. 

791.  Arccm  \  the  citadel  or  Acropolis  of  Athens  for  the  city  itsslf ;  as 
so  often  Arx  is  used  for  Capitolium,  and  for  Roma.  For  Tritonida,  see 
n.  above,  line  782. 


11.   CADMUS  AND  THE  DRAGON'S  TEETH.     169 

T95.  Ingcniis,  with  men  of  genius.  The  poet  transfers  back  to  the 
mythic  days  the  historic  glories  of  Athens. 

796.  A  striking  passage,  in  illustration  of  an  envious  nature.  She 
can  scarce  help  weeping  at  the  sight  of  prosperity. 

11.   Cadmus  and  the  Dragon's  Teeth. 
III.  14-137. 

14.  Vix  bene  5  see  above,  n.  ii.  47. Castalio — antro,  the  cave  at 

Delphi,  where  was  the  shrine  of  Apollo ;  called  Castalian,  from  the  neigh- 
boring stream  of  Castalia,  in  the  waters  of  which  all  who  came  to  consult 
the  oracle  had  first  to  bathe.  Cadmus  had  asked  the  oracle  where  and 
how  he  was  to  find  his  sister  Europa,  who  had  been  carried  away  by 
Jupiter.  The  oracle  directs  him  to  Boeotia,  where  he  finds  and  slays  the 
dragon  of  Mars. 

17.  Subsfcqirftnr,  follows  close.  Legit  is  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
carpit ;  tracks  her  steps  ;  and  prcsso — gradu  expresses  the  slow  pace  with 
which  he  follows. 

19.  Cephisi;  see  n.  i.  369. Panopc,  a  town  on  the  Cephisus. 

21.  Impiilit  auras,  shook  the  air. 

25.  Figit,  imp'ints  kisses. 

27.  Libandas,  here  used  simply  in  the  sense  of  drawing  water ;  to 
fetch  waters  to  be  drawn,  which  they  were  to  draw  from  the  living  springs. 

30.  Lapidum  compagibns,  by  the  joinings  of  its  stones,  i.  e.,  by  its 
stones,  xchich  were  compactly  fastened  together.  They  thus  formed  a  low 
arch. 

31.  Fecnndus  agrees  with  specus.  Species  represents  the  place  simply 
as  a  cavity  in  the  ground ;  but  antrum  adds  the  idea  of  a  place  to  live  in, 
like  our  word  grotto. 

32.  Martins,  so  called  because  fable  made  the  creature  the  offspring 
of  Mars. Cristis  et  auro,  by  hendiadys  for  golden  scales. 

35.  Qaem,  to  be  construed  with  lucum. Tyria — profeeti,  a  circum- 
locution for  Tyrians,  those  who  came  of  Tyrian  descent. 

43.  Media  plus  parte  =  plus  quam  parte,  more  than  by  the  half,  more 
than  half     Gr.  417,  1,  note  2.     For  the  abl.,  Gr.  423. 

44.  Tanto  corpore,  abl.  of  characteristic.  So  also  quanto,  sc.  corpore. 
For  the  antecedent  of  qui,  in  next  line,  supply  ille  serpens.  The  poet 
makes  a  comparison  between  the  size  of  this  dragon  and  that  of  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Anguis,  ivhich  lies  between  the  Two  Bears,  the  Greater  and 
the  Lesser. 

9 


170  METAMORPHOSES,   III.   14-137. 

46.  Nee  mora,  sc.  est ;  and  =  sine  mora. 

49.  Adflati — Yeneni  may  be  rendered  of  its  poisonous  breath. 

50.  Sol  altissimus,  the  sun  at  high  noon. 

52.  Tegumen — erat?  he  had  for  his  covering. 

56.  Spatiosi  corporis $  gen.  of  characteristic,  §  396,  IV.  Render  huge- 
bodied. 

59.  Moliirem,  from  mola,  a  mill,  means  first  a  stone  for  a  mill,  and 
then,  as  here,  a  stone  as  big  as  a  millstone. 

61.  Wins,  i.  e.,  molaris. Ardiia  celsis.    Here  may  be  observed  the 

difference  in  meaning  of  these  two  adjectives,  arduus,  high  in  the  sense 
of  steep  and  difficult  of  access  ;  celsus  (excelsus)  (from  cell-,  the  stem  of 
cello)  high,  in  the  sense  of  being  thrust  up,  and  so  of  something  that  is 
prominent. Is  cum  in  this  line  a  preposition  or  conjunction? 

63.  Loricae,  in  gen.  limiting  modo,  after  the  manner  of  a  shield,  as 
ivith  a  shield. 

66.  Lentae  means  here  pliant. 

70.  Idqac  refers  to  the  hostile,  and  is  the  object  of  labefccit.  Hostile, 
from  hasta,  is  the  shaft  of  the  spear. 

71.  Vix — eripait,  with  difficult!/  got  it  out  of  his  bach Fcrrum  ta« 

Eicn,  yet  the  iron  point,  etc.  With  great  exertion  the  creature  loosened 
the  spear,  yet  the  point  stuck  fast  in  his  bones. 

76.  Yitiatas  really  expresses  the  result  of  inficit,  and  co  is  to  be  sup- 
plied  as  antecedent  to  ywe=ita  inficit  ut  eo  vitientur  ;  render,  infects  the 
air  with  the  poisonous  breath  which,  etc. 

78.  Cingitar  has  a  reflexive  sense,  encircles  itself  in  the  folds  (spiris). 

78.  Exstat;  the  preposition  expresses  his  standing  out  from  the 
ground. 

79.  Impete,  an  old  abl.  form  from  the  obsolete  impes  ;  has  the  same 
meaning  as  the  common  form  impetu.     Impciis  (gen.)  also  occurs. 

81.  Spollo,  i.  e.,  the  lion's  hide,  which  serves  Cadmus  as  a  shield. 

83.  Praetenta  (from  tendo),  stretched  out  in  front  of  him. Farit, 

etc.  The  dragon  seeks,  but  to  no  purpose  {inania),  to  bite  the  hard 
iron ;  the  sharp  point,  fastening  in  his  jaws,  brings  out  the  poisonous 
blood. 

87,  88.  Se  retrahebat,  retreated. Dabat  retro,  drew  back. Sc- 

dere,  to  sit,  to  sink  deep  ;  an  unusual  construction  of  the  infinitive  with 
arcere;  but  it  is=non  sinebat,  and  by  retiring  prevented  the  blow  from 
sinking  deep. 

90,  91.  Donee,  etc.  Until  the  son  of  Agenor  hurled  his  spear  into  his 
throat,  and  following  him  up  close  (usque)  pressed  him  hard. Dam, 


11.   CADMUS  AND  THE  DRAGON'S  TEETII.      171 

until ;  following  donee,  and  having  the  same  meaning,  dum  is  rather  care- 
lessly used  by  the  poet. Ennti,  sc.  ei,  referring  to  serpens. 

92.  Robftrc  $  this  word,  which  means  strength,  as  in  1.  94,  is  applied, 
as  here,  to  the  quercus,  because  of  the  strength  of  the  trunk  of  the  oak, 

93.  Imae,  the  end  of  the  tail,  because  the  dragon  is  hanging  from  the 
tree. 

94.  The  tree  is  represented  as  groaning  at  the  strength  of  its  trunk 
(sua  robora)  being  lashed  by  the  end  of  the  serpcnVs  tail.  The  object  of 
gemuit  is  the  expression  flagellari  robora. 

98.  Et  tu5  you  also,  an  allusion  to  the  fabled  transformation  of  Cad- 
mus to  a  serpent.  To  this  Milton  alludes  :  "  Never  since  of  serpent-kind 
lovelier,  not  those  that  in  Illyria  changed  Hermione  and  Cadmus."  Para- 
dise Lost,  ix.  505. 

100.  Rigcbant,  stood  on  end. 

102.  Motaeque — ierrae ;  translate  the  motae  as  a  verb ;  and  bids 
him  turn  up  the  soil,  and  to  plant  in  it  the  teeth  of  the  viper. 

105.  Jnssos — dentes,  the  teeth  which  he  was  ordered  to  sow. Semina, 

by  apposition  to  dentes.  ' 

108.  Fide  majns,  by  apposition  to  glaebac — mover i ;  a  thing  beyond 


10T.  Primaqne  is  followed  by  mox — mox,  in  the  next  two  lines.  The 
sharp  points  of  the  spears  make  the  sharp  edge  or  line,  acies,  that  first 
appears  above  the  soil.  The  root  of  acies  is  ak,  which  means  sharpness. 
Thus  it  comes  to  be  used  for  battle-line,  and  then  for  battle,  and  for  army 
in  battle-line. 

108.  Cono.  Conus,  whence  our  word  cone,  means  first  a  fir-cone,  then 
the  cone-like  top  of  the  helmet,  and  then,  as  here,  the  crest  of  horse-hair 
which  waved  from  it.  It  was  painted,  colored  (picto),  as  in  Yerg.  Aen. 
9,  50,  crista  rubra. 

111.  Tollnntnr.  In  the  ancient  theatres  the  curtain  (aulaea)  was 
fastened  to  a  roller  below  the  stage,  and  so  was  raised  at  the  closing  of 
a  play. 

112.  Signa,  the  figures  on  the  curtain,  which  are  wont  first  to  show 
the  face,  and  then  the  rest  by  degrees. 

114.  Ponunt;  the  subject  is  still  signa. lino  in  margine,  at  the 

lowest  border. 

117.  Civilibns — bellis,  our  civil  wars  ;  the  men  were  brothers,  as  it 
were,  having  sprung  from  the  same  sowing. 

120.  Lcto  deiieiat.  Here  is  an  instance  of  the  original  meaning 
of  do,  dere,  to  place,  to  put,  as  distinct  from  do,  dare,  to  give ;  thus  it 


172  METAMORPHOSES,  IV.  55-166. 

means,  with  leto,  the  same  as  our  expression,  to  put  to  death  ;  had  put  to 
death. 

121.  Exspirat,  in  its  literal  meaning  of  breathe  out ;  auras=animam  ; 
modo,  just  now,  as  the  men  had  just  come  into  life. 

122.  SuOj  their  own,  in  distinction  from  any  other  than  themselves. 
_Mwfe=pugna,  in  their  fight  with  one  another. 

123.  Subiti,  who  had  suddenly  sprung  into  being. 

124.  Brevis — sortita  5  spatium  is  the  object  of  sortita  ;  but,  as  the 
English  idiom  is  different,  render,  to  whom  was  allotted  only  a  brief  space 
of  life. 

126.  Quinque  supcrstitibus,  abl.  absolute. 

12?.  Tritonidis  ;  see  n.  ii.  783. 

129.  Sidonian  is  the  same  as  Phoenician,  as  Sidon  was  a  chief  town 
of  Phoenicia,  and  Agenor  was  the  Phoenician  king. 

132.  Sftefcri.  Harmonia  or  Hcrmione,  the  wife  of  Cadmus,  was  the 
fabled  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus. 

135.  Hos  refers  to  nepotes  ;  i.  c.,  Cadmus  lived  to  see  his  grandchil- 
dren quite  grown  up. 

136,  137.  The  sentiment  of  these  lines,  that  no  man  may  be  pro- 
nounced happy  till  his  whole  course  of  life  is  run,  is  ascribed  to  Solon  by 
Herodotus,  i,  32.  It  occurs  also  in  a  fine  passage  in  Sophocles,  the  last 
words  of  the  Oedipus  Tyrannus,  which  describe  the  end  of  the  ill-fated 
Oedipus.  The  sentiment  finds  its  significance  here  in  the  disasters  which 
afterward  befell  Cadmus  and  his  race. 

12.   Pyramds  and  Thisbe. 

IV.  55-166. 

Read  Shakespeare's  version  of  this  story  in  his  "  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,"  Act  V. 

58.  Coctilibns  muris,  with  ivalls  of  burnt  brick;  coctilibus  from 
coquo. IJrbem,  Babylon. 

59.  JVotitiam,  acquaintance. Gradns,  sc.  amoris,  steps  of  love. 

60.  Taedae  5  see  n.  i.  483.  As  taeda  is  equivalent  to  tacda  jugalis,  a 
marriage  torch,  the  poet  will  say :  they  ivould  have  been  duly  joined  in 
marriage,  but — 

61.  The  antecedent  of  quod  is  the  following  line. 

62.  Captis,  as  in  English,  taken  with  a  person ;  they  iccre  taken  with 
one  another  in  equally  ardent  love. 

65.  Olim;  we  may  see  here  the  original  force  of  this  word.    It  is 


12.   PYRAMUS  AND   THISBE.  173 

archaic  for  the  locative  of  illc,  and=illo  tempore;  olim  cum,  at  that 
(former)  time,  when  it  zoas  made  (or  making).  At  the  time  the  wall  was 
made,  it  had  got  split  in  some  way,  and  there  was  a  little  crack  still  in  it. 
See  note  on  ii.  211. 

69.  Et  fecistis,  and  made  it  a  passage  for  the  voice. Iliad  refers  to 

iter  ;  and  safe  through  that  were  wont  to  pass  in  slightest  whisper  (your) 
caressing  words. 

74.  Quantum  erat,  what  great  thing  would  it  have  been  for  you  to  let 
us,  etc.  In  Latin  the  indie,  imp.  is  used  where  we  should  have  expected 
the  subjunctive  pluperfect. Sineres  with  ut  is  the  subj.  of  result. 

75.  With  pater  es,  ut  is  to  be  supplied  from  ut  sineres.  Vel  is  felt  here 
in  its  full  force,  as  coming  from  vellc—or  if  you  would ;  and  so  coming 
to  mean  at  least. 

78.  Diversa,  agreeing  with  sede. 

79.  Parti,  i.  e.,  of  the  wall. 

80.  ]Von — contra,  that  did  not  reach  through  to  the  other  side. 

84,  85.  Ut — temptent ;  used  here  in  the  primary  sense,  to  try,  like 
our  word  attempt ;  to  attempt.     Fallere,  to  escape  the  notice  of. 

87.  Neve ;  the  negative  ne  belongs  only  to  sit  errandum ;  and,  that 
they  may  not  have  to  go  wrong  (so  as  to  miss  one  another)  while  walking 
(spatiantibus),  etc.  With  what  does  spatiantibus  agree,  and  in  what  con- 
struction ? 

88.  Ninus  was  the  husband  of  Semiramis.  Busta,  primarily  the  place 
where  a  corpse  was  burned,  here  means  the  tomb.  As  Shakespeare  has  it, 
"  To  meet  at  Ninus1  tomb,  there,  there,  to  woo." 

92.  Aquis  (praccipitatur) ;  dative =in  oceanum. 

93.  Vcrsato — cardine ;  here  the  same  as  having  opened  the  door,  as 
the  door  in  opening  and  shutting  turns  on  its  hinges. 

95.  Pervenit — sedit  5  a  change  from  present  to  perfect. 

97.  Oblita,  from  oblino,  not  oblita  (see  below,  iv.  677),  from  obli- 
viscor.     What  is  the  construction  of  rictus? 

101.  Fugit — reliquit;  again  a  change  of  tense. 

103,  104.  Redit — laniavit  5  here,  too,  a  change  of  tense.  Bum  in 
prose,  also,  is  joined  with  the  present,  even  when  the  principal  verb  is  in 
the  past  tense. Sine  ipsa  5  i.  e.,  Thisbe ;  without  their  (owner)  herself. 

110.  Nostra^,  in  opposition  to  ilia  (Thisbe),  and  refers  to  Pyramus. 

111.  Jussi — venires ;  unusual,  for  jussi  tc  venire.  See  H.  535,  II. 
note,  and  499,  2. 

115.  Optarc  neccm,  to  long  for  death;  i.  e.,  not  to  be  willing  to  put 
one's  self  to  death. 


174:  METAMOEPHOSES,   IV.    563-003. 

117.  Notac  agrees  with  vesti ;  and,  having  shed  tears  over  (he  well- 
knoivn  garment,  kissed  it. 

118.  Accipe,  etc. ;  drink  now  my  blood  also. 
121  •  Hnmo  is  a  poetical  construction  for  humi. 
122.  Fistula  means  here  a  icater-pipe. 

124.  Eijacnlatur,  in  its  proper  sense,  as  derived  from  jacio.  How  is 
our  word  ejaculate  derived  from  it  ? 

131 5  132.  Utquc — sic,  though — yet.  She  recognizes  the  form  of  the 
tree,  but  is  perplexed  by  the  color  of  the  fruit. 

131.  BnxOj  etc. ;  in  allusion  to  the  yellowish  pale  color  of  the  box- 
tree.     The  same  simile  occurs  in  xi.  417. 

138.  ladignos  ;  cs  immeritos,  innocent. Claro5  clear,  means  here 

loud. 

139.  Comas,  accusative;  II.  378. 

141.  Vultifous  ;  here,  and  144,  vultus,  why  the  plural? 

146.  Visaque — ilia.  Observe  the  quantity ;  at  the  sight  of  her  closed 
them  again. 

148.  E»ar  5  by  metonymy  for  the  scabbard,  which  was  made  of  ivory. 

153.  Sola  agrees  with  morte ;  and  the  subject  of  poteris  is  the  ante- 
cedent of  qui. 

155.  Mens,  vocative;  but  if  parens  had  been  expressed,  the  form 
would  have  been  mi. Parcntes,  i.  e.,  the  patres. 

15T.  Noa  invideatiSj  sc.  mihi,  or  nobis,  the  direct  object  being  com- 
poni ;  the  two  words  make  one  thought — not  grudge,  i.  e.,  grant ;  hence 
ut  non,  instead  of  ne,  after  rogali. 

159.  Unius;  for  the  quantity  of  the  penult,  Gr.  §  577,  3. 

160.  Pnllos;  pullatus  is  the  common  expression  for  "in  mourning.', 
Sec  below,  line  105,  ater. 

164.  Tamen ;  sad  as  was  the  fate  of  these  lovers,  yet,  etc. 
166.  Urna.    The  ashes  of  the  departed  were  collected  in  an  urn  after 
the  body  had  been  burned. 

13.  Cadmus  and  Hermione. 
IV.  563-003. 

Cadmus  and  Hermione  depart  from  Thebes  to  Illyria,  and  there  are 
changed  into  serpents. 

563.  Natam — nepotcm ;  i.  e.,  Ino  and  her  son  Melicertes.  As  Ino,  in 
madness,  threw  herself  and  her  son  into  the  sea,  they  were  said  to  have 
become  sea-deities;  Ino  as  Leucothee,  and  Melicertes  as  Palaemon. 


14.   ANDROMEDA'S  RELEASE.  175 

564.  Malornm ;  the  deaths  of  his  grandsons,  Actaeon  and  Penthcus, 
and  of  his  daughters,  Autonoe,  Agave,  Semele,  and  Ino. 

566.  Locornm  ;  he  ascribes  his  misfortunes  to  the  place,  not  to  him- 
self (sua,  in  line  56V). 

572.  Fnerat,  pluperfect,  because  the  slaying  of  the  dragon  had  pre- 
ceded the  sowing  of  the  dragon's  teeth. 

574.  Si — certii  ira.  Ovid  makes  him  pray,  that  if  the  gods  arc  to 
avenge  the  dragon  by  an  anger  so  sure  in  its  punishment,  he  may  himself 
be  changed  to  a  serpent,  that  thus  the  miseries  which  pursue  him  may 
come  to  an  end. 

575,  576.  Serpens,  appositive  to  ipse  ;  as  a  serpent.  So,  also,  in  the 
next  line  serpens  is  appositive  to  the  subject  of  tenditur. 

590.  Nada  agrees  with  what,  and  why  ? 

596.  Sinns,  folds  or  bosom  of  a  dress;  and  then,  as  perhaps  here, 
used  for  the  bosom  itself. 

600.  Juncto  voluniine,  i.  e.,  together,  or  by  the  side  of  one  another. 
603.  Qttidque  ,  the  que  connects  meminere  with  lacdunt. 

14.   Andromeda's  Release. 
IV.  663-752. 

663.  Hippdtades,  Aeolus,  the  mythical  son  or  grandson  of  Hippotes. 

666.  Parte — pedes,  i.  e.,  loth  his  feet. Telo — unco,  a  crooked, 

sickle-shaped  sword,  which  had  been  given  him  by  Mercury,  called  below, 
121,falcato  ense. Accingitur  is  reflexive:  girds  himself  with,  girds  on. 

667.  Talaribas,  the  winged  sandals,  also  the  gift  of  Mercury. 

669.  Cephcaqne — arva,  the  fields  of  Cephcus  ;  he  was  king  of  Aethi- 
opia. 

670.  Linguae.  Cassiope  had  boasted  that  her  daughter  Andromeda 
surpassed  the  Nereids  in  beauty. 

671.  Pocnas  ;  the  penalty  of  her  mother's  rash  speech  was  the  expos- 
ure of  Andromeda  to  the  sea-monster,  sent  up  by  Neptune  to  ravage  the 

land. Amnion,  the  Libyan  oracle,  had  given  Ccpheus  the  cruel  response, 

that  the  land  could  be  delivered  only  by  his  giving  up  his  daughter  as  a 
prey  to  the  monster. 

672.  Braceliia,  ace.  of  part  with  reUgatam. 

673.  -Abaut hides.  Perseus  was  the  son  of  Danae,  the  daughter  of 
Acrisius,  and  Acrisius  was  the  son  of  Abas. 

675.  Tr&hit  inscius  ignes,  without  knowing  it,  (he)  it  on  fire  with  love. 
678.  Istis — catenis,  of  those  chains  of  yours. 


176  METAMORPHOSES,   IV.    663-752. 

685.  Instanti,  sc.  ei,  referring  to  Perseus. Sua  is  emphatic ;  it  was 

not  faults  of  her  own,  but  her  mother's,  that  had  to  be  told. 

686.  Yideretur,  imperfect  and  in  dependence  upon  indicat ;  but  in- 
dicat  is  historic  present.     Gr.  495,  II. 

687.  Maternae  in  sense  belongs  to  fiducia  ;  her  mother's  confidence  in 
her  (i.  e.,  Andromeda's)  beauty. 

695.  Lacrimarnm — est.  Observe  the  emphatic  place  of  lacrimarum  ; 
for  tears  a  long  time  will  possibly  await  you  ;  for  bearing  aid,  etc. 

697.  Si  peterem,  if  I  were  to  woo  her  ;  but  with  that  he  is  not  content, 
but  he  will  win  her  by  desert  {addere  meritum,  701,  702).  Observe,  too, 
the  emphatic  pronoun  ego ;  if  I,  Perseus,  the  son  of  Jove,  etc. ;  then  he 
would  be  preferred  to  all  others ;  but  he  will  do  more. 

698.  Clansam — auro.  Acrisius  had  shut  up  his  daughter  Danae  in  a 
brazen  chamber,  as  he  had  been  told  by  oracle  that  he  would  be  slain  by 
the  son  of  his  daughter ;  but  Jupiter  gained  access  to  her  chamber  in  the 
form  of  a  golden  shower.  Comp.  Horace  (on  the  power  of  gold),  0.  iii. 
16,  7,  8. 

699.  Gorgftnis  •  Medusa,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons,  who  was  slain  by 
Perseus,  as  related  by  Ovid  in  this  book,  770  seqq.  Her  locks  of  hair  had 
been  turned  by  Minerva  into  snakes. 

702.  Dotibus.  Dos,  primarily  dowry,  used,  as  here,  for  endowments, 
gifts. 

703.  Mca — mca.     With  what  does  the  first  agree  ? 
706.  Rostro,  in  the  abl.  limits  sulcat. 

709,  710.  Quantum — caeli.  Caeli  limits  quantum  as  a  partitive  gen- 
itive ;  the  meaning  is,  that  he  was  as  far  off  from  the  rocks  as  a  Balearic 

sling's  throw. PI  umbo,  the  bullet  of  lead,  hurled  by  the  sling.     The 

people  of  the  Balearic  islands  in  the  Mediterranean  were  famous  stingers. 

715.  Pracbentem  Pliocbo;  as  Phocbo= soli,  the  whole  means  in  Eng- 
lish sunning. 

716.  Aversum,  sc.  eum,  referring  to  draconem,  "  comes  down  upon  him 
from  behind.11 

718.  Per  inane,  through  the  void,  i.  e.,  the  air,  as  inane  is  used  for  aer. 

719.  Frfcmentis,  sc.  ejus,  referring  to  draconem. 

720.  In  at' hides  5  Perseus  was  descended  from  Inachus,  an  ancient 
king  of  Argos. 

725.  Patet,  sc.  ea,  referring  to  fera;  wherever  it  is  exposed. Tcrga 

is  the  object  of  verberat,  and  conchis  in  the  abl.  limits  obsita  ;  and  super 
is  used  adverbially. 

727.  Deslnit  in  pisccm  5  as  in  Horace,  A.  P.,  4,  desinat  in  piscem. 


15.   PROSERPINE.  177 

730.  Ansus ;   he  did  not  venture  longer  to  trust  his  sandals,  as  they 
soaked  in  the  water  and  the  blood. 

732.  The  rock  stands  out  from  the  waters  when  they  are  quiet  {stanti- 
bus), and  is  covered  by  it  when  they  are  in  motion  (opcrilur — moto). 

733.  Sinistra,  sc.  manu. 

734.  Exegit — ferrunij  drove  his  sword  through  his  vitals  with  repeated 


736t  Impleyerc  $  plural  because  cum  plausu  clamor  =  plausus  ct 
clamor. 

739.  Pretiumque  ct — laboris,  at  once  the  price  (prize)  and  the  cause 
of  his  labor. 

741.  Anguifemm  $  see  n.  above,  on  1.  699. 

742.  Natasqne — yirgas,  sea-plants. 

743.  PhorcynWos ;  from  Phorcynis  (gen.  idos),  as  the  Medusa  was 
the  fabled  daughter  of  Phorcys  or  Phorcus,  Homer's  old  man  of  the  sea, 
in  Od.  i.  72. 

744.  ReecilS,  fresh-plucked,  and  hence  the  pith  still  full  of  tap  (bibuld 
— medulla). 

745.  Vim  rapuit  monstri.  Rapuit  is  a  strong  word,  expressing  the 
suddenness  of  the  change,  straightway  took  into  itself  the  power  of  the 
monster.  It  may  be  noticed  here  that,  as  the  Medusa's  head  was  said  ta 
turn  to  stone  whatever  person  looked  upon  it,  Ovid  represents  what- 
ever thing  (as  here  virga)  that  the  head  looked  upon  as  undergoing  the 
change. 

747.  Temptant,  i.  e.,  by  bringing  them  in  sight  of  the  Medusa's  head. 

749»  Illis  refers  to  virgis  ;  and  repeatedly  throw  out  over  the  waves  the 
seeds  of  these.  The  poet  seems  to  be  trying  to  explain  the  continuance  of 
the  corals,  as  though  the  sea-nymphs  get  continually  new  plants  by  sow- 
ing the  seeds. 

750.  Eadem  is  explained  by  the  next  two  lines ;  the  same,  that  they 
take  on  hardness  from  contact  with  the  air.  But  this  theory  of  the  hard- 
ening of  coral  from  contact  with  the  air  is  hardly  more  scientific  than  the 
myth  of  its  formation  by  the  look  of  the  Medusa's  head. 

15.  Proserpine. 

V.  338-571. 

338.  Immissos,  flowing.  The  ivy  {hedera),  conceived  as  the  source  of 
inspiration,  is  constantly  used  of  poets  and  poetry.  So  in  Vcrg.  Eel.  vii. 
25,  hedera  crescentcm  ornate  poctam.    Also  Eel.  viii.  13  ;  and  in  Hor.  Od. 


178  METAMORPHOSES,   V.  338-571. 

i.  1,  29.    Thus  here  Calliope  is  represented  as  having  gatlicrcd  up  with  ivy 
her  flowing  hair. 

343.  Dfcdit — leges  $  so  by  Vergil  Ceres  is  called  legifera  (Aen.  iv. 
58),  because  agriculture,  which  Ceres  promoted,  leads  to  a  well-ordered 
life,  to  the  origin  of  property  and  legislation. 

346.  The  Muse  begins  with  the  fate  of  Typhoeus,  because  the  song  of 
the  Picrides,  which  she  is  answering,  had  celebrated  him  as  the  terror  of 
the  gods. 

347.  Trinacris  $  the  Greek  name  of  Sicily,  from  its  having  three 
promontories,  which  are  named  in  lines  350,  351.  The  giant  is  conceived 
as  imprisoned  under  the  island,  and  his  struggles  produce  the  volcanic 
action  of  Aetna  ;  see  lines  352-355. 

356.  Silentum  5  gen.  plural ;  of  the  silent  {dead). 
361.  Ambibat$  the  old  form  of  ambiebat ;  Gr.  240,  1. 

363.  Erycina,  the  goddess  of  Eryx ;  Yenus,  so  called  from  Eryx  in 
Sicily,  where  she  was  worshiped. 

364.  Natnm — volucrem  \  i.  e.,  Cupido  or  Amor,  her  winged  son. 

365.  Arma5  etc.  So  Verg.  Aen.  i.  664  :  Nate,  meae  vires,  mea  magna 
potentia  solus  ;  because  it  is  through  his  hand  and  arms  that  Venus  ex- 
erts her  power. 

368.  Triplicis;  see  n.  on  ii,  291. 

371.  Ccssant,  hold  back,  i.  e.,  from  submission  to  your  power . 

372.  Agitur,  is  at  stake  ;  i.  e.,  whether  you  are  to  win  or  lose  it. 

377.  Easdem  \  i.  e.,  the  same  as  Pallas  and  Diana ;  viz.,  to  continue 
ever  virgin  goddesses. 

378.  Pro  socio  regno,  for  the  sake  of  our  common  dominion. 

Ea5  by  attraction  to  gratia,  instead  of  ejus  (rei)  ;  if  you  have  any  regard 
for  that,  i.  e.,  for  our  common  dominion. 

379.  Patruo,  her  uncle,  i.  e.,  Pluto,  as  Proserpine  was  the  daughter 
of  Jupiter,  Pluto's  brother. 

382.  Audiat,  for  ob-audiat  or  obediat,  more  obedient  to  the  bow;  the 
arrow  is  personified,  as  though  it  heard  and  obeyed  ;  the  verb  is  in  the 
subj.  expressing  result. 

385.  Ilennaeis,  of  Henna  or  Enna,  in  Sicily. 

387.  Cycnornm  5  the  Cayster,  in  Lydia,  was  famous  for  its  swans ;  see 
n.  on  ii.  253. 

389.  Ut  Te!o5  as  with  a  veil ;  in  allusion  to  the  awning  spread  over 
the  theatres  (which  had  no  roof)  to  protect  the  spectators  from  the  sun 
and  rain. 

395.  The  verse  marks  well,  in  its  rhythm,  the  rapidity  of  the  ac- 


15.  PROSERPINE.  179 

tion  it  describes ;  Ovid  reminds  us  here  of  Caesar's  words,  Veni,  vidi, 
vici. 

398.  Laniarat.     The  act  expresses  her  terror  and  grief. 

404,  Obscura — fcrruglnc  ;  as  above,  1.  360,  the  horses  were  dark, 
atri,  so  the  reins  (as  everything  in  the  infernal  regions)  have  a  dusky 
hue. 

406.  Palicorum ;  the  Pallci  were  thought  to  be  sons  of  Jupiter  and 
Thalia.  Their  name  was  given  to  the  city  of  Palica,  not  far  from  Enna, 
and  also  to  the  lake,  here  referred  to,  in  which  were  boiling  sulphurous 
springs. 

407.  Bacchiadae,  the  descendants  of  the  Heracleid  Bacchis,  a  race  of 
rulers  in  Corinth,  who  afterwards  settled  Syracuse  in  Sicily. 

409.  Cyanes — Arethusac,  gen.  for  the  more  common  construction  in- 
ter Cyanem  et — Arethusam.  The  last  syllable  of  Pisaeae  is  preserved 
from  elision  before  the  initial  vowel  of  the  following  word.  Cyane  and 
Arethusa  are  here  described  as  nymphs  of  the  fountains  which  bear  their 
names,  the  former  on  the  western,  the  latter  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
great  harbor  (aequor)  of  Syracuse.  The  Cyane  springs  from  a  marsh 
and  flows  into  the  Anapus,  and  this  flows  into  the  harbor.  On  the  east  of 
the  harbor  is  the  peninsula  Ortygia,  on  which  was  the  fountain  of  Are- 
thusa. Arethusa  is  here  called  Pisaean,  from  Pisa  in  Elis,  as  it  was  a 
poetic  fancy  that  the  nymph  Arethusa  was  pursued  by  the  river-god  Al- 
pheus  from  Elis  to  Sicily ;  or  that  the  Alpheus,  after  having  flowed  into 
the  Ionian  Sea,  re-appeared  in  Sicily  as  the  fountain  Arethusa.  Shelley's 
poem,  "  Arethusa,"  should  be  read  in  comparison  with  Ovid. 

413.  Summa — alvo,  as  high  as  the  waist. 

416.  So  Vergil,  Georg.  iv.  476,  si  parva  licet  componcre  magnis. 

417.  Anapis  ;  the  usual  form  is  of  the  o-decl.  Anapus. 

420.  Saturnius,  the  Saturnian,  name  of  Pluto,  as  son  of  Saturn. 

421.  la  gurgitis  inia,  poetic  for  In  gurgitem  imum,  into  the  depths  of 
the  lake. 

422.  Contortam — condidit,  swung — and  plunged — his  scepter,  etc. ;  in 
English  we  thus  use  two  verbs,  where  the  Latin  has  a  participle  and  a 
verb. 

429.  Extcnnatar  ;  a  strong  expression  for  the  nymph's  pining  away 
and  being  absorbed  into  the  stream,  as  is  described  in  the  next  following 
lines.     What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  extenuatur  ? 

431.  De  tota,  sc.  ilia,  of  the  whole  of  her ;  i.  c.,  of  her  icholc  body. 

439.  Profundo,  for  mari,  in  every  sea. 

440.  Illaaij  i.  e.,  Cererem.     Preserve  the  Latin  order  in  translating. 


180  METAMORPHOSES,   V.   338-571. 

Her,  not  Aurora,  as  she  comes,  etc. Fdis,  because  she  is  thought  of  as 

coming  up  out  of  the  sea. 

441.  Duabns  5  thus  holding  one  of  the  pine  torches  (pinus)  in  each 
hand. 

444.  Alma  5  in  poetry  the  gender  of  dies,  as  here,  is  often  feminine 
when  the  word  has  its  ordinary  meaning ;  but  in  prose,  only  when  it 
means  an  indefinite  period. 

450.  Dulce,  used  as  a  substantive,  a  sweet  drink. 

453.  Parte,  the  half. 

454.  Mixta,  agrees  with  polenta,  and  is  to  be  joined  with  cum  liquido. 

455.  Quae — gessitj  and  what  just  now  he  carried  as  arms,  he  carries  as 
legs. 

458.  Parva — laccrta,  than  a  small  lizard. 

461.  Stellatns,  i.  e.,  the  stcllio  (as  if  from  stella),  the  spotted  lizard. 
463.  Quacrenti,  etc. ;  i.  e.,  in  her  search  she  wanted  another  world ; 
this  world  she  had  searched  through  and  through. 

465.  Mutata,  as  described  above,  429  seqq. 

466.  Volenti,  sc.  ei,  depending  upon  aderant. 

468.  Notam,  agrees  with  zonam.     Parcnti,  i.  e.,  to  Ceres. 

470.  Persfcphtines  5  the  poet  here  chooses  the  Greek  name  for  Proser- 
pina, perhaps  because  the  latter  was  less  easy  in  verse. 

473.  Repetita,  though  a  participle  and  agreeing  with  pectora,  may  bo 
translated  repeatedly. 

478.  Parfli,  in  dat.  agreeing  with  leto.     Parilis  is  poetic  for  par. 

480.  Fallere  depositnm  5  the  full  and  more  common  expression  would 
be,  fallere  eum  qui  deposuit,  sc.  semina.  The  seed  put  in  the  ground  is 
something  intrusted  to  it,  like  a  deposit  in  a  bank ;  thus  the  words  may 
be  rendered,  "  to  betray  their  trust."     Hanson  and  Rolfe. 

481.  Tcrrac,  i.  e.,  Sicily,  well  known  for  the  fruitfulness  of  its  soil. 

482.  Falsa  follows  up  fallere,  and  so  is  a  better  reading  than  cassa  ; 
lies  there  betrayed. 

484.  Sideraque  ;  the  que  is  lengthened  by  the  arsis. Volacres — 

legunt ;  as  in  the  parable  of  the  sower,  "  the  fowls  of  the  air  came  and 
devoured  them  up  " ;  and  volucrcs  means  radically  the  same  as  the  Saxon 
word  foivls. 

485.  Lftlimn  triMlique,  the  tares  and  the  thorm. Gramen  in  the 

next  line  is  also  one  of  the  subjects  of  fatigant. 

487.  Alpheias  5  this  patronymic  is  given  to  Arethusa,  from  the  fan- 
cied relation  to  the  river-god  Alpheus.     See  n.  on  409. 

491.  Tlbi,  dat.  limiting  fidae  ;  terrae,  dat.  limiting  irascere. 


15.   PROSERPINE.  181 

492.  Meruit,  here  in  a  bad  sense,  no  ill-desert 
494.  Pisa ;  see  n.  on  Pisacac,  4.09. 

499.  Yfcnietj  etc. ;  there  shall  come  a  seasonable  time  for  my  narrative 
(about  this),  when,  etc, 

504.  Liibor,  not  labor,  and  so  is  the  verb,  not  the  noun.  Wltilc  I  was 
gliding.  The  pres.  with  dum,  as  a  kind  of  historical  present,  occurs  also 
in  prose,  especially  in  Livy. 

505.  Visa  taaj  etc.  Your  Proserpine  was  seen  there  by  these  eyes  of 
mine. 

507.  Sed — tamen  follows  up  Ilia  quidem.  She  was  indeed  sad — but 
yet  queen.     So  also  with  the  following  sed,  and  sed  tamen. 

509.  Ceu — saxca,  as  if  turned  to  stone,  petrified.  Then  the  following 
altonitae  has  here  its  full  meaning  from  tono  ;  was  for  a  long  time  like  one 
thunderstruck. 

512.  Nubila  ;  an  adj.;  lowering.  In  the  next  line  invidiosa,  full  of 
hale. 

517.  Illius,  for  her. Nostro,  i.  e.,  non  Junonis  ;  because  she  zcas 

born  of  me. 

519.  Si  repfcrire,  etc.  If  you  call  it  finding,  to  lose  with  the  more  cer- 
tainty. 

521.  Praedonc — non  est;  these  words,  and  especially  praedone  ma- 
rito,  follow  closely  reddat ;  and  then  the  pronouns  tua  and  mea  are  em- 
phatic. The  sense  is :  my  daughter  does  not  deserve  to  have  a  robber 
for  her  husband,  and,  of  course,  yours  does  not. 

523.  Excepit,  took  up  her  words,  i.  c.,  immediately  answered  her  thus. 

525.  Injuria  is  the  predicate,  as  well  as  amor  ;  this  act  is  not  a  wrong, 
it  is  love. 

528.  Quid,  quod,  as  usual,  introduces  here  something  stronger  than 
what  has  been  said  before.  He  has  just  said,  even  tliough  the  other  things 
be  wanting  ;  but  now  he  says,  the  other  things  are  not  wanting.  What 
(say  you  to  this),  that  the  other  things  are  not  wanting,  nor  does  he  give 
way  to  me,  except  by  lot.  Jupiter  will  persuade  the  mother  that  it  is  a 
pre-eminently  good  match  for  her  daughter. 

531.  Lege — certii,  on  the  fixed  condition. 

532.  Foedere.  Foedus,  as  a  thing  fixed  by  agreement,  is  here  used 
in  the  sense  of  a  law. 

534.  Jejuni  a — solvcrat,  had  broken  her  fast. 

535.  Dum — crrat.  See  n.  on  dum — labor,  504.  Of  these  cultivated 
gardens  (cultis—hortis)  in  the  lower  world,  Haupt  quietly  remarks,  that 
they  seem  to  be  a  discovery  of  Ovid's. 


182  METAMORPHOSES,   VI.   1-145. 

536.  Poeniceum — pomnm,  purple-red  fruit,  i.  e.,  a  pomegranate.    The 

color  gives  the  name  Punica  to  the  kind  of  fruit  to  which  it  belongs. 

Curva,  bent,  i.  e.,  under  the  weight  of  the  fruit. 

540.  Avernales ;  from  Avernus,  which  is  used  for  the  waters  of  the 
lower  world,  and  then,  as  here,  for  the  lower  world  itself.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  the  Gr.  "Aopvos,  without  birds,  as  the  name  was  applied 
to  places  whose  poisonous  air  was  fatal  to  birds,  and  especially  to  the 
lacus  Avernus  in  Campania,  which  Vergil,  Aen.  vi.  237,  represents  as  the 
entrance  to  the  lower  world. 

541.  Achfcronte,  name  of  a  river,  and  then  of  a  river-god  in  Hades. 
The  word  is  Gr.  'Axepav,  the  stream  of  woe,  or  as  Milton  describes  it  in 
a  passage  in  Paradise  Lost,  B.  ii.  5*79,  "  Sad  Acheron,  of  sorrow,  black 
and  deep."  See  the  passage  for  like  descriptions  of  the  Styx,  Cocytus, 
Phlegethon,  and  Lethe. 

544.  Avem  5  the  bird  was  the  owl,  in  Latin,  bubo,  as  below,  550. 

546.  SiM  ablatns,  i.  e.,  robbed  of  his  former  self. 

552.  Ach$loides,  daughters  of  Achelous  (an  Aetolian  river-god)  and 
the  Muse  Melpomene,  the  Sirenes.  The  fable  was  that  these  were  the 
companions  of  Proserpine,  when  she  was  carried  away  by  Pluto.  In 
seeking  her  all  in  vain,  they  wished  they  might  have  wings,  and  there- 
after they  had,  with  the  faces  and  voices  of  maidens,  the  plumage  and 
wings  and  feet  of  birds,  as  described  in  succeeding  lines. 

555.  Doctae,  skilled  (in  song). 

557.  Curam,  careful  search. 

559.  Faciles,  compliant. 

563.  Remansit,  agrees  with  vox,  the  nearer  noun ;  and  the  verb  in  plu- 
ral understood  with  the  other  nom.  vultus. 

564.  Mcdins,  mediating  between  his  brother,  etc. 

565.  Volventem — annum,  the  rolling  year ;  as  in  Thomson's  line  in 
his  *'  Seasons,"  "  The  rolling  year  is  full  of  Thee." 

566.  Duoranij  i.  e.,  the  upper  world,  and  the  lower. 

16.  Araciine,  or  the  Spider's  Web. 
VI.  1-145. 

1.  Tritonia  5  a  name  of  Pallas,  from  Triton,  a  stream  in  Boeotia,  the 
fabled  place  of  her  birth.  Some  writers  take  the  name  from  Tritonis,  a 
lake  in  Africa,  and  for  a  similar  reason. 

2.  Aonidnm  5  the  Muses  were  so  named  from  the  Boeotian  hill  Heli- 
con.     Aonia  was  a  district  in  Boeotia:  sec  n.  i.  313. 


16.  ARACHNE,   OR  THE  SPIDER'S  WEB.        183 

3.  Laudarc ;  she  had  praised  the  Muses,  but  that  was  too  little  (pa- 
rum)  ;  her  own  merits  (ipsae)  needed  to  be  vindicated  against  the  preten- 
sions of  Arachne. 

5.  Maeftniae.    See  n.  ii.  253. 

6.  Sibi.  Pallas  was  conceived  as  the  inventress  of  weaving  and  cm- 
broidery. 

9.  Murfce  ;  the  murex  was  a  shell-fish  from  which  an  extract  was 
gotten  for  a  purple  dye ;  it  was  taken  at  different  places,  here  at  Pho- 
caea,  a  town  of  Ionia,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

11.  Aequa,  i.  e.,  in  origin  and  rank. Ilia,  i.  e.,  Arachne. 

12.  Studio,  by  diligence  in  her  art. 

13.  Hypaepis.     Hypaepa  (neuter)  was  a  town  in  Lydia. 

15.  Timoli.  Timolus  or  Tmolus  was  a  mountain  in  Lydia,  famous  for 
its  vineyards.  The  river  Pactolus  had  its  rise  on  one  of  the  heights  of 
Tmolus. 

18.  Cam  ficrent,  when  they  were  making.  They  took  delight  in  watch- 
ing the  weaving  through  all  its  processes,  as  Arachne  handled  all  with 
such  grace  {decor).  The  poet's  own  touch  of  description  in  the  succeed- 
ing lines  may  well  yield  an  equal  delight. 

19.  Rndem ;  as  we  say,  in  its  raw  state.  The  orbes  arc  the  balls  of 
wool,  made  ready  for  the  colus,  distaff. 

20-23.  Here  the  poet  briefly  alludes  to  the  drawing  out  with  the  fin- 
gers (digltis  subigebai)  of  the  fibres  of  wool  from  the  distaff,  then  the  soft- 
ening them  and  making  them  finer  by  the  fingers  or  the  carding-comb 
(repetitaque — tractu),  then  the  twisting  them  into  threads  by  the  spindle 
(I8vi—fusum),  and  finally  the  embroidering  of  the  fabric  with  the  needle 
(pingebat  acu). 

20.  Snbigebat  is  more  special  than  tractabat  would  be  :  plied  the  work. 

21.  YellSra,  the  flocks  ofioool.  By  nebulas  aequantia  he  compares  the 
flocks  with  clouds,  as  we  say  in  English,  the  fleecy  clouds  ;  they  vied  with 
such  fleecy  clouds  in  softness  and  fineness. 

22.  Tferetem — fasnm,  twirled  the  smootlwcorn  spindle.  The  distaff, 
loaded  with  the  wool,,  was  held  with  the  left  hand,  and  then  the  fibres 
were  drawn  down  with  the  right  to  the  spindle,  which  was  set  twirling 
with  the  thumb  and  finger,  and  so  twisted  the  fibres  into  a  thread.  See 
the  illustration  in  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  Antiquities/'  under  Fusus. 

24.  Tan  til  que  ;  she  took  it  as  an  offense  that  she  was  thought  a  pupil 
of  Pallas,  and  yet  Pallas  was  so  great  a  teacher  in  the  art. 

29.  Quae  fugiamus,  for  us  to  shun  ;  the  subj.  expresses  purpose. 

Csus  means  experience. 


184  METAMORPHOSES,   VI.   1-145. 

31*  Maxima  $  in  translation  to  be  taken  with  inter  mortales. 

34.  Toryis,  sc.  oculis,  as  is  clear  from  aspicit. 

36*  Obscuram  refers  to  the  disguise  of  the  goddess. 

38.  Istas — voces,  those  words  of  yours. 

41.  Profecisse,  that  you  have  gained  anything. Eadem,  i.  e.,  the 

same  that  I  had  before  you  gave  your  advice. 
45.  Nurus?  used  here  in  the  sense  of  puellae. 

53.  Consistunt.  The  earliest  looms  were  upright  ones,  and  so  the 
posture  was  a  standing  one.     Thus  in  iv.  275,  stands  telae. 

54.  Telas  5  tela,  contracted  from  tex-la  (from  texo),  means  first  the 
web  itself ;  then,  as  in  55,  the  warp,  and,  in  this  sense,  hardly  differing 
from  stamen,  from  stare  ;  then,  as  here,  the  loom. 

55-58.  The  jugum  (literally  yoke,  as  it  joined  the  two  uprights  of 
the  loom)  was  the  beam  from  which  hung  the  warp  (tela  in  this  line),  and 
substantially  the  same  as  stamen,  the  fibres  being  thought  of  as  standing, 
or  as  the  material  for  weaving.  The  harundo,  the  reed,  is  a  rod  which 
separates  (sccernit)  the  threads  of  the  warp,  passing  in  and  out,  before 
and  behind  each  alternate  thread,  thus  separating  the  whole  into  two 
parcels,  and  forming  a  passage  for  the  shuttle,  radius,  56.  The  sublemen 
is  the  ivoof,  the  threads  of  which  are  passed  in  by  the  shuttle,  and  then 
driven  home  by  the  pecten,  or  comb,  the  teeth  of  which,  insccti — denies,  in- 
serted between  the  threads  of  the  warp,  drive  the  woof-threads  close  to- 
gether. Properly  it  is  the  pecten  which  is  insectus,  but  here  the  teeth  arc 
said  to  be  cut  into  the  comb. 

60.  Studio — laborcm,  their  interest  beguiling  the  toil. 

61.  Tyrium — aenum,  the  Tyrian  vat,  as  the  best  purple  dye  was  made 
at  Tyre.  The  purpura  here  expresses  the  wool,  which  has  thus  felt  the 
Tyrian  dye,  and  is  now  wrought  into  the  woof  of  the  texture.  The  dye 
was  yielded  by  a  fish  called  murex.     See  note,  vi.  9. 

62.  Tenues — umbrae  5  the  fine  shades  of  the  colors,  their  difference  so 
slight,  suggest  the  simile  of  the  rainbow. 

63.  Solibus  5  when  the  sun's  rays  are  struck  by  the  rain-drops  (ab  im- 
bre  percussis). 

66.  Transitus,  the  transition  from  one  color  to  another. Fallit, 

escapes  the  notice  of. 

67.  Usque,  etc. ;  so  is  (that),  which  touches,  the  same  ;  every  color  is 
so  like  the  one  next  it ;  yet  the  remotest,  the  first  and  the  last,  are  quite 
unlike. 

68.  Lentum,  flexible. Immittitur,  is  let  in. 

69.  Tela  here  means  all  that  has  been  woven,  the  web.     See  above, 


16.   ARACHNE,   OR  TIIE  SPIDER'S  WEB.        185 

n.  1.  54. Argamentuni,  as  of  a  poem,  is  here  the  subject  of  the 

work. 

70.  Scopuluin  Mavortis,  the  hill  of  Mars,  or  the  Areopagus,  which  was 
near  the  Acropolis  of  Athens ;  though  the  poet  rather  loosely  says  in  arce. 

71.  Litem.  The  contention  was  between  Neptune  and  Pallas,  which 
was  to  give  a  name  to  the  city  when  it  was  built.  The  agreement  was 
that  whichever  should  make  the  more  useful  present  to  mankind  should 
be  the  victor  in  the  contest.  While  Neptune  created  the  horse,  Pallas 
created  the  olive,  and  won  the  prize. 

72.  Bis  sex  5  the  twelve  celestial  gods,  or  Dii  Superni ;  as  given  in 
two  verses  from  Ennius  (quoted  by  Haupt),  Juno,  Vesta,  Minerva,  Ceres, 
Diana,  Venus,  Mars,  Mercurius,  JovP  (Jovis  =  Juppiter),  Neptunus,  Vul- 
canus,  Apollo. 

74.  Inscribit,  makes  the  inscription ;  the  face  so  perfectly  wrought 
into  the  texture,  that  no  name  needs  to  be  inscribed. 
77.  Ferum,  sc.  equum.    See  n.  71. 

79.  Acglde,  the  famous  aegis,  having  on  it  the  Medusa's  head,  origi- 
nally forged  by  Vulcan  for  Jove  (Homer,  II.  15,  310),  and  afterward  worn 
as  a  coat  of  mail  by  Pallas. 

80.  Simiilat,  represents. 

82.  Victoria,  here  put  for  that  which  won  the  victory  (see  n.  on  71), 
the  olive  ;  compare  below  1.  101. 

84,  Ausis.  As  a  lesson  to  Arachne,  the  goddess  weaves  into  the  four 
corners  of  the  work  illustrations  of  presumptuous  mortals  who  ventured 
(like  Arachne)  to  compare  themselves  with  the  gods. 

86.  Distincta,  set  off.  The  sigilla,  diminutive  of  signa,  are  little  pic- 
tures. 

89.  Nomina.  Rhodope  and  Haemon,  sister  and  brother,  were  wont 
to  call  one  another  Zeus  and  Hera,  Jupiter  and  Juno ;  afterwards  changed, 
as  the  poets  fabled,  into  mountains. 

90.  Pygmacae.  It  is  a  story  as  old  as  Homer  (II.  3,  5)  that  the  Pyg- 
mies (Uvyixatoty  irvyfi^,  Tom  Thumbs)  and  the  cranes  were  at  war  with 
one  another.  Ovid  here  touches  a  story  of  a  Pygmaean  woman,  Gerana 
(the  Gr.  for  crane),  or  Oenoe,  as  sometimes  called,  who  for  presumption 
was  changed  by  Juno  into  a  crane,  and  also  made  an  enemy  to  the  Pyg- 
mies (mis — populis).  Juvenal  has  a  passage  on  these  ancient  Liliputians 
in  Satire  xiii.  167-170. 

93.  Antigdnen ;  daughter  of  Laomedon,  who  in  conceit  of  her  long 
flowing  hair  compared  herself  with  Juno,  and  was  turned  by  the  goddess 
into  a  stork  (eiconia). 


186  METAMORPHOSES,   VI.   146-312. 

98.  Clnyran.  The  daughters  of  Cinyras,  an  Assyrian  king,  were 
turned  into  the  steps  of  a  temple  of  Juno. 

101.  Pacalibus  ;  peaceful,  as  the  olive  was  a  symbol  of  peace. 

103.  In  this  line,  and  the  following  ones  to  114,  the  poet  describes 
the  subjects  of  Arachne's  work.  They  all  illustrated,  in  dishonor  of  the 
gods,  transformations,  by  means  of  which  Europa,  Asterie,  Leda,  and 
others  were  abducted  by  Zeus. 

111.  Nycteida,  Antiope,  daughter  of  Nycteus,  king  of  Boeotia. 

Gemino — fetu ;  i.  e.,  Amphlon  and  Zethus. 

112.  Amphitryon  was  king  of  Tirynth  ;  and  Tirynthia  refers  to  Alk- 
mena,  his  wife. 

113.  Asoplda  ;  Aegina,  the  daughter  of  the  river-god  Asopus. 

114.  Deoida  $  Persephone,  the  daughter  of  Ayd,  a  name  for  Demeter. 

129.  Carpere,  carp  at 

130.  Virago  \  from  vir,  used  of  Pallas,  from  her  masculine  appear- 
ance and  qualities.  Here  Minerva's  feeling  of  resentment,  and  its  results 
in  action  in  the  next  line,  seems  to  make  a  transition  to  the  bad  sense  of 
the  word  in  the  English,  virago. 

131.  Crimina.  The  excellence  of  the  work  seemed  to  criminate,  or 
cast  a  reproach  upon  the  goddess. 

132.  CytorIaci9  from  Cytorus,  in  Paphlagonia,  which  abounded  in  box- 
trees  ;  the  radii,  shuttles,  were  made  of  box-wood. 

137.  Ne  sis  secura,  i.  c.,  to  keep  her  anxious  about  the  future  ;  oth- 
erwise there  might  be  a  hope  of  being  changed  back  again. 

138.  Dicta — generi ;  the  penalty  was  to  act  upon  her  posterity  just 
the  same  as  upon  herself.  The  poet  uses  7icpotibus,  as  he  is  thinking  of 
the  transformation  from  a  human  being. 

139.  Hecateidos,  of  Hecate,  because  with  the  ancients  she  was  the 
mistress  of  all  magical  charms  and  spells.  ,So  also  Shakspeare,  in  "  Mac- 
beth," makes  Hecate  preside  over  the  witch-scenes. 

145.  Telas.  See  n.  on  telas,  54.  Antiquas  and  rcmittil  are  playfully 
used,  as  the  aranca  now  spins  and  weaves,  even  as  before  Arachne. 

IV.  Niobe,  or  Latona's  Revenge. 
VI.   146-312. 

147.  Rumor,  i.  e.,  of  the  fate  of  Arachne. 

148.  Illam  refers  to  Arachne.     Thalamos  is  here=nuptias. 

149.  Maeoniam  5  the  Homeric  name  for  Lydia  and  Phrygia. Si- 

pylum  5  the  name  of  a  hill  and  town  in  Phrygia. 


17.   NIOBE,   OR  LATONA'S  REVENGE.  187 

150.  Popiilaris,  her  countrywoman,  as  they  both  lived  in  Phrygia. 

152.  Sed  cnim.  The  sed  qualifies  the  idea  contained  in  multa  dabant 
animus,  i.  e.,  but  nothing  gave  her  such  proud  feelings  (animos)  as  her 
children ;  the  cnim  qualifies  sic  placucrc,  etc. ;  for  neither  her  husband's 

arts,  nor  the  race — and  the  poiccr — pleased  her  so  much,  etc. ArtCS 

refers  to  Amphion' s  skill  in  music  and  song. 

153.  Genus  ambornm.  Amphion  and  Tantalus  were  both  sons  of 
Jupiter. 

156.  Si — fuissetj  if  she  had  not  seemed  such  to  herself ;  in  allusion  to 
her  pride.  The  sentence  reminds  one  of  Tacitus's  words  concerning  Gal- 
ba :  omnium  consensu  capax  imperii,  nisi  imperassct,  Hist.  i.  49. 

157.  Manto  was  a  famous  prophetess.  The  word  is  Greek,  from  fxav- 
T€i>€(T&ai,  vaticinari. 

159.  Ismenides,  for  Thebaides,  from  Ismenus,  a  river  near  Thebes. 

160.  Duolms,  her  two  children,  Phoebus  and  Artemis,  or  Apollo  and 
Diana. 

161.  Lanro  $  because  the  laurel  was  sacred  to  Phoebus. 

165.  Celebcnima  carries  the  idea  of  great  numbers;  encompassed 
with  a  crowd  of  attendants. 

166.  Vestiims,  dat.,  limiting  intexto. 

167.  Movcnsquc — capillos,  in  expression  of  haughty  anger;  and  shak- 
ing, together  with  her  head,  her  hair,  which  flowed  down  on  either  shoiddcr. 

169.  Alta,  to  be  translated  adverbially,  loftily. 

170.  Anditos — visis  5  the  gods  were  only  heard  of,  but  others,  as  her- 
self, seen. 

173.  Mcnsas ;  the  story  was,  that  Tantalus  was  a  guest  at  the  table 
of  the  gods. 

174.  Gfcnfctrix  5  Dionc,  one  of  the  Hy&des,  who,  with  the  Pleiades, 
were  daughters  of  Atlas. 

176.  Sticero;  see  n.  above,  onl.  152. 

177.  Regia  Cadnii,  i.  e.,  the  arx  or  citadel  of  Thebes,  of  which  Cad- 
mus was  the  founder;  see  below,  1.  217,  Cadmeida  arcem.  Of  the  city 
itself  Amphion  was  the  reputed  founder. 

178.  $Qmm\§§ii=exstructa,  built  up.  It  was  fabled  that  the  walls  of 
Thebes  rose  up  under  the  magic  influence  of  Amphlotfs  song  and  lyre. 

182.  Septem,     Homer,  II.  24,  603  seqq.,  puts  the  number  at  six. 

185.  Ncscitt  quoquc=:et  nescio  quo  ;  and  quo  agrees  with  Coco.  JSTcscio 
quis,  literally,  I  know  not  who,  is  used  contemptuously  for  an  obscure, 
unknown  person. 

186,  187.  Maxima — cxiguam  5  great  as  it  was,  the  earth  refused  her  a 


188  METAMORPHOSES,  YI.   146-312. 

small  place.  Juno,  in  her  jealousy  of  Latona,  bound  every  spot  on  earth 
by  an  oath,  not  to  give  Latona  a  place  for  the  delivery  of  her  children  ; 
but  Neptune  provided  her  a  place  on  the  island  of  Delos. 

101.  InstaMlem.  The  island  had  before  floated  about  in  the  Ae- 
gean, but  it  was  now  made  stationary. 

195.  Possit.  The  cui=ut  mihi,  greater  than  that  Fortune  can  hurt 
me  ;  i.  e.,  too  great  for  Fortune  to  hurt.     See  Gr.  503,  II.  3. 

196.  Ut  is  concessive  ;  though  she  may  take  away.     Gr.  515,  III. 
198.  Hnic — popnlo  ;   a  proud  expression  for  her  family,  as  though 

they  made  a  people,  this  people  of  mine,  in  comparison  with  the  two  chil- 
dren of  Latona.     Populo  is  in  the  dati/e,  by  Gr.  385,  4. 

200.  Qua  refers  to  turbam  ;  as  though  with  only  two  children  she 
was  hardly  better  than  with  none  at  all,  orba. 

201.  Infectis  properate  sacris.  This  reading  I  prefer,  with  Siebelis, 
to  the  many  conjectural  readings  adopted  instead  of  the  MSS.  reading, 
ite  satis  propere  sacris.  Merkel  reads,  ite,  satis  pro  prole  sacri  est,  and 
Haupt,  ite,  satis,  propere  ite,  sacri  est.  Infectis  agrees  well  with  infecta 
in  the  next  line,  and  ponite  with  deponunt. 

203.  Quodque  licet ;  their  worship  is  silent,  as  that  alone  is  allowed 
them  {licet)  by  their  queen. 

204.  Cynthi ;  Cynthus,  a  mountain  in  Delos,  where  Apollo  and  Diana 
were  worshiped. 

206.  Animosa  expresses  her  maternal  pride ;  proud  of  having  borne  you. 

208.  An  dea  sim,  in  allusion  to  Niobc's  words  in  lines  1^0,  171. 
An,  as  used  here  in  a  simple  question,  is  poetic,  and  so  is  dubitor  instead 
of  dubitatur. 

212.  Quod — reeddat,  may  it  fall  bach  upon  herself ;  i.  e.,  that  she 
calls  me  childless  (o?*bam). 

213.  Patcrnam,  like  her  father's,  Tantalus. 

215.  Mora  is  the  predicate  nom.,  and  longa  agrees  with  qucrella. 
Poenae  limits  mora. 

217.  Niibilms,  in  the  abl.  and  limits  tecti  ;  cloud-clad. 

219.  Assiduis,  used  adverbially. 

222,  223.  Tyrioquc  suco ;  see  n.  above  on  1.  61.  The  trappings  of 
the  horses  were  purple.  Terga  premere,  in  the  sense  of  sit  or  ride,  is  not 
uncommon.  So  in  Ov.  viii.  34,  35 :  Stratis  insignia  pictis  Terga  preme- 
bat ;  where  also  compare  the  stratis— pictis  with  the  expression  here,  ru- 
bentia  suco. 

224.  Sarciua  is  here  nom.  pred. ;  but  the  words  may  be  rendered, 
ivhom  first  his  mother  had  borne. 


17.   NIOBE,   OR  LATONA'S  REVENGE.  189 

229.  Deflnit  is  more  special  than  decidit  would  be,  sinks  down;  it 
expresses  the  weakness  of  the  dying  men.  So  in  Livy,  ii.  20,  mori- 
bundus  (eques) — ad  terram  defluxit. In  latus,  on  the  side,  or  side- 
ways. 

230.  Per  inane  ;  see  n.  iv.  718. 

232.  Rector,  sc.  navis  ;  the  master  of  the  ship, 

233.  Deducit,  lets  down,  i.  e.,  unfurls. 

233.  Qua,  sc.  parte,  anywhere.  Levis,  light ;  observe  the  quantity ; 
that  not  anywhere  (even)  a  light  breeze  be  lost. 

234.  Dantem ;  with  this  reading,  cum  must  here  be  supplied. 

235.  Cervice,  used  here  with  chief  reference  to  the  back  of  the  neck  ; 
but  gutture,  in  next  line,  the  front. 

237.  Pronus,  leaning  forward  ;  as  he  was  riding  fast. Admissa  in 

form  agrees  with  colla,  but  in  sense  refers  to  the  horse  itself ;  over  the 
neck  of  the  horse  who  was  let  go  ;  admittere  equum  is  like  immittcre  habe- 
nas.  The  rider  had  to  lose  hold  of  the  reins,  and  so  the  horse  was  let  go 
at  full  speed. 

211.  Nitidae ;  i.  e.,  with  the  oil,  with  which  in  the  palaestra  their 
bodies  were  anointed. 

247.  A  spondaic  line. 

254.  Intonsnm,  sc.  comas,  as  the  Grecian  youth  wore  their  hair  long 
till  they  reached  manhood. 

258.  Pennis,  abl.  with  tenus,  up  to  the  feathers  ;  i.  e.,  to  the  very  ex- 
tremity of  the  arrow. 

263.  Xon  omnes  \  i.  c.,  only  Apollo. 

265.  Miiuino  ;  the  wound  was  lessened  by  the  pity  of  the  archer. 

269.  Potnisse.  Supply  superos  for  the  subject,  and  hoc  for  the 
object. 

271.  Nam  explains  why  only  Niobe  is  now  mentioned ;  for  the  father 
had  already  killed  himself  in  despair. 

276.  lnvidiosa,  on  account  of  her  fortunes  an  object  of  envy  even  to 
her  own  friends. 

280.  Pasccre ;  passive  imperative,  in  reflexive  sense  ;  feast  yourself. 

282.  Eflftror ;  I  am  carried  out  to  burial. 

286.  Ab  arcu ;  i.  e.,  of  Diana,  who  now  slays  the  daughters  of  Niobe. 

289.  Deinisso,  in  token  of  mourning,  as  also  atris  in  the  preceding 
line. 

293.  Dnplieataqnc,  bent  double  ;  by  the  umeen  (cacco)  wound. 

296,  Trepidarc  opposed  to  latet ;  you  might  see  one  hiding  herself 
another  hurrying  about  in  tremulous  fear. 


190  METAMOKPHOSES,   VI.   313-400. 

301,  Or»a}  etc.  These  lines  Byron  has  in  mind  in  his  picture  of 
fallen  Rome : 

"  The  Niobe  of  nations  !  there  she  stands, 
Childless  and  crownless,  in  her  voiceless  woe." 

311.  la  patriam;  Phrygia,  as  above  in  line  149.  In  the  time  of 
Pausanias,  people  still  fancied  they  could  see  the  petrified  figure  of  Niobe 
on  Mount  Sipylus. 

18.   The  Ltcians;  Marsyas. 
VI.  313-400. 

313.  Cnncti,  here  in  its  full  force  of  conjuncti  from  which  it  is  con- 
tracted ;  all  together. 

315.  Numina,  in  the  plural,  because  referring  to  various  manifesta- 
tions (by  no d,  as  it  were)  of  the  power  of  the  goddess. 

319.  IgnoMlitate ;  because  it  was  only  country  people  who  were  pun- 
ished. 

322.  Impatiens,  not  able  to  bear,  because  very  aged,  grandior  aevo. 

323.  Illius  5  i.  e.,  of  the  Lycians ;  ducem,  a  guide. 
325.  Nigra;  and  so  agrees  with  ard. 

327.  Faveas,  a  common  form  of  prayer. 

329.  Tamcn  limits  rogabam  ;  I  ashed,  however. 

332.  Regia  conjunx ;  Juno,  who  in  her  jealous  anger  against  Latona 
denied  her  any  spot  of  earth  whereon  to  rear  her  twin  children. 

333.  Erratica.  Delos  was  then  a  floating  island ;  the  word  as  put 
with  errantcm  seems  to  represent  the  fate  of  the  island  and  of  Latona  as 
alike. 

336.  Noverca  5  Juno,  as  the  wife  of  Jupiter,  is  the  stepmother  of  La- 
tona's  twins. 

339.  Chimacriferae.  It  was  said  that  the  fire-breathing  monster 
Chimaera  was  native  to  Lycia.     It  was  slain  by  Bellerophon. 

346.  Pftsitoquc — pressit  5  i.  e.,  kneeled  upon. 

351.  Loqnentis,  sc.  mei;  as  I  speak. 

357.  Dederitis.  The  long  %  of  the  penult  is  here,  and  elsewhere  in 
classic  Latin,  a  return  to  the  quantity  of  1  in  the  early  Latin. 

366.  Coei  5  Latona  was  the  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus. 

367.  Snstinct  ultra,  does  she  endure  longer. 

368.  Minora,  less  than  became  her  as  a  goddess,  too  humbling  words. 
370.  Juvat,  sc.  rusticos ;  these  rustic  Lycians,  who  are  now  turned 

into  frogs. 


19.    THE   GOLDEN  FLEECE.  191 

372.  Snmino,  on  the  surface  of 

376.  The  line  seems  in  its  sound  to  imitate  the  croaking  of  the  frogs. 

384.  Tritoniaca,  of  Tritonia,  or  Minerva  (s.  note  ii.  782),  who  invented 
the  flute. 

385*  Me,  humorously  said  for  cutem  mcam;  as  if,  in  being  flayed 
alive,  he  was  pulled  off  from  himself. 

386.  Non — tanti ;  i.  e.,  so  much,  that  I  should  thus  suffer  for  its  sake. 

393.  Tniic  quoque,  even  then;  i.  e.,  when  in  the  agony  of  death. 
Olympus  is  here  the  name  of  a  youth  whom  Marsyas  taught  to  play  on 
the  flute. 

398.  £misit,  sc.  aquam,  sent  it  forth,  like  a  spring. 

399.  Pctcns ;  aqua  to  be  supplied,  as  subject,  from  the  preceding  line. 

400.  Marsya,  the  Latin  form,  instead  of  Marsyas ;  but  the  nominative 
in  apposition  to  nomen  is  unusual.  So  also  i.  169,  lactca  nomen  habet ; 
and  xv.  96,  cui  fecimus  aurca  nomen. 

19.   The  Golden  Fleece. 

VII.  1-158. 

I.  Minyae  $  the  Argonauts  were  called  Mi?iyans,  from  their  ancestor 
Minyas,  a  king  of  Thessaly ;  and  the  ship  Argo  was  called  Pagasaean, 
from  the  Thessalian  town  Pagiisa,  where  it  was  built. 

3.  Yisus  erat,  from  viso  ;  had  been  visited.  The  Argonauts  stopped 
at  Salmydessus,  a  Thracian  town,  to  consult  Phincus  as  to  the  way  of 
getting  through  the  Symplegades,  two  rocks  at  the  mouth  of  the  Euxinc. 
Phincus  was  blind,  hence  perpetua  sub  node  ;  and  the  Harpies  (volucrcs) 
snatched  the  food  from  his  mouth  whenever  he  sat  down  to  eat.  Milton 
mentions  him  in  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  35 : 

"  Blind  Thamyris  and  blind  Maeonides, 
And  Tircsias  and  Phineus,  prophets  old." 

3.  Javcnes  $  Calais  and  Zetes,  sons  of  Aquilo,  or  Boreas. 

6.  Ph  asides.     The  Phasis  was  a  river  in  Colchis. 

T.  Plirixea,  of  Phrizus,  son  of  Athamas,  who,  in  escaping  from  his 
stepmother  Ino,  was  carried  through  the  air,  as  it  was  fabled,  on  the 
back  of  a  ram  that  had  a  golden  fleece. 

8.  Lexque — horrenda ;  the  condition  was  to  tame  to  the  yoke  two  fire- 
breathing  bulls,  to  sow  a  field  with  serpents'  teeth,  and  to  elude  the 
dragon  which  guarded  the  fleece. 

9.  Aeetias,  the  daughter  of  Aectes  ;  i.  e.,  Medea. 

II.  This  whole  passage,  to  the  70th  line,  gives  us   in  very  skillful 


192  METAMORPHOSES,   VII.    1-158. 

touches  the  conflict  between  the  heart  and  the  reason  of  Medea.  At  first, 
13-16,  she  confesses  the  sway  of  love,  but  then,  17-21,  strives  by  force  of 
reason  to  overcome  it. 

18.  Possenij  if  I  were  able.  The  imperfect  gives  the  sure  answer  to 
excute — -Jlammas  ;  she  knows  she  is  not  able. 

20*  Video  meliora,  etc.  An  expression  famous  in  antiquity,  as  also 
in  modern  literature.  Horace  has  a  similar  one  in  Epp.  i.  8,  11,  Quae 
nocuere,  sequar ;  f  ugiam  quae  prof  ore  credam.  It  is  found,  too,  in  the 
Greek  of  Euripides,  Hippol.  380. 

21,  22.  She  blames  herself  for  loving  a  stranger  and  a  foreigner  (alieni). 

23.  Potest — dare,  can  give  (something — some  one)  for  me  to  love. 

25.  Sine  amore  \  she  will  convince  herself  that  it  is  only  humanity, 
not  love,  that  makes  her  wish  to  save  him. 

28.  Ore7  5  i.  e.,  by  his  beautiful  countenance. 

30.  Suae  precedes  segctis  for  emphasis'  sake ;  his  oivn,  because  the 
serpent's  teeth  were  sown  by  his  own  hand. 

32,  33.  Hoc  ego,  etc.  She  condemns  herself  as  brutally  cruel  not  to 
save  him  from  such  a  fate. 

34-41.  Yet  why  should  she  save  him,  and  imperil  herself,  that  he 
then  may  wed  another  ? 

37.  Non — precanda.  The  words  di — velint  were  a  prayer,  and  yet  it 
is  not  praying  (precanda)  which  is  necessary,  but  action  (facienda). 

41.  Poenae,  dative;  for  (the)  punishment  which  her  father  would  in- 
flict for  her  unfaithfulness  to  him. 

43-50.  But  he  can  not  be  so  ungrateful  as  to  wed  another ;  his  looks 
give  the  lie  to  that.     All  must  be  safe  with  him. 

4T.  Tutii,  feminine,  agreeing  with  subject  of  times. 

51,  52.  Yet  ought  she  to  abandon  home  and  country? 

53-68.  Yes,  she  will  gain  a  better  home,  a  better  country.  With 
Jason  she  will  be  happy  and  honored  and  secure. 

54.  Stant  mecnm,  are  on  my  side ;  perhaps  because  her  sister  Chal- 
ciope  had  married  Phrixus,  who  was  a  Greek. 

55.  Dens,  i.  e.,  Amor. 

59.  Qncmqne — velim.  The  relative  precedes  the  antecedent  Aeso- 
niden  ;  and  son  of  Aeson,  for  whom  I  would  be  willing  to  exchange. 

61.  Ferar=efferar,  /  shall  be  extolled.  The  final  syllable  mfcrdr  is 
lengthened  in  the  arsis  of  the  foot.     So  above,  ii.  247,  Taenarius. 

61.  Sidera  tangam.  So  in  Horace,  0.  i.  1,  36,  sublimi  fcriam  sidera 
vertice. 

63.  Montes  5  see  note  above,  on  line  3.     Charybdis  and  Scylla,  in  the 


19.   THE  GOLDEN  FLEECE.  193 

Sicilian  Straits,  the  former  a  whirlpool  on  the  Sicilian,  and  the  latter  a 
rock  on  the  Italian  side. 

69.  Conjugiumnc,  etc.  The  mention  of  conjuge  in  the  preceding  line 
awakens  the  doubt  whether  she  would  really  be  the  wife  of  Jason,  and  so 
she  arouses  herself  at  last  to  resist  the  temptation  before  her. 

71.  Perseidos.     Hecate  was  the  daughter  of  the  Oceanid  Perse. 

80.  Scintilla  is  the  subject  of  sold.  The  order  is :  utque  scintilla  sold 
ventis  alimenta  assumcre,  d  quae — laluit,  crcscere,  etc. 

81.  SoUto5  ablative  after  the  comparative  formosior. 
85.  Luce= die. 

91.  Promissa  dato5  you  shall  fulfill  your  promises ;  the  future  form 

of  the  imperative  corresponds  to  servabere. Triformis;  Hecate  was 

also  called  triceps,  as  below,  vii.  194. 

95.  Quod  minion  ;  i.  c.,  per  numen  quod—foret. 

96.  Patrem  soceri  $  i.  e.,  Helios,  the  sun-god,  the  father  of  Acetes. 
98.  Cantatas,  charmed,  over  which  some  formula  of  incantation  had 

been  pronounced.  Observe  that  our  word  charm  and  the  Latin  canto  are 
of  the  same  origin.  Thus  Milton  (in  "  Comus  ") ;  u  How  charming  is  divine 
philosophy ! — Musical  as  is  Apollo's  lute." 

101.  Mavortis.  Mavors  is  an  old  name  for  Mars,  as  also  Marmar, 
Marmor,  and  the  Oscan  Mamers. 

101.  Adamanteis,  from  adamas,  Gr.  a  priv.  and  dd/xaco,  unconquerable, 
adamantine. 

107.  Aut  uM5  etc. ;  i.  e.,  aut  ut  silices — ierrena  resonare  solcnt,  ubi 
concipiunt,  etc. Soluti,  loosened  of  their  hardness,  made  brittle. 

111.  Truces  agrees  with  the  subject  of  verier e ;  venicntis,  sc.  ejus,  and 
limiting  ora. 

116.  Mcdicamina;  i.  e.,  the  cantatas  herhas  of  line  96. 

122.  Dentes  5  the  teeth  of  the  dragon,  which  Cadmus  slew,  and  which 
Minerva  had  given  to  Aeetes.  The  vencno,  in  line  123,  is  the  poison  of 
the  dragon. 

126.  Mmerfts  5  i.  e.,  members,  as  these  are  parts  of  the  whole  body. 

132.  Elncnidnii ;  i.  e.,  Jason,  as  Haemonia  is  an  old  name  for  Thes- 
saly,  from  King  Ilacmon,  father  of  Thessalus. 

137.  Gramma;  the  herbae  of  line  96,  and  the  medicamina,  116;  car- 
men auxiliare,  some  magic  formula,  a  charm  to  come  in  aid  of  the  charmed 
plants. 

151.  Arlitirfs  aurfcae ;  i.  c.,  the  tree  on  which  hung  the  golden  fleece. 
Aureae  is  here  a  dissyllable.     This  is  the  reading  of  Mcrkel  from  the 
MSS.,  though  others  read  arietis  aurei. 
10 


194:  METAMORPHOSES,   VIII.   183-259. 

152.  Lethael.  The  juice  of  the  plants  is  Lethaean,  or  like  the  waters 
of  the  river  Lethe  of  the  lower  world,  in  that  both  induce  sleep  and  for- 
getfulness. 

155.  Sibi ;  i.  e.,  Somno ;  these  eyes  were  till  now  unknown  to  him, 
had  never  been  closed  in  sleep. 

20.   The  Death  of  Icarus. 
VIII.  183-259. 

186.  Obstriiat,  sc.  Minos. 

190.  Longam  brfcviore  sgqnenti.  If  he  began  with  the  smallest  (a 
minima  coeptas),  it  would  seem  that  a  long  one  would  follow  the  shorter 
every  time.    Haupt  suggests  that  it  should  perhaps  read  a  summa  coeptas. 

206.  Btiotcn;  see  note  ii.  176;  for  Helice= kvcios,  see  note  ii.  132. 
The  name  Helice  was  taken  from  the  town  Ilelice,  the  birth-place  of  Cal- 
listo,  who  was  changed  into  the  constellation. 

207.  Orittnis;  also  in  the  northern  heavens,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
man  with  a  drawn  sword. 

215.  ErMit  $  sc.  eum  ;  erudire,  like  doccre,  is  followed  by  two  accu- 
satives. 

219.  Quique;  the  que  connects  credidit  and  obstipuii ;  and  believed 
that  those  who  could,  etc. 

220.  Junoaia  ;  of  Juno,  because  Samos  was  a  sanctuary  of  Juno. 
222.  Dextra  \  nominative  with  Lebinthus,  though  laeva  occurred  just 

before. 

227.  tfndos5  sc.  alis,  bereft  of  the  wings. 

230.  Aqua :  nomen.  The  water  got  from  him  the  name  of  Icarian 
Sea,  between  Chios  and  Cos. 

233.  Diccbat,  kept  saying. 

234.  Devovitque,  and  cursed  his  arts. 

235.  Tellus ;  i.  e.,  the  island  Icaria. 

236.  With  this  line  begins  the  story  of  Perdix,  the  nephew  of  Daeda- 
lus, whom  Daedalus  had  destroyed  in  jealousy  of  his  skill  in  art.  He  was 
changed  by  Minerva  into  a  bird,  Perdix,  the  partridge.  The  Perdix  has 
now  his  revenge. 

239.  Cnka ;  the  only  one  of  its  kind. 

243.  Bis,  etc.  Bis  qualifies  scnis,  twice  six,  senis  agreeing  with  natali- 
bus.     Tuerum,  by  apposition  to  progenicm. 

246.  Serrae,  of  a  saw  ;  \.  e.,  he  used  the  spine  of  a  fish  as  a  pattern, 
and  invented  the  saw. 


21.  PHILEMON  AND  BAUCIS.  195 

247.  Primus  et,  etc. ;  he  was  also  the  first  to  invent  the  compasses. 
249.  Dueeret  orbem,  drew  a  circle. 
255.  Quod  et  ante,  sc.  fucrat. 

21.   Philemon  and  Baucis. 

VIII.  616-724. 

616.  Talia  dicta.  Pirithous  had  just  said  that  the  gods  had  not  the 
power  to  change  persons  and  things  from  one  form  to  another. 

621.  Phrygiis.  This  Phrygian  story  reminds  one  of  the  incident  re- 
lated of  the  Lycaonians  in  the  Acts,  xiv.,  who  called  Barnabas,  Jupiter, 
and  Paul,  Mercurius,  saying,  "  The  gods  are  come  down  to  us  in  the  like- 
ness of  men." 

622.  Pfcltipeia  Pittheus.  Pittheus  was  son  of  Pelops,  and  Lelex  had 
once  been  a  guest  of  Pittheus  in  Troezen. 

627.  Atlantiades.  Mercury,  the  son  of  Maia,  who  was  the  daughter 
of  Atlas.  The  syllable  ant  is  long,  but  the  vowel  a  before  nt  is  naturally 
short. 

636.  Idem,  nominative  plural  for  iidem. 

639.  Pflsito — jussit.   Translate  by  two  verbs,  set  a  chair  and  bade,  etc. 

640.  Textum,  from  tcxerc,  to  weave ;  and  so  iextum  with  rude=a  cloth 
of  coarse  texture. 

612.  Hesternos  $  i.  e.,  the  embers  of  yesterday's  fire. 

646.  Suus.  We  might  expect  ejus;  but  the  possessive  expresses 
better  the  near  relation. 

648.  Sordida ;  i.  e.,  with  the  smoke. Suls,  not  the  pronoun,  but 

the  genitive  of  sits. 

655.  Tdrum,  the  mattress,  and  lecto,  the  couch,  or  bedstead.  Sponda 
and  pedibus  modify  lecto  as  ablatives  of  characteristic,  the  former  the 
frame  as  part  of  the  lectus. 

662.  CliYum,  the  slope,  which  was  taken  away  by  the  testa. 

664.  Bicdlor,  dark  green.  The  olive,  however,  was  black  when  it  was 
quite  ripe,  but  was  eaten  green. 

665.  Condita,  put  away;  i.  e.,  preserved.  But  observe  that  it  is  con- 
dlta  from  condo,  not  condita  from  condio  ;  from  con  and  do,  dere,  to  put. 

666.  Lactis — eoacti,  curdled  milk. 

668.  Eodem,  humorously  said;  the  same  sort  of  silver  as  the  omnia  ; 
i.  e.,  all  earthenware.  The  word  caelatus  also  in  jest,  as  it  is  properly 
used  of  highly  artistic  work  on  metals. 

671.  Epulas.     So  far  the  poet  has  been  describing  the  first  course 


196  METAMORPHOSES,  IX.   1-97. 

of  the  meal ;  now  comes  what  the  Romans  called  the  caput  cenae  (the 
French  piece  de  resistance),  the  suis  mentioned  above,  in  line  648. 

672.  Nee  longae=^  non  I.,  the  wine  of  not  long  age ;  i.  e.,  the  new 
wine,  as  that  only  might  be  had  at  a  poor  man's  table.  The  referuniur 
means,  arc  set  back,  or  put  aside,  to  make  room  {locum  in  next  line)  for 
the  mensae  secundae,  the  dessert. 

675.  Mala  \  observe  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate.  How  is  it  with 
malus,  evil ;  malo,  I  had  rather;  malus,  a  mast? 

677.  Yultus — fotini,  kindly  looks ;  as  in  Proverbs,  xv.  17:  "Better  is 
a  dinner  of  herbs,  where  love  is,  than  a  stalled  ox  and  hatred  therewith." 

678.  The  nee  belongs  to  both  adjectives ;  neither  niggardly  nor  poor. 
680.  Succrescfcre ;  observe  the  force  of  the  preposition ;  the  wine  kept 

growing  up  from  below ;  it  sprang  up,  as  from  a  hidden  perennial  source. 
The  poet's  words  make  us  think  of  the  prophet  Elijah  and  the  poor  widow 
of  Zarephath,  I  Kings,  xvii.  16:  "And  the  barrel  of  meal  wasted  not; 
neither  did  the  cruse  of  oil  fail."  The  pious  old  people  might  well  believe 
that  they  had  gods  at  their  table. 

684.  Custodia,  for  custos,  as  with  the  Romans  the  goose  was  a 
proverb  for  vigilance.  Comp.  Ovid,  Met.  ii.  538,  and  xi.  599.  The  poet 
has,  perhaps,  in  mind  the  good  service  done  by  the  cackling  of  the  watch- 
ful geese  of  the  capitol,  as  told  by  Livy,  B.  v.  47. 

689.  Poenas ;  i.  c.,  for  their  want  of  hospitality,  as  above,  in  lines 
628,  629. 

690.  InnuuiiibDS,  the  predicate  adj.  in  the  dative.    Sec  Gr.  536,  2,  3). 

699.  Dftminis  limits  parva  ;  small  even  for  its  two  owners. 

700.  Fnrcas,  the  forks,  or  fork-like  props  which  supported  the  gables ; 
these  become  pillars. 

711.  Fides  means  here  fulfilment,  because  it  carries  with  it  faithful- 
ness to  the  promise. 

719.  Thymbreius  comes  from  Thymbris,  the  name  of  a  river  in 
Phrygia. 

724.  Cura,  etc.  "Them  that  honor  me,  I  will  honor."  I  Samuel, 
ii.  30. 

22.  The  Wooing  of  Deianira. 

IX.  1-97. 

1.  Deo,  Achelous.  Deo  depends  upon  sit  understood,  which  has  causa 
for  its  subject.  Neptunius  heros  refers  to  Theseus,  the  fabled  son  of 
Neptune. 

2.  Calydoiuus,  Actolian,  as  Calydon  was  an  Aetolian  town. 


22.   THE  WOOING  OF  DElANIRA.  197 

3.  Ha  ru  inline  It  was  usual  in  art  to  represent  river-gods  with  horns, 
and  their  heads  crowned  with  sedge  and  reed.  The  vowel  u  is  short 
here,  though  the  syllable  is  long.     Gr.  651,  VII. 

8.  Si  qna,  and  llso  tandem,  ever,  are  enviously  said  in  disparage- 
ment, as  if  Deianira  were  a  prize  of  no  account. 

Hi  Intrata  est,  sc.  a  me;  was  entered  by  me ;  when  I  entered. 

12.  Parthattnc  nate  $  Oeneus,  king  of  Calydon. 

14.  Dire  se,  that  he  would  give ;  i.  e.,  would  bring  (to  her)  as  a  kind 
of  dowry. 

15.  Referebat,  declared.  Novercae  refers  to  Juno,  and  jussa  to  the 
labors  imposed  upon  Hercules  through  the  agency  of  Juno,  and  overcome 
(supcrata)  by  him. 

19.  Hospes,  appositive  to  gener ;  this  is  said  in  depreciation  of  Her- 
cules, who  was  not  Aetolian.  It  thus  means  stranger,  though  originally 
host.  It  is  formed  of  hos=r(Ghas),  the  root  of  hos-tis,  and  pes,  from  pa, 
the  root  also  of  pasco,  to  feed ;  and  as  hostis  originally  means  a  stranger, 
hospes = qui  hostem  pascit,  means  first  a  host,  then  a  guest  (Ghas,  Ger- 
man Gast),  and  so  a  stranger,  in  distinction  from  a  native.  From  what 
does  our  word  host = multitude,  come,  and  also  host= victim  ? 

28.  Spectat,  sc.  Hercules. 

29.  Tot ;  i.  e.,  just  so  many,  and  no  more ;  meaning  that  Hercules 
would  not  contend  in  words,  but  only  in  deeds.  Observe  that  it  is  dexter  a 
and  lingua  ;  in  what  case  each  ? 

32.  YMdem;  because  he  is  a  river-god;  so  of  the  Nereids  in  ii.  12, 
virides— capillos.  The  wrestlers  contended  with  bodies  naked  and  rubbed 
with  oil.  Hence  the  throwing  of  dust  (as  in  31)  in  order  to  get  a  hold  of 
the  otherwise  slippery  body. 

33.  Tfcnui  \  verb ;  and  held.  Varas,  bent,  and  in  statione,  in  (firm) 
posture. 

43.  Certi,  determined. 

49.  Qneni.     We  should  expect  utrum.    Why  ? 

51.  Reicere.  The  wrestlers  keep  close  to  one  another,  each  striving 
to  keep  his  adversary  from  a  free  use  of  his  limbs.  This  embrace  (am- 
plexus)  Hercules  strikes  off  (ezcutil),  and  then  loosens  the  closc-draicn 
arms  of  Achelous,  and  so  turns  him  sideways,  and  clasps  him  from  be- 
hind, hanging  upon  him  with  mountain  pressure  (prcssus — monte). 

57.  Inserni.  Achelous  manages,  by  inserting  his  arms  between  his 
chest  and  the  arms  of  Hercules,  to  loosen  his  adversary's  grip ;  but  hardly 
(viz)  has  he  done  this  when  Hercules  is  on  him  again  (instat). 

61.  Uareuas,  etc.    So  Horace  0.  ii.  6,  12.    Solum  tetigere  mento. 


198  METAMORPHOSES,  IX.   134-272. 

66.  Tirynthius ;  Hercules,  from  Tiryns,  in  Argolis,  where  he  was 
brought  up. 

67.  Cunarum,  etc.  The  first  achievement  of  Hercules  was  to  strangle 
two  serpents  in  his  cradle. 

69.  Unus  is  emphatic,  as  the  Lcrnaean  hydra  was  hundred-headed. 

71.  Centum,  sc.  capitum. 

72.  GemiJio  5  in  reference  to  the  two  heads,  which  every  time  grew 
up  from  the  one  head,  which  was  cut  off. 

74.  Vetuique.  Hercules  seared  every  new  wound  with  a  red-hot  iron, 
and  so  prevented  any  new  growth. 

81.  Tauro,  abl.  of  price.     H.  422,  note  2. 

82.  Toris  means  the  dew-lap,  or  brawn  of  the  animal,  which  hangs 
down  from  the  throat.  This  Hercules  wraps  round  his  arms  (literally, 
with  the  dew-lap  clothes  his  arms),  and  then  drags  (traJiens)  him  with  it 
as  he  comes  on  at  full  speed  (admissum),  and  thus  pulls  his  head  down 
and  buries  his  horns  in  the  ground  (cornua — humo).  On  admissum  see  n. 
vi.  237. 

88.  The  horn  of  Achelous,  as  a  symbol  of  blessing,  is  used  in  art 
with  Bona  Copia  as  the  goddess  of  abundance ;  hence  cornucopia.  The 
Naides  are  toater-nymphs,  from  vdeo,  Latin  no,  nare,  literally  the  swim- 
mers. 

89.  Snccincta.  Diana,  as  a  huntress,  is  represented  in  art  and  in 
poetry  with  tunic  girt  up  to  the  knees. 

93.  Lux  subit.  So  the  night  had  been  passed  in  feasting  and  dis- 
course. 

94.  JiiYenes  5  i.  e.,  Theseus  and  his  companions,  as  mentioned  earlier, 
viii.  566. 

96.  Opperiuntur  agrees  with  a  pronoun  referring  to  juvencs. 

97.  Cornu,  in  abl.  and  limiting  lacerum. 

23.  The  Death  of  Hercules. 

IX.  134-272. 

While  Hercules  and  Deianira,  on  their  way  to  Tiryns,  are  crossing  the 
river  Evenus,  the  centaur  Ncssus  attempts  to  carry  off  Deianira.  Hercules 
shoots  the  centaur,  who  gives  to  Deianira  a  blood-stained  robe,  telling  her 
that  it  will  revive  Hercules'  love  if  it  should  ever  grow  cool. 

135.  Odium,  also  object  of  implerant. 

136.  Hercules  had  captured  Oeclwlia  (with  ab),  a  city  in  Euboea,  and 
was  on  his  way  to  the  Cenaean  promontory,  to  offer  sacrifices  to  Jove. 


23.   THE  DEATH  OF  HERCULES.  199 

140.  Idles.     Iole  was  the  daughter  of  Eurytus,  king  of  Oechalia. 

157.  Det  depends  upon  mandat,  ut  omitted. 

161.  Vis — mali$  i.  e.,  that  powerful  poison. 

165.  Oeten ;  here  masculine,  but  usually  feminine. 

167.  Ilia,  subject  both  of  trahitur  and  of  trahit. 

169.  Detfcgit ;  because  the  skin  and  the  flesh  cleave  to  it. 

HI.  Lacu.  Lacus  here  is  for  a  tank  of  water,  in  which  heated  metals 
were  cooled,  as  here  lammina  candcns,  the  plate  of  metal  at  white  heat. 
Ovid  has  the  same  figure  in  Met.  xii.  276,  ut  dare  ferrum  Igne  rubcns, 
quod  forcipe  curva  cum  faber  eduxit,  lacubus  demittit.  Strldit,  in  third 
conjugation;  hisses. 

174.  Caeca,  blind,  in  the  sense  of  unseen,  as  in  Met.  vi.  293. 

176.  Saturnia,  Juno,  the  daughter  of  Saturn,  on  whom  he  calls,  be-. 

cause  it  was  she  through  whose  agency  he  is  made  thus  to  suffer. 

Pascfcre,  passive  imperative,  with  reflexive  sense ;  feast  yourself  on  my 
sufferings  ;  so  the  word  was  used  above  in  Met.  vi.  280,  where  also  (281) 
the  same  word  satia  is  used  as  here ;  glut  thy  cruel  heart,  bitterly  express- 
ing Juno's  delight  in  his  pains. 

179.  Tibi  is  emphatic,  as  in  hosti  Juno  herself  was  meant. 

180.  Laboribus,  dative;  for  labors. 

1 83-197.  In  these  lines  Hercules  recounts  some  of  these  famous  labors 
of  his :  the  slaying  of  Busiris,  the  Egyptian  king ;  his  victory  over  An- 
taeus, the  giant  wrestler ;  the  carrying  off  of  the  oxen  of  Geryon  (pastoris, 
184),  the  king  in  Spain;  bringing  of  the  monster  dog  Cerberus  (185)  up 
from  Hades;  the  capture  of  the  Cretan  bull  (tauri,  186);  cleansing  the 
stables  of  king  Augeas,  in  Elis  (18V) ;  the  destruction  of  the  birds  on  the 
lake  Stymphalis,  in  Arcadia  ;  fetching  the  golden  apples  of  the  Ilesperi- 
des  ;  his  victorious  fight  with  the  centaurs  in  Arcadia  ;  the  capture  of  the 
Arcadian  stag  on  Mount  Parthenius  (188) ;  the  seizure  of  the  gold-embossed 
girdle  of  the  Amazonian  queen,  on  the  river  Thcrmodon,  in  Cappadocia 
(189);  the  destruction  of  the  Erymanthian  boar,  in  Arcadia  (192),  and  of 
the  Lcrnacan  hydra  ;  the  capture  of  the  horses  of  the  Thracian  Diomedcs 
(194),  and  the  strangling  of  the  huge  Nemacan  lion  (197). 

183.  Parentis;  i.  e.,  his  mother  Earth,  from  whom  by  every  contact 
he  gained  new  strength. 

198.  Caelum  tuli ;  in  place  of  Atlas,  while  the  latter  was  getting  for 
him  the  golden  apples. 

203.  Et  sunt,  etc. ;  and  (yet)  there  are  some  who  can  believe  that  there 
are  gods  I  In  his  despair  at  the  idea  of  Eurystheus  prevailing  in  bringing 
upon  him  all  these  labors,  he  denies  for  a  moment  the  existence  of  the  gods. 


200  METAMORPHOSES,   IX.   134-272. 

204.  Oetcn,  here  also  masculiue  (altum),  as  in  1.  165. 

205.  Hand  aliter,  not  otherwise ;  i.  e.,  as  swiftly  as  (quam  si).  He 
compares  the  swift  pace  of  Hercules  with  that  of  some  hunter  who  has 
wounded  a  bull,  and  then  fled  from  the  beast  when  he  has  turned  upon 
him  in  the  rage  of  his  pain.  The  bull  is  carrying  (gerat)  the  spear,  the 
hunter  has  fled  (refugcrit).  For  the  subjunctive  in  both  verbs,  Gr. 
513,  II. 

209.  Videres  ;  potential  subjunctive ;  yon  might  have  seen.  Gr.  485, 
note  3. 

210.  Montibus,  in  dative,  limiting  irascentem. 

216.  GSnibus — adhibcre,  to  clasp  his  (Herculcs's)  knees,  the  usual  atti- 
tude of  a  suppliant. 

218.  Torniento,  ablative  after  the  comp.  fortius.  The  tormentum  (in 
this  sense)  was  an  engine  for  hurling  missiles,  so  called  (from  torqueo) 
because  they  were  worked  by  the  force  of  twisted  ropes,  or  horse-hairs, 
or  other  fibres.  Lichas  was  projected  from  Ilcrcules's  hands  with  more 
force  than  he  could  have  been  from  one  of  these  engines. 

220.  Imbres — corpus.  Concrescere  with  gelidis  (gelu)  expresses  our 
word  congeal.  In  the  simile  he  describes  the  rain  congealing  into  snow, 
and  then  the  snovj-flakes  (nivibus)  as  they  whirl  about  in  the  air  are  con- 
tracted by  the  astringent  cold,  and  so  condense  into  the  ball-like  hail- 
stones.    Nivibus  is  in  the  dative,  and  limits  aslringi. 

225.  Prior — aetas  ;  i.  e.,  the  afore-time,  or  antiquity. 

232.  Sagittas.  The  oracle  had  declared  that  without  the  arrows  of 
Hercules  Troy  could  never  be  destroyed;  and  so  Ulysses  was  sent  to 
Lemnos  to  bring  Philoctctes  (Poeante  satum),  the  son  of  Pocas,  with  them ; 
this  is  the  subject  of  the  Philoctetcs  of  Sophocles. 

232.  Iternm.  Once  Hercules  himself  had  used  them  in  conquering 
Troy,  when  it  was  under  the  rule  of  Laomedon. 

233.  Quo — ministro,  abl.  abs.,  and  =  cujus  ministerio. 

234.  Subdita,  sc.  pyrae  est. 

235.  Cong6riem — summam,  the  top  of  the  pile.  Congeries  s.  and  agger, 
from  the  same  root  in  gero,  mean  here  the  same  thing. 

237.  Conviva,  etc.  Horace  has  a  similar  comparison  in  Sat.  i.  1,  119 
— uti  conviva  satur ;  and  also  Lucretius,  iii.  951,  ut  plenus  vitae  conviva. 

241.  Yindlce.  Hercules  is  so  called  because  he  freed  the  earth  from 
so  many  evils. 

245.  MSmtiris  5  i.  e.,  of  the  many  beneficent  acts  done  by  Hercules. 

248.  Sed  enim.  See  n.  i.  530.  But  do  not  fear,  for  he  will  come  off 
conqueror. 


24.    ORPHEUS  AND  EURYDICE.  201 

251.  Materna;  i.  c,  so  far  as  he  is  mortal,  as  bora  of  a  human 
mother  (Alcmena). 

257.  Deo ;  i.  e.,  shall  take  offense  at  his  being  made  a  god.  Nblet,  with 
what  follows,  makes  the  apodosis  of  the  sentence. 

261.  Ndtatam,  marked  for  censure ;  i.  e.,  by  the  preceding  words  of 
Jupiter. 

265.  Jovis  vestigia  $  i.  c.,  traces  of  (likeness  to)  Jove. 

24.   Orpheus  and  Eurydice. 
X.  1-11. 

I.  Inde$  i.  e.,  from  the  wedding,  just  before  related,  of  Iphis  and 
Ianthe. 

3.  Orphea.  Hymenaeus  comes  from  Ianthe's  wedding  to  that  of  Or- 
pheus, but  to  no  purpose  (nequiquam),  as  the  marriage  is  to  have  a  sad 
end  in  the  loss  of  Eurydice. 

7.  Motions ;  move  about  the  torch  as  he  might,  it  would  not  burn 
bright ;  a  bad  omen  for  the  marriage. 

II.  Ad — auras  deflevit.  We  say  praised  to  the  skies;  but  here,  in 
Latin,  it  is  wept  to  the  skies;  i.  c.,  raised  to  the  skies  his  mourning  voice. 

14.  Leves,  because  disembodied,  and  so  only  umbrae.  So  Horace,  0. 
i.  16,  18,  uses  levem  turbam  of  the  shades. 

14.  Simulacra — sepulcro  5  so  also  iv.  435,  simulacra  functa  sepulcris. 
It  is  =  simulacra  funciorum  sepulcro,  the  ghosts  of  the  buried. 

22.  Tcrna — monstri,  in  allusion  to  Cerberus  and  his  three  heads. 
Also  allusion  is  made  in  vincircm  to  the  feat  of  Hercules  in  binding  and 
carrying  away  Cerberus. 

28.  Raplnae  ;  i.  e.,  of  Proserpine  by  Pluto. 

31.  Retexlte,  in  allusion  to  the  spinning  (or  weaving)  by  the  Parcae 
of  the  thread  of  human  destiny.  Here  it  is  to  unweave,  and  so  reverse 
the  destiny  of  Eurydice. 

33.  Serins — citius.  So  Horace,  0.  ii.  3,  25,  versatur— serius  ocius ; 
and  in  the  Ars  Poetica,  63,  Debemur  morti  nos. 

36.  Haec  5  i.  e.,  Eurydice. Justos,  due  her,  allotted. 

37.  Pro  muiierc,  instead  of  a  gift ;  opposed  to  usum.,  which  is  a  law- 
term  for  something  only  used,  in  usufruct,  and  not  one's  own  in  fee  simple. 

42,  43.  Refngam  5  an  unusual  word.  It  expresses,  with  undam,  a 
part  of  the  punishment  of  Tantalus,  that  while  he  was  always  suffering 
from  a  raging  thirst,  and  was  always  in  the  middle  of  a  lake,  the  water 
was  always  escaping  from  him  (in  a  fearfully  tantalizing  way)  when  he 


202  METAMORPHOSES,   X.   1-77. 

would  fain  drink.     "  Water,  water,  everywhere,  Nor  any  drop  to  drink." 

Ixlon  was  punished  by  being  tied  to  an  ever-revolving  wheel.     The 

word  jecur  refers  to  Tityus,  whose  punishment  it  was  to  have  vultures 

{volucres)  ever  preying  on  his  liver. The  Belid&S,  granddaughters  of 

Belus,  daughters  of  Danaus  (and  therefore  called  Danaides),  were  con- 
demned, in  Tartarus,  to  be  always  drawing  water  from  perforated,  sieve- 
like urns.    For  the  quantity  of  the  last  two  syllables  in  Belides,  Gr.  587, 

II.  1,  and  foot-note ;  and  581,  VI.  3.- Sisyphus  was  doomed  to  roll  a 

huge  stone  up  a  hill,  which  always  rolled  down  again  the  moment  it 
touched  the  top.  These  are  some  of  the  ancient  images  of  endless  pun- 
ishment ;  but  the  poet  represents  these  sufferers  as  having  a  respite  from 
their  toils  when  Orpheus  sang.  Horace  has  a  similar  passage  in  0.  ii. 
14,  33-40. 

46.  Eumfcnidum.  Eumenides  is  the  Greek  euphemistic  name  for  the 
Furies,  the  Avenging  Deities  of  crime  and  sin.  Even  these  are  now  over- 
come by  the  song  of  Orpheus  ;  they  feel  compassion,  and  their  cheeks  arc 
%oet  with  tears. 

47.  Neither  the  queen  {rcgia  conjunx)  nor  the  king  of  Hades  can  hold 
out  (sustinet)  in  saying  No  (negare)  to  his  prayer  (pranti) ;  and  they  call 
Eurydice. 

50.  Rhodopei'ns,  from  Rhodope,  a  mountain  in  Thrace. 

51.  Ne  flectat  retro,  etc.  Forward,  not  backward ;  a  confident  going 
straight  on,  not  a  timid  looking  back,  was  the  inexorable  condition  (lex) 
for  Orpheus'  success ;  as  always  in  achieving  any  good,  or  shunning  any 
evil.  The  tenses,  present  injlectat  and  perfect  in  exierit,  because  in  de- 
pendence upon  accipit ;  the  direct  prohibition  would  be  ne  flcctas  donee 
exieris. 

55.  Afufcrunt,  from  absum  ;  the  penult  here  short,  though  it  is  usually 
long. 

56.  Hie  is  here  an  adverb  of  place,  referring  to  the  preceding  line. 
Dcficeret  agrees  with  a  pronoun  referring  to  Eurydice,  and  it  depends 
upon  metuens  ;  lest  she  should  fail  in  strength  (sc.  viribus),  and  so  be  lost 
to  him.  So  in  Met.  xii.  518,  deficit,  and  ib.  xiv.  484,  deficiunt  (sc.  animo) ; 
and  Tacitus,  Agric.  43,  deficientis,  and  45,  deficientem. 

,   63.  Acciperct,  subj.  with  quod  after  an  indefinite  antecedent.     Com- 
pare note  on  possent,  ii.  161. 

64.  Stupnit.  The  poet  compares  the  amazed  Orpheus  first  with  some 
one  petrified  at  the  sight  of  Hercules  carrying  off  Cerberus,  and  then  to 
Lethaea  and  her  husband  Olenus,  who  (for  some  crime)  were  both  turned 
to  stone. 


25.  HYACINTHUS.— 26.  ATALANTA'S  RACE.     203 

73.  PortKtor,  from  the  root  por,  per,  as  also  the  word  portus,  and  the 
Gr.  iropQficvs ;  ferryman  of  the  Styx ;  Charon. 

25.  IIyacinthds. 
X.  162-219. 

The  story  of  Hyacinthus  the  poet  represents  as  told  by  Orpheus. 

162.  Te  qnoque  ;  you  also,  as  the  poet  has  been  singing  of  the  trans- 
lation of  Ganymede  to  Olympus. Amyclide,  the  fabled  son  or  grandson 

of  Amyclas,  the  Laconian  king. In  aethere  is  =  here  to  in  caelum. 

167.  Genitor;  Apollo. 

169.  Immunitam.     Sparta  was  not  a  walled  city  till  206  b.  c. 

1T5.  Noctis,  limiting,  in  the  genitive,  medius ;  usually  it  would  be 
inter — noclem  ;  so  above,  v.  409. 

177.  Disci ;  quoit,  circular,  and  made  of  metal  or  stone,  or  of  wood. 

184.  Reperensso — verbere,  by  the  rebound. 

186.  Aeque  qu&m=aequc  ac,  as  much  as. 

191.  Lignis.  Another  reading  is  virgis,  which,  though  a  more  special 
word  than  lignis,  yet  refers,  as  does  lignis,  to  the  stalks  of  the  flower ;  these 
have  a  pale-yellow  color  in  contrast  with  the  whiteness  of  the  leaves. 
Other  readings  are  Unguis  and  liguis. 

192.  Demittant,  with  ut,  is  potential  subjunctive,  and  makes  the  con- 
clusion to  the  condition  si  quis — infringat. 

196.  Oeballde.    Hyacinthus  was  the  son  of  Oebalus,  king  of  Sparta. 

198.  Dtiltir — faclnnsqne  meum ;  i.  e.,  the  object  of  my  grief  and 
crime. Dextera,  etc. ;  my  right  hand  must  be  inscribed  upon  =  desig- 
nated as  the  cause  of— your  death;  i.  e.,  inscribed  on  the  tombstone. 

206.  Scripto,  in  writing ;  by  the  letters  written,  as  it  were  inscribed 
on  the  leaves  of  the  flower,  as  explained  below,  in  line  215. 

207.  Heros ;  that  is,  Ajax,  from  whose  blood,  as  related  in  xiii.  196, 
sprang  the  same  flower  as  from  that  of  Hyacinthus. 

213.  His — illis,  these;  i.  c.,  hyacinths  are  nearer  to  the  present 
thought  of  the  speaker,  illis,  those,  in  reference  to  the  lilies. 

215.  AI  AI,  the  Gr.  ala?,  as  seeming  to  be  inscribed  on  the  leaves 
of  the  flower  AIAI ;  not,  however,  our  hyacinth,  but  perhaps  the  lark- 
spur, Delphinium  Ajacis. 

26.  Atalanta's  Race. 
X.  560-680. 

564.  Scitanti,  sc.  oraculum.     She  consulted  the  oracle. By  dens, 

Apollo  is  meant. 


204  METAMORPHOSES,   X.   560-680. 

566.  Ipsa  viva ;  join  ipsa  with  te,  but  viva  with  the  subject  of  carebis. 
In  genuine  oracular  tone  she.  is  told  that  though  she  will  live,  yet  it  will 
be  without  herself ;  whether  in  allusion  to  the  loss  of  independence  by 
marriage  (?),  or  to  the  transformation  by  and  by  to  be  undergone,  in 
being  changed  into  a  lioness,  as  related  in  x.  698  scqq. 

567.  Sorte,  by  the  response,  as  sors  is  always  the  word  (literally,  lot) 
for  an  oracular  response. 

578.  Yelamine  ;  i.  e.,  her  outer  garment,  the  palla,  or  i^anov,  as  she 
would  run  in  her  tunica,  or  xiT&v' 

579.  Tuum ;  i.  e.,  Adonis,  as  the  poet  represents  Venus  (meum)  as 
telling  this  story  to  Adonis. 

583.  Bfc  follows  both  optat  and  timet.  He  desires  that  none  of  the 
runners  may  outrun  Atalanta,  and  in  his  jealousy  he  is  afraid  some  one 
may. 

588.  Setius,  derived  from  secitus,  and  more  correct  than  seems;  in 
either  form,  from  seq  or  sec  of  sequor ;  not  otherwise  than,  i.  e.,  as 
swiftly  as  a  Scythian  arrow.  The  Scythians  excelled  with  the  bow  and 
arrow. 

589.  Idnlo;  see  n.  i.  313. 

597.  Meta.     See  note  on  ii.  142. 

605.  Onchestius,  of  Onchesius.  The  Boeotian  town  Onchcstus  was 
so  called  from  the  so-named  son  of  Neptune,  and  father  of  Megareirs. 

609.  Schoeneia ;  she  was  the  daughter  of  the  Boeotian  king  Schoc- 
neus. 

611.  Formosis,  dative,  and  limits  iniquus. 

618.  Cdnubia;  the  antepenultimate  (it)  long  here,  and  also  xi.  226; 
but  it  is  short  in  vi.  428. 

619.  lit  percat,  following  tanti,  expresses  result. 

623.  Tamen.  She  now  changes  her  tone,  and  tries  to  get  rid  of 
what  seems  weakness ;  and  hence  the  change  to  the  third  person  in 
viderit ;  but  the  weakness  is  back  again  directly  in  utinam — velles. 

624.  Viderit,  in  perf .  subj.,  let  him  look  to  that !  The  perf .  subj. 
gains  in  such  instances  an  imperative  force,  as  especially  in  vidcris,  look 
you  to  that ! 

628.  jVoh  must  be  joined  with  ferendae,  and  invidiae  ferendac  expresses 
a  characteristic  or  quality  of  the  victoria,  and  also  with  erit  makes  the 
predicate ;  will  be  of  an  odium  not  to  be  borne ;  i.  e.,  will  bring  me  an  in- 
tolerable odium. 

(  633.  Eras \  we  might  expect  the  subjunctive,  esses,  but  the  indicative 
is  more  emphatic ;  you  were  the  one. 


27.    THE  DEATH  OF  ORPHEUS.  205 

637.  Fa>it ;  the  indicative  here  is  so  strange  a  construction  that  it  is 
hard  to  explain  it.  Does  Ovid  mean  so  to  sympathize  with  Atalanta  as 
not  to  know  what  he  is  saying  ? 

639.  Sollieita  used  in  all  its  original  meaning  of  sollus-cita  (fr.  cieo), 
thoroughly  aroused.     On  proles  JV.,  see  above,  lines  599,  600. 

652.  Carcfcre  limits  emicat ;  darts  out  from  the  barrier, 

668.  Speetacula,  here  the  place  of  the  show,  the  theatre, 

27.  The  Death  of  Orpheus. 
XI.  1-84. 

1.  Carmine  $  i.  e.,  the  narratives  sung  by  Orpheus,  as  those  of  Hya- 
cinthus,  Atalanta,  and  others,  in  x.  148-680. 

2.  Saxa.  Compare  Horace,  0.  i.  12,  7,  Undc  vocalem  tcmere  insecu- 
tae  Orphea  silvae,  etc. 

4.  Pcctora ;  adverbial  ace.  The  Bacchae  were  wont  at  the  Bacchic 
festivals  to  clothe  themselves  with  doe-skins. 

8.  Apolliiicl.  Orpheus  was  the  fabled  son  of  Apollo  and  the  Muse 
Calliope. 

9.  Foliis.  The  thyrsus-staff  (hastam)  was  twined  at  the  top  with  ivy 
and  vine-shoots  ;  these  protect  Orpheus,  and  though  the  thyrsus  makes  a 
spot  (nota)  there  is  no  contusion.      • 

11.  Yictus.  There  was  "music  in  the  air,"  and  it  quite  vanquished 
the  stone,  which,  falling  at  the  feet  of  the  musician,  seemed  to  ask  par- 
don {veluti  supplex)  for  its  rudeness. 

13.  Sed  cnim.     Comp.  i.  530;  but  in  vain,  for,  etc. 

14.  Abilt.  See  n.  on  subiit,  i.  114.  Erlnys  here  not  in  the  sense  of 
the  avenging  deity,  but  of  one  who  excites  to  crime  and  frenzy. 

15.  Cunctaqne,  etc. ;  i.  e.,  all  the  missiles  had  been  subdued  but  for 
"  the  barbarous  dissonance  of  Bacchus  and  his  revelers."  Compare  Mil- 
ton, "  Paradise  Lost,"  vii.  32. 

IT.  Bacchei.    Observe  the  hiatus  in  the  fifth  foot,  and  see  note  ii.  244. 

20.  Primum  prepares  the  way  for  inde  in  1.  23. Etiamnum,  even 

now  ;  i.  e.,  during  the  clamor  of  the  Bacchic  rout. 

22.  Titulum,  the  honor ;  appositivc  to  volucres  angucs,  agmen ;  and 
all  these  are  thought  of  as  making  a  triumphal  procession  for  Orpheus. 

25.  Bfoctis  avem  $  the  owl  is  meant.  The  words  structo — thcatro  make 
the  Latin  for  the  Greek  amphi-theatre. 

26.  Matatina,  because  the  combats  with  wild  beasts  were  wont  to 
take  place  in  the  morning,  and  with  these  the  games  began. 


206  METAMORPHOSES,  XI.  85-193. 

37.  FSrae  ;  i.  e.,  the  Maenades,  frenzied  women. 
41.  Sacrilegaej  so  called  because  they  are  assailing  the  priest  and 
bard  of  Apollo. 

54.  Invectae  agrees  with  lyra  and  lingua.  Populare,  because  Thra- 
cian,  as  it  were  the  countryman  of  Orpheus. 

55.  Lesbi.  Lesbos  was  the  home  of  the  poets  Alcaeus  and  Sappho ; 
and  also  of  Arion,  who  was  a  native  of  the  Lesbian  town  Methymna. 

62.  Arva  piornm  \  one  of  the  expressions  in  the  Latin  writers  for  the 
abodes  of  the  good  after  death,  like  sedes—piorum  in  Horace,  0.  ii.  13, 
23 ;  sedes  beatas  in  Vergil,  Aen.  vi.  639 ;  Elysium,  Verg.  v.  735,  and  many 
others.  It  is  conceived  as  a  part  of  the  lower  world,  and  opposed  to  sedes 
scelerata,  Ovid,  iv.  456. 

65.  Anteit;  a  word  of  two  syllables,  as  usual  in  verse,  the  e  not 
being  pronounced. 

67-84.  The  poet  tells  in  these  lines  the  story  of  the  change  of  Or- 
pheus's  murderers  into  trees. 

68.  Sacrorum  ;  see  below,  xi.  92,  93. 

71*  In. — secnta  est,  so  far  as  each  (i.  e.,  they  severally)  followed  Or- 
pheus. The  poet  says  that  just  at  the  place  to  which  they  had  followed 
Orpheus  they  were  thrust  by  Bacchus  (detrusit)  into  the  ground. 

72.  Traxit,  to  be  joined  with  in  terrain,  as  well  as  detrusit ;  and  the 
subject  of  both  verbs,  as  of  ligavit,  is  a  pronoun  understood,  referring  to 

Bacchus. Acumina,  appositive  to  digitos.     But  both  these  lines,  71, 

72,  seem  to  be  a  gloss  rather  than  Ovid's  words. 

73.  S  u  urn,  reflexive  to  volucris,  and  volucris  is  the  subject  of  commisit 
and  sensit. 

75.  Plangitur,  beats  itself  with  its  wings. 

76.  Harum  refers  back  to  matres. 

78.  Exsultantem  expresses  the  effort  to  spring  up. 

79.  Digiti — pes — ungues.  The  poet  represents  the  change  as  begin- 
ning with  the  feet,  at  the  roots,  as  it  were,  of  the  trees. 

82.  Fiunt  agrees  in  number  with  the  nearer  and  the  predicate  noun. 

28.  Midas. 
XI.  85-193. 

Finely  has  Hawthorne  told  this  story  in  English  in  his  "Wonder- 
Book." 

85.  Hoe ;  i.  e.,  the  punishment  of  the  Thracian  Bacchae.  Not  con- 
tent with  this,  Bacchus  now  leaves  their  country  (agros),  and  goes  to 


28.   MIDAS.  207 

Lydia,  and  to  the  vineyards  of  his  Timolus  there  (or  Tmolus,  a  mountain 
in  Lydia),  and  to  the  river  Pactolus. 

87.  Aureus ;  see  below,  line  142. 

88.  Invidiosus,  envied  for  its  precious  sands;  liarenis,  ablative. 

93.  Cum  to  be  joined  with  Orpheus  in  translation ;  Orpheus  together 
with — Eumolpus  ;  as  Eumolpus  was  a  pupil  of  Orpheus,  and  afterwards 
settled  in  Attica  (  Cecropio,  from  Cecrops,  the  mythic  founder  of  Athens), 
and  was  the  founder  of  the  Attic  family  of  the  Eumolpidae. 

97.  Coegerat  $  cogo  is  here  used  from  its  military  meaning,  to  bring 
up  the  rear.  The  stars  are  thought  of  as  an  army  marching  off  the  field 
of  the  heavens,  and  Lucifer,  as  the  morning  star,  brings  up  the  rear.  So 
also  in  Ovid,  ii.  114. 

100.  Optandi  is  to  be  joined  with  muneris,  and  the  two  words  limit 
arbitrium.  Midas  is  to  have  his  choice  of  a  gift ;  that  is  agreeable,  but 
useless,  as  the  sequel  will  show. 

103.  Vertatur ;  subjunctive  after  effice,  with  omission  of  ut. 

104.  Solvit ;  this  verb  is  used  in  like  manner  with  dona,  ix.  794.  The 
expression  is  like  pecuniam  solvere,  because  the  gift  as  fulfillment  of 
a  promise  is  like  paying  a  debt. 

105.  Petisset.    Why  is  the  subjunctive  used  ? 

107.  Polliciti  fidem,  the  trustworthiness  of  the  promise.  Fidem  limits 
temptat,  and  singula  limits  tangendo. 

112.  Massa;  i.  e.,  of  gold;  a  nugget. 

117.  Dauacn ;  in  allusion  to  the  story  of  Danae  being  deceived  by 
Jupiter  in  the  form  of  a  shower  of  gold. 

125.  Auctorem  muneris  5  Bacchus,  by  metonymy  for  vinum. 

133.  Spfccioso  (from  specio),  used  like  splendida  (line  131),  of  the 
glitter  of  the  gold;  from  (this)  splendid  curse.  Why  not  our  word 
specious  ? 

134.  Rumen,  appositive  to  Bacchus. 

135.  Restituit  5  i.  e.,  to  his  human  touch. 

135.  Factique,  etc.  The  reading  factifide  is  doubtful;  but  it  may 
mean  in  confirmation  of  the  act,  facti  referring  to  rcslituit.  Data  muncra 
solvit ;  (dissolved,  i.  e.)  took  back  the  gifts  he  had  bestowed;  changed  them 
back  to  what  they  were  before.  But  this  meaning  of  solvo  with  muncra 
is  unusual ;  and  especially  as  solvit  muncra,  in  one  of  its  ordinary  uses, 
has  been  given  above,  in  line  104.  Harper's  Diet.  (Andrews's,  revised  by 
Lewis  and  Short)  translates  thus:  freed  the  gift  from  the  obligation  of  an 
accomplished  fact ;  i.  e.,  revoked  the  gifts, 

137.  Amnem  5  the  Pactolus. 


208  METAMORPHOSES,   XL   85-193. 

144.  Venae  means  the  vein  of  gold,  and  scmine  the  seed  or  golden 
sand  brought  down  by  the  river  into  the  surrounding  fields. 

146-1 93.  Midas  and  Apollo.  Midas  ventures  to  declare  Pan's  music 
to  be  better  than  Apollo's ;  and,  to  punish  his  stupid  ears  (175),  the  god 
of  song  changes  them  into  the  ears  of  an  ass. 

148.  Mansit ;  i.  e.,  just  as  dull  as  in  the  wish  for  the  golden  touch. 

150.  Nam,  etc.  The  poet  goes  on  to  explain  what  he  has  just  said  of 
the  pingue  ingenium  of  Midas. 

152.  Sardis,  in  Lydia,  was  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mount  Tmolus, 
and  Hypacpa  on  the  southern. 

154.  Observe  that  the  first  e  in  leve  is  short,  lave ;  what  then  is  its 
meaning  ?  Also  cerata  has  the  last  syllable  long,  ccratd ;  in  what  case 
then  ? 

156.  Judice ;  Tmolus  is  conceived  here  as  the  god  of  the  mountain, 
and  so  is  to  be  the  umpire  in  the  musical  contest.  So,  too,  in  the  next  line 
the  poet,  by  a  singular  fancy,  transfers  the  trees  (arboribus)  that  crown 
the  mountain  to  the  mountain-god. 

162.  Barbarico ;  Phrygian,  and  so  not  Greek,  foreign. 

163.  Post  nunc;  i.  e.,  after  his  singing  the  god  turns  his  face  (ora)  to 
the  face  of  Phoebus ;  os  used  as  part  for  the  whole. 

164.  Sua  refers  to  vullum  ;  see  H.  449,  2. 

165.  Caput;  accusative,  as  in  H.  378.  In  these  lines,  165-168,  the 
poet  describes  Phoebus  as  in  the  dress  of  the  citharoedus,  or  cithern- 
player,  as  he  was  represented  in  ancient  statues,  one  of  which  is  extant 
in  the  gallery  of  the  Vatican.  It  was  the  costume,  too,  in  which  per- 
formers appeared  in  Rome  in  the  poet's  time. 

165.  On  Para  aside,  see  note  i.  316  ;  on  murice,  note  on  vi.  61. 

167.  Fidem,  from  fides,  meaning  a  string,  and  then  a  lyre  ;  Indis,  of 
India ;  i.  e.,  of  ivory  from  the  tusks  of  Indian  elephants. 

169.  Stamina  (from  stare),  originally  for  what  stands  in  the  loom,  the 
warp,  thread,  and  here  the  strings  of  the  lyre. 

174.  Delias  ;  Apollo,  so  called  from  Delos,  his  birthplace.  Aures  is 
the  subject,  and  figuram  the  object  of  retinere.  So,  in  the  next  line,  a 
pronoun  referring  to  aures  is  the  obj.  of  trahit. 

178.  In  unam  partem,  in  reference  to  cetera  means  on  (this)  one  part. 

179.  Aures  ;  in  ace.  by  H.  378. 

180-193.  The  servant  who  dressed  King  Midas's  hair,  not  daring  to 
tell  men  of  the  strange  ears  of  his  master,  whispers  the  secret  in  the 
earth ;  by-and-by  reeds  spring  up  from  the  spot,  and  these,  as  they  sway 
in  the  wind,  murmur  the  story  to  all  the  air. 


29.   CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  209 

181.  The  tidra  was  a  Fhrygian  head-dress,  pointed  at  the  top,  and 
covering  the  ears,  and  fastened  under  the  chin. 

184.  Cnpiens  is  equivalent  to  a  concessive  clause ;  though  he  wanted 
(to  bring  it  out  into  the  air,  i.  e.)  to  utter  it,  to  make  it  known,  yet  (la- 
men),  etc. 

192.  Agrlcttlam  ;  the  famulus  is  thought  of  as  a  farmer,  who  has  in- 
trusted the  secret  to  the  earth,  just  as  he  would  sow  seed  in  it. 

29.   Ceyx  and  AlcySne. 

XL  410-748. 

Ceyx,  king  of  Trachis  in  Thessaly,  is  drowned  while  on  a  voyage  to 
Claros.  His  body  is  washed  ashore,  and  is  discovered  by  his  wife  Alcy- 
one, who  is  anxiously  awaiting  his  return.  As  she  throws  herself  into 
the  sea  to  reach  her  husband,  she  is  changed  into  a  king-fisher  or  halcyon ; 
and  Ceyx  is  changed  in  like  manner.  So  they  mate  and  live  together. 
They  build  their  nest,  as  the  fable  has  it,  on  the  sea  ;  and  the  seven  win- 
ter clays,  when  Alcyone  broods  over  her  nest,  are  "  Halcyon  days,"  when 
a  calm  broods  over  the 

"  Ocean, 
Who  now  hath  quite  forgot  to  rave, 
While  birds  of  calm  sit  brooding  on  the  charmed  wave." 

Milton's  "Hymn  to  the  Nativity." 

410-143.  Alcyone  endeavors,  but  all  in  vain,  to  dissuade  her  husband 
from  the  voyage. 

410,411.  Pectora,  in  the  ace.  limits  turbatus  by  II.  378.  Fratris 
limits  prodigiis,  and  secictis  agrees  with  prodigiis.  Daedalion,  the  brother 
of  Ceyx,  had  been  changed  into  a  hawk ;  and  after  his  death  a  wolf,  which 
had  attacked  the  flocks  of  Peleus,  had  been  turned  to  stone. 

413.  Clarinm,  of  Claros,  near  Colophon,  in  Asia  Minor,  where  was  a 
celebrated  oracle  of  Apollo. 

414.  PlilSgyis ;  the  Phlegyae  were  a  Boeotian  people,  and  Phorbas 
was  their  king. 

417.  Bnxo  5  see  note  iv.  134. 

425.  At  puto,  etc.  She  thinks  to  herself,  that  if  it  were  a  journey  by 
land,  then  she  should  only  suffer  from  the  grief  of  parting ;  but  the  sea  is 
what  she  fears. 

428,  429.  Tabulas ;  i.  e.,  planks  from  shipwrecks  ;  and  sine  corpore 
refers  to  empty  tombs,  cenotaphs,  when  people  have  been  lost  at  sea. 


210  METAMORPHOSES,   XL  410-748. 

431.  Hippotades  5  i.  c,  Aeolus,  the  god  of  the  winds,  whose  daughter 
Alcyone  was.     Sec  note  iv.  663. 

432.  Placet  5  the  long  a  points  to  what  verb  ?  and  what  would  placet 
mean? 

436.  Concursibns;  see  note  i.  56. 

442.  Nisi — patiar*  If  she  were  not  with  him,  her  fears  might  be 
greater,  because  imaginary ;  but  if  she  is  with  him,  then  she  will  fear 
only  what  she  really  suffers. 

444-477.  The  departure. 

445.  Sidereus,  in  reference  to  his  descent,  as  the  son  of  Lucifer. 

449.  Non  tamen,  etc.  Causam  refers  to  the  whole  thing  of  which 
he  is  talking  to  her ;  and  with  probat  (sc.  Ceyx)  ei  is  understood,  referring 
to  Alcyone ;  literally,  he  does  not  approve  the  thing  to  her ;  i.  e.,  with  all 
that  he  says,  yet  he  does  not  convince  her  of  the  thing. 

452.  Patrios,  in  allusion  to  Lucifer. 

455.  NavallbuSj  in  connection  with  the  poetic  aequore  Unguis  seems  to 
mean  what  we  call  a  dry  dock  ;  indeed,  in  iii.  661,  Ovid  uses  the  expres- 
sion siccum  navalc. 

462.  Gcminis ;  they  sat  on  both  sides  of  the  ship,  where  the  banks  of 
oars  were  arranged,  so  as  to  be  opposite  each  other.  The  pinus,  or  ship, 
was  thus  a  biremis. 

475.  Pendentes  5  this  would  be  the  position  of  the  oars  during  the 
rowing ;  hanging  down  into  the  sea ;  but  now,  with  a  breeze  filling  the 
sails,  the  sailor  lays  the  oars  across  the  side  of  the  ship.  The  vowel  e  is 
by  nature  short  before  nt  and  nd ;  but  the  syllable  is  long  by  position. 

476.  Corona  means,  first,  the  (horn-like)  extremities  to  the  yard  of 
the  ship  {antenna) ;  then,  as  here,  the  ropes  which  passed  from  these  ex- 
tremities to  the  top  of  the  mast  (summa — arbore). 

478-573.  The  shipwreck,  and  the  death  of  Ceyx. 

478.  Amplins  5  quam  is  omitted.     H.  417,  1,  note  2. 

481.  Euros,  a  contrary  wind  for  a  voyage  from  Greece  to  Asia  Minor. 

487.  Ventis — ncgare  5  to  reef  the  sails. 

495.  Clamore,  etc.  So  Vergil,  i.  87,  Insequitur  clamorque  virum  stri- 
dorque  rudentum. 

496.  Fndarom — unda.  The  words  are  purposely  repeated,  as  in  xv. 
181,  unda  impellitur  unda. 

506.  Suspicere,  to  look  up,  as  contrasted  with  despicere  in  1.  404.  The 
ship,  when  on  the  crest  of  a  sea,  seems  to  look  down  into  its  very 
depths  (Ac7ieronta,  the  lower  world),  and  when  it  has  gone  down  into  the 
troughs  (voiles)  of  the  sea,  it  seems  thence  to  look  up  to  the  heights  of  the 


29.   CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  211 

sky.  Acheron  is  first  the  name  of  a  river  in  the  Lower  World,  meaning, 
as  a  Greek  word,  the  stream  of  woe,  and  then  the  name  of  the  Lower 
World  itself. 

50T.  Latus.     H.  378. 

508.  Qnam,  etc.  The  order  of  the  words  as  follows :  qnam  cum  olim 
ferreus  aries  ballistave  concutit  laceras  arces.  The  battering-ram  arics, 
and  the  ballist  (a  machine  for  throwing  projectiles)  were  used  in  the  sieges 
of  cities. 

512.  Se  admiscrat ;  admlttcre  with  equum  means  to  let  a  horse  run, 
as  in  vi.  237,'where  see  note ;  so,  too,  admisso  passu,  i.  532 ;  and  here  it  is 
used  figuratively  of  unda  ;  when  it  had  given  itself  free  course.  Thus  the 
se  admiserat  corresponds  in  the  simile  to  incursu.  As  the  lion  is  wont  by 
running  to  gather  up  its  strength  for  the  assault,  ire  in  arma,  etc.,  so  the 
wave,  after  having  given  itself  full  course,  ibat  in  arma,  etc. 

514.  The  cunei  were  the  wedge-like  plugs  by  which  the  planks  of  the 
keel  were  held  together ;  cera,  wax,  was  used  as  well  as  pitch  in  protect- 
ing the  joinings  of  the  ship. 

525.  Omni  nnmero,  all  the  number ;  i.  c.,  all  the  rest  (of  his  fellow- 
soldiers). 

530.  Dccimac — nndae  5  i.  e.,  the  fluctus  decumanus,  as  the  Romans 
called  it,  every  tenth  wave,  which  they  thought  to  be  the  strongest  and 
most  perilous. 

536.  Trepidare  depends  upon  solet.  Tenentibus  intus,  said  of  such  of 
the  enemy  as  are  already  inside  (intus),  corresponds  to  pars  maris  intus, 
in  1.  534. 

539.  Vocat — mancant  5  because  it  was  supposed  that  the  spirits  of 
the  unburied  wandered  restless  on  this  side  the  Styx. 

542.  Subennt  illi,  occur  to  his  mind.     So  in  vii.  170. 

543.  Pignflrfbus ;  i.  c.,  the  children. 

550.  Dnplicata  \  explained  by  line  521,  the  darkness  of  the  night,  and 
of  the  storm. 

552.  Regimen,  guiding,  something  that  guides,  and  so  means,  as  here, 
the  rudder.  Spoliis  ;  i.  c.,  the  mast,  and  the  rudder,  which  are,  as  it 
were,  the  spoils  of  the  wave  ;  proud  of  her  spoils,  like  a  conquo'or,  rising 
up  (superstcs)  and  high-arched,  looks  down  upon  (the  other)  waves. 

554.  Athon,  a  mountainous  peninsula  in  Macedonia;  Pindum,  the 
mountain-range  which  parts  Thessaly  from  Epirus. 

558.  Fato  fnncta  5  the  abl.  in  fato  by  II.  421, 1. ;  reached  their  destined 
end. 

561.  Sdeernmqne  patremqne;  i.  c.,  Aeolus  and  Lucifer. 


212  METAMORPHOSES,   XI.  410-748. 

562.  Plurima;  an  adjective  agreeing  with  Alcyone,  but  here  ad- 
verbial in  meaning;  Alcyone's  name  is  very  much  (i.  e.,  saepissime)  on 
his  lips. 

563.  ReTert ;  again  and  again  he  utters  her  name. 

564.  Illius ;  the  penultimate  here  short.  The  word,  as  the  first  in  the 
line,  is  emphatic ;  before  her  eyes  he  longs  that  the  waves  may  bear  his 
body.  It  is  she,  above  all  others,  by  whose  friendly  hands  he  would  fain 
be  buried. 

568.  Niger — aquarnm.  Arcus  seems  to  express  the  arched,  bow-like 
shape  of  the  wave ;  the  expression  arcus  aquarum  is  thus  much  like  our 
word  billow. 

570.  Posses ;  the  subjunctive  by  II.  503,  I. 

571.  Excederc  eaelo.  See  note  ii.  115.  Lucifer,  though  the  father 
of  Ceyx,  yet  as  leader  of  the  stars,  may  not  leave  his  post  in  the  sky. 

573-709.  At  the  bidding  of  Juno,  through  her  messenger  Iris,  Mor- 
pheus is  dispatched  by  Somnus  to  make  known  to  Alcyone  in  a  vision  the 
death  of  Ceyx. 

573.  AedJIs.    Alcyone,  the  daughter  of  Aeolus. 

574-576.  Induat— gerat.    Subj.  of  purpose,  H.  497. 

578.  Juno  was  worshiped  as  the  goddess  of  marriage,  and  the  guar- 
dian deity  of  married  women. 

579.  Nnllus,  a  strong  expression  for  no  longer  among  the  living ;  who 
toas  no  more. 

583.  Morte,  abl.  as  above,  559,  by  II.  421, 1.,  andfunclo  morte,  another 
euphemistic  expression  for  mortuo. 

583.  Rogari,  used  as  the  object  of  sustinet ;  does  not  endure  being 
asked. 

584.  Dianas  fiinestas,  unclean  hands  ;  i.  e.,  ceremonially ;  in  accord- 
ance with  the  idea  that  a  house  and  family  were  unclean  so  long  as  a 
member  of  it  who  had  died  still  lay  unburied. 

585.  Tri.    See  note,  i.  271. 

587.  Mittat,  in  subjunctive  with  jube,  and  ut  omitted.  See  II.  535,  II., 
note,  and  499,  2. 

587.  Imagine  seems  to  limit  somnia,  as  a  descriptive  abl.  or  abl.  of 
quality.     H.  419,  II. 

589.  Velamina  ;  ace.  by  II.  378. 

590.  Arcuato,  in  two  syllables,  as  when  written  arquato. 

591.  Jnssi ;  i.  e.,  to  whom  she  was  ordered  to  go.     So  above,  xi.  142. 

592.  Cimmerios,  a  word  meaning,  perhaps,  as  Haupt  suggests,  "  the 
Dark,"  and  the  name  of  a  mythical  people,  mentioned  also  by  Homer  (as 


29.   CEYX  AND  ALCYONE.  213 

in  Od.  xi.  14),  as  living  in  the  remote  West,  by  the  ocean.  Here,  then, 
it  is  that  the  poet  fancies  the  abode  of  Somnus  to  be,  in  a  region  envel- 
oped by  perpetual  mists  and  darkness. 

593.  Penetralia,  a  word  of  the  same  origin  as  penates,  penilus,  penetro, 
and  expressing  the  idea  of  somewhat  inner,  and  so  secret  and  sacred. 
Through  the  word  pevus,  an  inner  chamber  for  a  store-house,  it  is  thought 
to  be  allied  to  pasco  and  kindred  words,  and  to  come  from  a  root  pa. 

594.  (Mens — C&densve  ;  i.  e.,  at  1m  rising,  mid-course,  or  setting. 

596.  Dubiaeque — liieis,  and  the  dimness  of  twilight.  Indeed,  twi- 
light, as  a  compound,  is  just  the  same  as  dubiae  lucis,  as  hoi  is  the  Saxon 
tweon,  doubt,  and  light  the  Saxon  leoht.  As  dubius  comes  from  duo, 
may  not  tweon  be  allied  to  twi,  or  twa,  the  Saxon  for  two  ? 

597.  Vigil  alfcs,  etc.  It  is  worth  while  to  compare  other  passages  in 
Ovid,  which  give  expression  to  the  wakefulness  of  the  cock,  and  to  the 
early  hour  of  cock-crowing,  Horace's  Sub  galli  cantum,  Sat.  i.  1,  10, 
which  is  here  poetically  given  in  Evocat  Auroram.  Thus,  in  the  Fasti,  i. 
455,  cristatus  ales,  quod  tepidum  vigili  provocet  ore  diem  ;  also  Fasti,  ii. 
767,  lam  dederat  cantus  lucis  praenuntius  cdes.  These  Latin  passages 
are  matched  in  English  in  Milton's  "  Allegro,"  "  While  the  cock  with 
lively  din  Scatters  the  rear  of  darkness  thin." 

599.  Sagatfor  anser.  On  the  sagacity  of  the  goose,  Ovid  has  also  a 
passage,  Met.  ii.  538,  scrvaluris  vigili  Capitolia  voce — a?isenbus,  in  allusion 
to  the  preservation  of  the  capitol  through  the  cackling  of  the  geese  when 
the  city  was  taken  by  the  Gauls ;  Livy,  v.  47. 

603.  Rivus — Lethes,  etc.  Comp.  n.  vii.  152.  The  river  is  similarly 
described  by  Milton  in  "Paradise  Lost,"  ii.  584:  "A  slow  and  silent 
stream,  Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls  her  watery  labyrinth." 

610.  Medio  agrees  with  antro,  and  ebeno  limits  sublimis  ;  ebeno  for 
the  bedstead  made  of  ivory,  and  so  =  spondcl  cbenind.  In  the  middle  of 
the  cave  is  a  bolster,  raised  high  (sublimis)  on  an  ivory  bedstead. 

616.  Virgo;  Iris. 

618.  Sacra,  because  the  dwelling  of  a  god. 

619.  Relabens ;  he  will,  on  raising  his  heavy  eyes,  raise  himself  up, 
but  again  and  again  slips  back,  and  his  nodding  chin  strikes  the  top  of  his 
breast. 

621.  Sibi  se  ;  he  shakes  himself  out  of  himself;  i.  e.,  out  of  sleep. 

625.  Makes  reminds  us  of  Young's  familiar  line:  "Tired  nature's 
sweet  restorer,  balmy  sleep ! " 

626.  Quae— aequent ;  subjunctive  of  result,  Gr.  500 ;  such  as  may 
resemble ;  i.  e  ,  representing  real  forms. 


214  METAMORPHOSES,   XL  410-748. 

627.  Trilclrine  ;  we  should  expect  the  ace.  of  place  instead  of  the  abl. 
(Herculeam  Trachina)  after  adeant.  Herculea,  so  called  because  in  Tra- 
chis,  a  town  in  Thessaly,  Hercules  was  said  to  have  lived  in  the  last  part 
of  his  life." 

630.  Vaporis,  in  allusion  to  the  poppies  and  other  plants  mentioned 
in  line  605. 

632.  Arcns  ;  i.  c.,  the  rainbows,  as  described  vi.  63. 

633-635.  Pater,  Somnus. Morphea,  from  Morpheus,  from  poptfii 

the  god  of  dreams ;  so  called  from  the  forms  which  he  calls  up  before  the 
sleeper.     The  words  artificem—figurae  thus  explain  the  Greek  word. 

638.  Alter;  i.  e.,  a  second  one,  whose  names  are  given  in  the  next  line. 

640.  Iceion — Phobetora,  Greek  words,  meaning,  the  former,  similis, 
like ;  the  latter,  one  who  terrifies. 

642.  Phantasos,  the  god  of  appearances  or  apparitions,  from  the 
same  Greek  root  as  our  words  fancy,  phantasm,  fantastic,  and  the  like. 

647.  Thanmantldos ;  i.  e.,  of  Iris,  the  daughter  of  Thaumas,  son  of 
Pontus  and  Gaea. 

652.  Ilaemoniam.  Trachis  was  a  city  of  Thessaly,  which  was  called 
Hacmonia,  from  Haemon,  father  of  Thessalus. 

662.  Me ;  i.  e.,  meum  reditum,  as  above,  in  1.  576.  Fcdso  is  an  ad- 
verb, qualifying  promitterc,  the  two  words  expressing  a  false  expectation  ; 
do  not  cherish  a  false  expectation  of  my  return. 

669.  Lugubria,  used  substantively  for  lugubria  vestimenta ;  put  on 
mourning. 

678.  Illic,  join  with  sit,  if  he  is  there,  iv7io  seemed  just  now  to  be 
(there). 

607.  Fuit ;  it  would  have  been.     See  II.  476,  5. 

698.  De — qnicquam,  any  of  my  life-time. 

699.  Non  simul,  not  with  you ;  i.  e.,  without  you. 

700.  In  her  sense  of  one-ness  with  him,  she  feels  that  in  his  dying 
she  has  died  herself,  and  that  parted  from  him  (sine  te)  it  is  the  same  as 
if  she  too  had  been  drowned  in  the  sea. 

706.  Littera,  meaning  the  inscription  on  the  tomb. 

710-748.  On  awaking  from  sleep  Alcyone  hastens  to  the  shore,  whence 
she  sees  the  form  of  her  husband,  and,  in  springing  forward  to  meet  him, 
is  changed,  together  with  him,  into  a  bird. 

713.  Hoc — litflre,  at  this  spot  on  the  shore. 

719.  Online  ;  she  looks  at  it  as  a  new  omen  of  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, that  just  here  and  now  she  sees  this  body  of  a  shipwrecked  man 
(naufragus). 


30.  THE  nOUSE  OF  FAME.  215 

722,  723.  Quo — mentis,  the  more  she  looks  upon  it,  the  less  and  less 
has  she  of  her  senses ;  i.  e.,  the  more  and  more  is  she  beside  herself.  The 
repetition  of  the  comparative  minus  expresses  the  gradual  loss  of  con- 
sciousness; compare  the  repetition,  in  the  next  two  lines,  of  jam. 

721.  Qaod — posset,  the  subjunctive  expresses  result;  now  so  near 
that  she  could — 

729.  Facta  manu,  made  by  man's  hand ;  hence  our  word  manufac- 
ture, and  its  cognates. 

731,  735.  Maesto — rostro ;  macsto,  sc.  sono.  Tenui  describes  the 
slender  shape  of  the  halcyon's  beak.  The  mournful  notes  of  the  bird  are 
mentioned  by  other  writers,  as  Homer,  Iliad,  9,  561 ;  Propertius,  iii.  10,  9. 

711,  712.  S ii peris;  Vergil  makes  the  bird  the  favorite  of  Thetis,  as 
in  Georg  i.  399,  Dilectae  Thctidi  alcyones.  For  the  construction  in  abl. 
alite,  see  II.  422,  note  2. 

712 — 711.  Fatis  isdem ;  i.  e.,  in  both  of  them  being  changed  into 
birds Obnoxius,  subject. Cocnnt,  they  mate. 

715.  Hibcrno,  etc.  So  Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.  10,  99 — bruma,  qui  dies  hal- 
cyonides  vocantur,  placido  mari  per  eos.  The  tenacity  of  the  story  is 
illustrated  by  our  own  expression,  "  halcyon  days,"  as  used  in  literature 
as  well  as  in  life.  So  Denham  says  of  Augustus,  "His  halcyon  days 
brought  forth  the  arts  of  peace."  As  to  the  nests,  the  halcyons  or  king- 
fishers build  on  cliffs  or  in  holes  in  the  rocks  ;  but,  from  these  nests  be- 
ing often  washed  off  by  the  waves,  there  probably  arose  the  story  of  their 
building  on  the  surface  of  the  sea,  pendentibus  aequorc  ;  sea-hanging  nests. 

30.   The  House  of  Fame. 
XII.   39-63. 

This  description,  by  the  poet,  of  the  House  of  Fame,  is  incidental  to 
his  mention  of  the  intelligence  having  reached  the  Trojans  that  the  Greeks 
were  ncaring  their  shores.  From  this  house  it  is,  as  the  poet  fancies  it, 
that  the  intelligence  has  issued.  For  a  description  of  Farna  herself,  sec 
Vergil,  Aen.  iv.  173. 

39.  Orbc,  here  and  in  line  63,  for  the  circle  of  the  universe  ;  like  the 
Scripture  expression  of  the  earth,  "  It  is  He  that  sitteth  upon  the  circle 
of  the  earth."  Isa.  xl.  22.  The  same  idea  is  in  the  next  line,  mundi ; 
so,  too,  the  orbis  includes  earth,  sea,  and  sky — terras,  f return,  caelestes 
plagas. 

11.  Regionibus  is  an  abl.  of  specification. 

12.  Penetrat  depends  also  upon  unde. 


216  METAMORPHOSES,   XIII.   750-897. 

46.  Tota  agrees  with  domus,  to  be  supplied. 

49.  Murmiira,  in  connection  with  f remit,  line  47,  seems  to  express  a 
kind  of  hum,  like  Thomson's  "ceaseless  hum"  in  the  "woods  at  noon," 
or,  as  the  poet  has  it  here  himself,  of  the  far-off  waves,  or  the  distant 
thunder. 

53,  54.  LSvc,  a  light  crowd,  appositive  to  milia  rumorum.  Com- 
rnenta  agreeing  with  milia  instead  of  rumorum  ;  he  might  have  written 
milia  commentorum  rumorum. 

57,  58.  Mensuraqne,  etc.  Like  Vergil's  description  in  Aen.  iv.  195, 
Mobilitate  viget,  vircsque  acquirit  eundo.  Comp.  also  Ovid  himself,  in  ix. 
137. 

61.  Dnbioque  auctore,  abl.  of  characteristic. 

31.   Acis  and  Galatea. 
XIII.   750-897. 

750-777.  Galatea  tells  the  story  of  her  love  for  Acis,  and  her  hatred 
of  the  Cyclops,  and  of  the  love  of  the  Cyclops  for  herself. 

750.  Fanno  \  the  name  of  an  old  king  of  Latium,  who,  after  his 
death,  was  worshiped  as  the  god  of  fields  and  flocks :  afterward  identified 

with  the  Greek  god  Pan. Symaethide  ;  Symaethis,  the  daughter  of  the 

river-god  Symaethus  ;  the  river  was  on  the  east  coast  of  Sicily,  near  Mt. 
Aetna.     For  the  ablative  with  cretus,  Gr.  415,  II. 

752.  Me,  i.  c.,  Galatea,  who  is  speaking. 

753.  Natalibus,  ablative  of  quality,  Gr.  419,  II. ;  and  the  whole  ex- 
pression octonis — actis  is  a  circumlocution  for  age ;  he  had  passed  twice 
eight  birthdays, 

754.  Malas ;  observe  the  long  penult.  The  word,  meaning  check,  is 
allied  to  the  verb  mando,  to  chew. 

755.  Cyclops,  from  the  Greek  word  meaning  round-eyed ;  Polyphemus, 
like  all  the  Cyclopes,  was  represented  as  having  but  one  eye,  and  that  in 
the  middle  of  the  forehead. 

755.  Fine'  is  here  feminine,  though  generally  masculine ;  Gr.  107,  I. 

758.  Pro,  interjection  with  Venus. 

759.  Alma,  from  alo,  and  a  constant  epithet  for  Venus  as  the  source 
of  life  and  growth  in  nature  ;  nourishing. 

760.  Silvis,  dative  limiting  horrendus  ;  the  rude  Cyclops  was  a  terror 
even  to  the  tvoods.  Horrendus  is  a  common  epithet  with  silva  or  ncmus. 
So  also  Sylvanus,  the  god  of  the  woods,  is  called  horridus  or  horrendus, 
from  horreo  in  its  primary  meaning. 


31.   ACIS  AND   GALATEA.  217 

761.  Join  cum  dis  with  Olympi,  of  Olympus  and  its  gods.  Compare 
below,  lines  843  and  857. 

765.  Rastris.  Such  a  monster  needed  a  rake  for  a  comb,  and  a  scythe 
(falec)  for  a  razor. 

770.  Telfcmus ;  Tclemus,  the  son  of  Eurymus,  the  soothsayer  of  the 
Cyclops,  and  one  whom  no  bird  had  deceived,  i.  e.,  who  always  read  aright 
the  omens. 

773.  I'lixes  )  in  allusion  to  Homer's  story  in  the  Odyssey,  that  Ulysses 
put  out  the  one  eye  of  Polyphemus. 

775.  Altera — rapiiit.  Love  makes  the  rude  Cyclops  quite  fine  in  his 
wit.  He  says,  the  other  (meaning  Galatea,  as  the  other  of  the  two)  has 
already  robbed  me  of  my  sight,  thus  confessing  how  love  has  blinded 
him. 

776.  Gradiens — passu.  Hoping  to  sec  his  love,  who  is  a  Nereid,  and 
so  a  sea-nymph,  he  stalks  along  the  shore  with  huge  step  ;  litora  the  object 
alike  of  gradiens  and  degravat. 

778-809.  Galatea  goes  on  to  tell  how  Polyphemus  turns  minstrel, 
through  the  influence  of  his  love,  and  how  he  lauds  her  charms  in  song, 
and  also  bewails  her  coldness  to  him. 

778.  The  poet  describes  here  a  tvedgc-like  {cuncaius)  promontory 
stretching  far  out  into  the  sea. 

780.  Medius  ;  he  sat  sat  down  on  the  middle  of  the  hill,  so  as  to  com- 
mand a  view  of  the  sea  on  both  sides. 

783.  Antcmnis,  etc.  The  pine-wood  staff  was  big  enough  to  carry  a 
sail-yard, 

784.  Centum  ;  the  shepherd's  pipe  {fistula),  usually  made  of  (composita) 
seven  reeds,  is  made  of  a  hundred  for  the  Cyclops. 

785.  SIbila,  pipings. 

789.  Ligustri,  a  white  plant,  the  privet,  Vergil's  album  Ugustrum, 
Eel.  2,  18. 

791.  Lascivior,  more  playful.  The  line  is  imitated  in  the  English 
song:  "0  nymph  more  bright  Than  moonshine  night,  Like  kidlings, 
blithe  and  merry." 

792.  Levior,  smoother.     What  would  levior  mean  ? 

795.  tva ;  in  the  English  song,  "  Ripe  as  the  melting  cluster." 
798,  Eadem  5  yet  the  same  Galatea  is  also,  etc. ;  in  the  English  song 
again :  "  Yet  hard  to  tame  As  raging  flame,  And  fierce  as  storms  that 
bluster." 

800.  Lentior — salicis,  etc.     The  willow,  because  so  pliant  and  flexi- 
ble, is  hard  to  break ;  and  so  when  used  of  character,  as  here  of  a  coy 
11 


218  METAMORPHOSES,   XIII.   750-897. 

maiden,  comes  to  mean  inflexible.  The  vitis  alba  is  a  creeping  vine,  called 
(from  the  Greek)  bryony. 

803.  The  tribnlns  is  a  prickly  plant,  the  caltrop.  Feta,  with  young, 
from  the  root  fu,  fe  (as  in  fu-i,  fe-lix);  the  bear  is  then  most  fierce. 

810 — 83T.  In  illustration  of  si — noris  {if  you  only  knew  me  well)  he 
goes  on  to  tell  how  much  he  has  to  offer  her. 

810.  Pars  montis  expresses  how  great  his  cave  is,  and  vivo — saxo, 
hanging  with  living  stone,  describes  the  cave  as  arched  with  living 
stone. 

816.  Fraga  leges  ;  see  note  i.  104,  and  for  coma,  ib.  105. 

819.  Deer  nut,  dissyllable,  as  in  i.  77. 

821.  Multae,  sc.  pecudes,  as  suggested  by  the  generic  word  pecus. 

826.  Ft  means  here  how  ;  you  yourself  can  see  how.  Then  ubcr  is  the 
object  of  circumeant,  and  the  preposition  (circum)  is  quite  in  place  to 
describe  the  movement  of  the  legs  around  the  amply  filled  udders ;  how 
on  both  sides  of  the  distended  udder  they  can  scarcely  move  their  legs.  But 
Siebelis  makes  ut — circumeant  the  result  after  disicntum  sc.  ita,  and  ubcr 
the  object  of  videre,  a  forced  and  unnatural  construction. 

830.  Partem  is  the  object  of  durant,  and  coagula  the  subject.  Coagu- 
lum  (from  cogo)  means,  first,  something  that  coagulates  or  curdles,  as 
here,  and  then  (passively)  something  which  is  coagulated,  as  curdled 
milk.  Thus  it  is  like  our  Saxon  word  rennet  or  runnet,  which  is  also 
used  in  the  passive  sense  as  well  as  in  the  active.  The  coagulum,  rennet 
(which  is  prepared  from  the  stomachs  of  calves),  when  softened  in  water 
{liquefacta),  hardens  or  curdles  the  milk,  so  as  to  make  cheese. 

833.  Parve'  ;  i.  e.,  par  and  ve,  or  a  pair. 

838-858.  The  Cyclops  goes  on  to  describe  his  own  personal  attrac- 
tions. 

844.  Torvos,  here  in  a  good  sense,  earnest. 

853.  Orbis,  in  the  sense  of  oculus  ;  yet  the  sun  has  but  a  single  (round) 
eye. 

854.  Geuitor  ;  i.  e.,  Vulcan,  the  father  of  Galatea. 

859-869.  He  would  not  take  it  so  hard  of  Galatea,  if  she  were  just 
as  indifferent  to  all  others. 

859.  ContemptuSj  genitive  (of  fourth  decl.),  limits  patientior. 

863.  Quod  nollem  refers  only  to  tibi ;  it  is  the  pleasing  Galatea  (tibi) 
that  he  wouldn't  like  ;  he  may  please  himself  as  much  as  he  likes. 

864.  Sentiet,  etc.,  is  the  conclusion  to  the  condition  to  placeat  licebit ; 
but  modo — dctur  is  interposed.  Only  let  the  chance  be  given  me,  or  let 
me  only  get  the  chance!     Pro  means  here  in  proportion  to. 


32.   THE  EPILOGUE.  219 

868.  Cuinqnc — Aetnam.  It  seems  to  him  as  if  he  were  carrying  in 
his  breast  all  the  raging  violence  of  Aetna's  fires.  It  was  fabled  that 
Vulcan's  forge  was  under  Aetna. 

870-884.  All  at  once  the  Cyclops  catches  sight  of  Galatea  and  her 
lover,  and  forthwith  hurls  at  Acis  a  huge  rock. 

874.  The  que  really  belongs  to  exclamat,  and  shouts. 

875.  Sit  depends  upon  faciam,  ut  omitted.  /  will  make  that  the 
last,  etc. 

876.  Tantaqne,  etc. ;  and  such  a  voice  as  the  Cyclops  ought  to  have 
had,  that  he  had ;  he  had  just  such  a  vcicc  as  you  would  fancy  such  a 
creature  to  have. 

884.  Angulns  is  only  another  expression  (the  corner)  for  'partem  e 
monte  ;  though  it  was  only  the  very  edge  of  the  piece  of  rock  that  reached 
him,  yet  it  dashed  Acis  quite  to  pieces. 

885-897.  Galatea  does  her  utmost  for  her  poor  lover ;  she  turns  him 
into  a  stream,  which  flows  from  under  the  rock. 

886.  Avitas,  of  his  grandfather,  the  river-god  Symaethus. 

887.  Intra — exignnm  \  iemporis  limits  exiguum  ;  in  a  short  time. 
890.  Mora,  with  delay ;  i.  c.,  gradually. 

894.  Corona  cannis ;  as  in  ix.  3,  so  here,  horns  wreathed  with  the 
reed  that  grows  by  the  river-side  arc  with  the  poets  characteristic  of  the 
river-gods. 

895.  Caerulns,  because  the  color  of  the  sea ;  so  also,  with  the  poets, 
of  the  sea-gods  5  as  in  i.  275,  of  Neptune. 

32.   The  Epilogue. 

XV.  871-879. 

In  these  concluding  lines  of  the  poem,  Ovid  proudly  predicts  his  own 
immortality  as  a  poet.  He  has  given  expression  to  the  same  sentiments 
in  his  "  Amores,"  iii.  15,  7;  ib.  20 ;  and  also  in  his  "  Ars  Amatoria,"  iii. 
339,  340.  Compare  with  these  passages  of  Ovid,  the  celebrated  ode  of 
Ilorace,  iii.  30,  Exegi  monumentum  acre  perennius,  with  the  introduction 
and  notes  to  it  in  my  edition  of  Ilorace. 

871.  Jftvis  ira,  by  metonymy  for  fulmen,  lightning.  Compare  in  xv. 
811,  fulminis  iram. 

872.  Edax,  devouring,  as  in  xv.  234,  tempus  Zdax  rcrum.  From  what 
verb  is  8dax  (observe  the  short  8)  derived  ?  Horace  has  Od.  iii.  30,  3, 
imbei*  edax. 

873.  Corporis — jus.    Jus  with  the  genitive,  as  in  ii.  48,  power  over. 


220  AMOBES,  I.  15. 

875.  Parte  tamen,  etc.  So  in  Horace,  multaque  pars  mci.  Od.  iii. 
30,  6.     The  better  part  he  counts  to  be  his  poetic  genius  and  fame. 

8T6.  liideleblle ;  a  briefer  expression  for  Horace's  crescam  laude 
recens. 

818.  Ore*  legar,  etc.  Compare  the  poet's  words  in  his  "Tristia," 
iv.  10,  127;  iii.  7,  50;  iii.  14,19. 


AMOEES. 

1.  The  Poet's  Defense. 
I.  15. 

The  poet  celebrates  the  praises  of  the  great  bards,  Greek  and  Roman, 
and  the  noble  offices  they  have  discharged — in  answer  to  the  carpings  of 
envious  dullards.  Horace  has  a  parallel  passage  in  his  "  Ars  Poetica," 
391-407.  Wordsworth  expresses  a  similar  sentiment  in  his  "Personal 
Talk  " :  "  Blessings  be  with  them,  and  eternal  praise,  Who  gave  us  nobler 
loves,  and  nobler  cares,  The  poets,  who  on  earth  have  made  us  heirs  Of 
truth  and  pure  delight  by  heavenly  lays  ! " 

1.  Quid.    Why  ?   See  Gr.  454,  2. On  edax  see  note,  Met.  xv.  872. 

Livorj  which  literally  means  a  bluish  color,  is  figuratively  used,  as 

here,  for  envy ;  perhaps  because  the  face  takes  on  a  bluish  complexion 
when  the  heart  is  suffering  from  envy  or  malice. 

3.  Me,  with  sequi,  dependent  upon  obicts.  Indeed,  these  three  accu- 
satives with  their  infinitives  seem  to  be  used  appositively,  to  illustrate 
obicts  annos  and  vocas  carmen.  The  poet  resents  the  inference,  that  be- 
cause he  has  not,  like  most  Romans,  given  himself  to  arms  (militiae)^ 
or  to  legal  learning  (leges),  or  to  public  life  (ford),  therefore  his  years  are 
inactive,  and  his  poetry  the  work  of  an  idle  mind. 

6.  Prostltuisse  ;  not  in  so  bad  a  sense  as  our  derived  word  to  prosti- 
tute, though  it  is  used  disparagingly ;  from  its  literal  meaning,  to  put  a 
thing  forward  (pro  and  statuo),  it  comes  to  mean,  to  make  a  show  of  any- 
thing, and  so  to  offer  it  for  sale  or  for  hire.  So  Juvenal,  Sat.  vii.  149, 
mercedem  pdnere  linguae. 

7.  Mo  it  ale — pcrennis  ;  the  contrast  of  the  two  words  is  well  expressed 
by  their  being  put,  the  one  in  the  first  place  in  the  line,  the  other  in  the 
last. 

9.  Maeuirides  \  of  Maeonia,  or  Lydia,  of  which  Homer,  who  is  here 
referred  to,  was  supposed  to  be,  a  native.     Of  the  seven  cities,  which 


1.  THE  POET'S  DEFENSE.  221 

claimed  the  honor  of  giving  Homer  birth,  two  were  in  Maconia,  viz., 
Smyrna  and  Colophon. 

9,  10.  TfcnSdos — Idc — aquas.  Tencdos,  an  island  off  the  Trojan 
coast.  To  this  Vergil  refers  in  Aen.  ii.  21,  Est  in  conspectu  Tenedos, 
etc.  Ida  is  the  name  of  the  mountain  range  around  Troy,  and  the  Simois 
and  the  Scamander  were  the  two  famous  Trojan  rivers. 

11.  Aseraens,  the  Ascraean,  i.  e.,  the  poet  Hesiod,  so  called  from  As- 
cra,  in  Boeotia,  where  he  lived.  Sec  Epist.  ex  Ponto,  iv.  14,  31.  He 
wrote  a  didactic  poem  called  "Kpya  kcl\  "H^epai,  "  Works  and  Days,"  to 
which  Vergil  alludes  in  his  Gcorgics,  ii.  176,  Ascracumque  cano  Romana 
per  oppida  carmen.  It  treated,  among  other  subjects,  of  the  vintage 
(icva),  and  of  farming  (Ceres). 

13.  Battiades,  the  son  of  Battus,  i.  e.,  Callimachus.  It  may  be,  how- 
ever, that  the  patronymic  means  that  he  was  a  native  of  Cyrcne,  a  city 
founded  by  Battus.     He  wa3  a  writer  of  elegies. 

14.  Quanivis — non  valet.  The  corresponding  clause  is,  arte  valet ; 
though  not  in  genius,  yet  in  art. 

15.  The  cothurnus,  the  thick-soled,  high-heeled  shoe,  the  buskin,  worn 
by  tragic  actors  to  help  give  them  the  heroic  stature,  befitting  the  char- 
acters in  tragedy.  It  is  here,  as  often,  used  for  tragocdia,  as  buskin  in 
English  for  tragedy.  So  soccus,  the  name  of  the  low  shoe  worn  by  comic 
actors,  is  used  for  comedy.  Sophocles  was  the  greatest  of  the  three 
great  Greek  tragic  writers. 

16.  Aratus ;  a  Greek  poet  who  had  lived  at  Soli,  in  Cilicia  (circa  260 
b.  a),  author  of  a  poem  called  "  Phaenomena."  Cicero  translated  it  into 
Latin  verse.  The  Apostle  Paul  quoted  from  this  poem  in  his  Mars-Hill 
address  to  the  Athenians,  in  Acts,  xvii.  28,  "  For  we  are  also  his  offspring." 

18.  M&nandros.  The  first  in  merit  of  the  writers  of  the  so-called 
New  Comedy  in  Greek  literature ;  he  was  born  at  Athens  321  b.  a,  and 
died  there  291  b.  c.  Terence  made  free  use  of  his  plays  in  his  Latin 
comedies.  The  tricky  slave,  the  harsh  father,  the  base  procuress,  and  the 
flattering  harlot  always  were  found  among  Menander's  dramatis  per sonac. 

19.  Ennins,  called  "noster  Ennius"  by  Lucretius,  i.  119,  was  the 
founder  of  Roman  literature,  and  the  author  of  a  celebrated  epic,  called 
"  Annales,"  the  history  of  Rome  in  verse.  We  have  extant  fragments  of 
his  poetry,  which  have  been  collected  from  quotations  from  Cicero  and 
other  writers.  Cicero  called  him  Summus  poeta  noster  (Pro  Balbo,  22). 
The  expression  arte  carens  is  illustrated  by  Ovid  in  another  passage 
(Tristia,  ii.  259),  Ennius  ingenio  maximus,  arte  rudis.  Horace  alludes  to 
him  in  several  passages,  Ars  Poetica,  58,  258,  and  Sat.  i.  10,  53. 


222  AMORES,  III.  9. 

19.  Actins,  a  Latin  writer  of  tragedies,  born  l'/O  b.  c,  died  103 
b.  c.  The  epithet  animosi,  spirited,  is  well  illustrated  by  Horace,  Ep.  ii. 
1,  55,  famam  senis  Accius  alii. 

21,  22.  Varronem— duci.  Publitis  Terentius  Yarro,  called  AtacI- 
nus,  from  the  river  Atax,  on  the  banks  of  which  he  was  born,  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  voyage  of  the  Argo  (ratem),  and  on  the  fortunes  of  Jason, 
the  son  of  Aeson  {Aesonio),  and  the  leader  {duci)  of  the  Argonauts. 
Aurea  of  course  refers  to  the  golden  fleece,  that  the  expedition  went 
in  quest  of.  But  Varro's  poetry  was  far  inferior  to  his  learning.  St. 
Augustin  well  calls  him  "  doctissimus  Romanorum  Varro  ; "  "  Civitas 
Dei,"  vii. 

23.  Carolina — Lucreti ;  the  celebrated  poem,  "  De  Rerum  Natura," 
of  Lucretius,  who  died  55  b.  c.  Ovid's  praise  of  him  is  amply  deserved  ; 
and  it  is  significant  of  his  judgment  of  his  poetic  merits  that,  while  he 
conceives  of  the  fame  of  the  Aeneid  (just  below,  in  lines  25,  26)  as  co- 
eval with  the  duration  of  Rome's  supremacy,  he  predicts  here  that  the 
Lucretian  poetry  will  perish  only  when  the  world  itself  perishes.  In  the 
words  exitio — una  dies,  he  evidently  has  in  mind  the  lines  of  Lucretius, 
v.  93  seqq.,  and  especially  (96)  Una  dies  dabit  exitio,  etc. 

28.  Tibulle.  Albius  Tibullus,  a  contemporary  and  friend  of  Ovid, 
wrote  elegies,  and  also  love-poetry  {ignes—Cupidinis).  It  is  his  death 
which  is  the  subject  of  the  next  selection  from  the  "  Amores." 

29.  Gallns  5  another  Roman  elegiac  poet  of  Ovid's  times.  Lycoris 
was  the  name  of  his  love,  who  was  celebrated  in  his  elegies.  Gallus  was 
a  friend  of  Vergil,  who  celebrates  him  in  his  Tenth  Eclogue. 

31.  Ergo,  etc.  From  this  brilliant  list  of  poets  Ovid  now  argues,  in 
his  defense,  the  undying  nature  of  poetry  (morte  carent). 

34.  Tagi ;  the  river  in  Spain,  celebrated  also  by  Vergil,  Aen.  x.  141, 
Juvenal  (xiv.  299),  and  other  poets,  on  account  of  its  golden  sands. 

36.  Castalla  plena.  Castalia,  the  name  of  the  famous  spring  on  Par- 
nassus, and  associated  ever  with  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

2.  The  Death  of  Tibullus. 
III.  9. 

1.  Memnona.  Memnon  was  the  son  of  Eos  or  Aurora  {mater)  and 
Tithonus.  He  was  the  nephew  of  Priam,  whom  he  assisted  in  the  Trojan 
war.     He  was  killed  by  Achilles. 

1.  Achillcm  5  the  son  of  Thetis.  He  was  killed  by  Paris,  the  son  of 
Priam. 


2.  THE  DEATH  OF  TIBULLUS.  223 

3,  4.  FleMIIs — erit.  Elcgeia,  here  personified  for  elegiac  verse ;  the 
word  itself  is  probably  derived  from  Greek  words  expressive  of  the  cry 
of  grief.  Hence  ex  vero,  as  by  the  death  of  the  elegiac  poet  Tibullus  the 
name  proves  quite  too  trice. 

5.  Tfii — tua,  of  thy  work — thy  fame,  because  the  work  is  elegy,  and 
the  fame  is  elegiac.  For  a  mention  of  Tibullus,  see  note,  Amorcs,  i. 
15,  28. 

7.  Puer  Y&neris  $  Cupido,  the  son  of  Venus.  As  Tibullus  wrote  love- 
poetry  also,  Cupido  is  here  represented  as  present  at  the  funeral  with 
quiver  reversed,  his  bows  broken,  his  torch  unlighted,  his  icings  drooping 
{demissis  cdis),  and  himself  sobbing  loudly  (singultu  sonant),  and  beating 
his  breast  for  grief. 

13#  Fratris.  As  Aeneas  was  fabled  to  be  the  son  of  Venus,  he  was 
the  brother  of  Cupido.  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas,  from  whose  dwelling  the 
funeral  procession  of  his  father  went  out 

16.  Juvcm,  in  allusion  to  Adonis,  beloved  of  Venus,  who  was  killed 
by  a  wound  from  the  tusks  of  a  wild  boar  (fcrus  aper).  The  word  juveni 
is  in  the  dative,  limiting  rupit,  and  ingucn  is  the  direct  object. 

17.  At,  etc.  But,  the  poet  exclaims,  we  are  called  sacred  poets  and 
the  care  of  the  gods  ;  and  yet,  he  implies,  Tibullus,  the  sacred  poet,  is 
dead. 

19.  Sacrum  is  here  well  opposed  to  profaned.  Sacrum,  from  the 
root  sa,  as  also  the  English  word  safe,  save,  and  hence  something  in  the 
care  of  a  divinity,  and  so  sacred.  Profanat,  from  jw-o  and  fanum  (fa), 
before  the  fane ;  i.  e.,  outside  of  it,  profane.  Thus  death  puts  everything 
sacred,  as  it  were,  outside  the  fane  or  consecrated  place ;  profanes  it. 

20.  Obscuras,  perhaps  =  nigras,  as  the  darkness  of  the  lower  world 
(Hades)  was  associated  with  death.  Obscurus  is  derived  from  the  root 
sku,  scu,  meaning  to  cover.  So  with  the  preposition  ob,  the  hands  of 
death  cover  over ;  covering  over,  or  darkening. 

21.  Ism ario  ;  i.  e.,  Thracian,  from  Ismarus,  a  mountain  and  city  in 
Thrace.  Orpheus  was  a  poet  of  Thrace,  the  fabled  son  of  Apollo  and 
the  Muse  Calliope;  according  to  other  poets,  however,  his  father  was 
Oeagrus. 

22.  Victas — feras.  As  in  Metam.  x.  41,  seqq.,  Ovid  sings  of  the 
wondrous  influence  of  Orpheus's  music  as  bringing  a  respite  to  the  con- 
demned in  the  lower  world,  so  here,  as  often  among  the  poets,  he  con- 
quers wild  beasts  with  his  lyre.  So  also  Horace,  in  describing  the  civilizing 
influence  of  Orphean  music,  says :  Dictus  ob  hoc  lenire  tigres  rabidosque 
leones. 


224  AMORES,   III.   9. 

23.  Idem  p&ter;  i.  e.,  Apollo,  the  father  also  of  Linus,  the  other 
Thracian  bard ;  Aelinon,  the  Greek  word  (at  Aiz/os),  "  woe  is  me  for 
Linos,"  Apollo's  lamentation  for  his  son. 

25.  Maeftniden.    See  note,  Amores,  i.  15,  9. 

26.  PifcrfiS.  Pieria,  a  country  between  Macedonia  and  Thessaly,  was 
the  fabled  haunt  of  the  Muses  ;  hence  Pierian  waters  is  a  figurative  ex- 
pression for  poetry. 

27.  Averno ;  here  figurative  for  death,  as  lake  Avernus,  in  Campania, 
was  thought  of  as  an  entrance  to  the  lower  world.  So  also  in  Mctam.  v. 
510;  x.  51. 

29,  30.  Only  the  poets'  work  endures,  as  the  Aeneid  of  Vergil,  Trojani 
— labo?is,  and  the  Odyssey  of  Homer  (tela  retexta).  The  last  expression 
refers  to  the  story  in  the  Odyssey  of  Penelope's  robe  or  web  woven  over 
and  over  again.  In  Ulysses's  long  absence,  she  was  beset  by  suitors, 
whom  she  put  oif  by  saying  that  she  could  not  marry  till  she  had  finished 
the  robe  she  was  weaving.  By  an  ingenious  device  (dolo)  she  unwove  by 
night  (nocturno)  what  she  had  woven  by  day.     Odyssey,  ii.  93-110. 

31.  Nemesis — Delia  $  names  familiar  alike  to  the  poetry  and  to  the 
heart  (cura,  amor)  of  Tibullus. 

34*  Sistra  5  the  sistrum  was  a  kind  of  rattle  used  in  the  worship  of 
the  Egyptian  Isis,  during  the  praying  and  singing.  Isis  had  many  wor- 
shipers also  in  Rome. 

35.  Fasso,  from  fateor,  sc.  mihi.  lie  would  fain  be  pardoned  for 
confessing  to  his  temptation  to  skepticism,  when  he  sees  that  ill  fates 
befall  the  good  as  well  as  the  bad. 

39.  Jacfct  5  here  in  the  sense  of  lying  dead. Ecce,  see  t     A  good 

illustration  of  the  view,  that  ecce  has  the  same  root,  ok,  ac,  as  oculus,  the 
root  meaning  to  see. 

41.  Rftgales.  See  note  on  rogo,  line  6;  also  note,  Metam.  iv.  166. 
The  urna  in  the  preceding  line  refers  to  the  same  rite  of  burning  the 
bodies  of  the  dead,  as  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were  collected  in  an  urn  and 
deposited  in  the  sepulchre.  English  poetry  is  full  of  allusions  to  this 
ancient  rite;  as  in  that  fine  word  of  "the  great  of  old,"  in  Byron's 
Manfred :  "  The  dead  but  sceptred  sovereigns,  who  still  rule  our  spirits 
from  their  urns." 

44.  Quae,  referring  to  flammae.  Sustinuerc,  from  meaning  bore  up, 
comes  to  mean  here  ventured  (to  do). 

45.  Quae;  i.  e.,  Venus,  who  was  worshiped  in  a  celebrated  temple 
on  the  top  of  Mount  Eryx,  in  Sicily. 

46.  IVfcgant  5  for  the  indicative,  see  Gr.  503,  I.,  note  3. 


8.   FAREWELL  TO  LOVE-SONGS.  225 

47.  Phaeaefa.  Corcyra,  the  fancied  abode  of  Alcinous  and  the  Phae- 
acians  of  the  Odyssey.  Tibullus  had  gone  to  Corcyra  for  his  health.  The 
soil  (solo)  is  called  vile  (vili)  because  Homer  represents  the  Phaeacians  as 
lovers  of  sensual  pleasures. 

49#  Hinc  ;  i.  e.,  from  Home  (and  not  Corcyra),  and  from  his  dying  at 

Rome. Oecllos,  poetic  for  oculos. Pressit,  closed;  and  fugientis 

(ace.  plural,  Gr.  62),  dying. 

52.  Cftmas,  the  ace.  of  specification ;  Gr.  378. 

53*  Prior  $  i.  c.,  Delia,  as  above,  32,  primus  amor.  The  first  que  = 
both. 

5T.  Tibi— dolori.    Gr.  390. 

62.  Calvo,  a  poet  who  wrote  elegies  and  love  poems,  none  of  which, 
however,  have  come  down  to  us.  Cicero  speaks  of  him  as  an  orator,  in 
"Brutus,"  81,  82  ;  Horace,  as  Ovid  here,  in  connection  with,Catullus,  as  a 
poet,  Sat.  i.  10,  19.  Catullus  (87-54  b.  c.)  excelled  in  lyrics  and  other 
kinds  of  poetry ;  many  of  his  poems  are  preserved  to  us.  He  is  called 
doctus  from  his  familiar  acquaintance  with  Greek  literature. 

64.  Galle ;  see  note,  Amores,  i.  15,  29.  The  clause  si  falsum,  etc., 
modifies  prodige.  Gallus  lost  the  favor  of  Augustus  because  suspected  of 
treason  (temerati — amici),  and  therefore  committed  suicide  in  his  fortieth 
year. 

65.  Si  qua  est  modo,  etc.,  if  only  there  is  any  shadow  of  the  body  ; 
i.  e.,  if  you  live  at  all ;  in  allusion  to  the  ordinary  belief  that  the  de- 
parted still  existed,  but  in  quite  unsubstantial  forms,  umbrae  or  imagines. 

68.  Non  dnerosa.  The  peace  of  the  dead  is  often  prayed  for  in  such 
words  as  these.  It  was  a  common  form  of  sepulchral  inscription,  sit  tibi 
terra  levis. 

3.  Farewell  to  Love-Songs. 
III.  15. 

2.  Raditur.  JRado,  literally  to  scrape,  or  scratch,  is  often  used  of 
the  race-course  in  the  sense  of  just  touching,  grazing,  the  metaet  or  turn- 
ing-posts.    On  Meta  see  note,  Metam.  ii.  142. 

3«  Peligni.  Sulmo,  the  poet's  birthplace,  was  in  the  country  of  the 
Peligni,  in  Central  Italy. 

5.  A  prdavis.  He  claims  that  he  is  of  equestrian  rank  by  ancestry, 
not  by  the  whirling  round  (turbine)  of  military  promotion.  And  that, 
perhaps,  is  worth  boasting  of,  fit  quid  id  est. 

10.  Sftrias — arma,  the  so-called  Social  war  (90,  89  b.  a),  sometimes 
called  Italian,  of  the  allied  Italian  nations  against  Rome.    The  Peligni 


226  FASTI,   II.   383-422. 

were  one  of  these  nations.    Libertas,  because  the  allies  were  contending 
for  the  Roman  franchise. 

11.  Aqudsi ;  so  called  because  the  neighborhood  abounded  in  springs 
and  streams. 

15.  Ainathilsia  ;  Venus,  who  was  so  called  from  Amathus,  a  town  in 
Cyprus,  where  she  was  worshiped. 

16.  Aurea — signa  $  figurative  for  breaking  with  love-poetry,  as  the 
Roman  soldiers  pulled  up  the  standards  from  the  ground  when  they  broke 
up  the  camp  and  left  a  place. 

17.  Lyaeus,  a  Greek  epithet  of  Bacchus,  corresponding  to  the  Latin 
Liber,  the  deliverer  from  care.  Bacchus  was  often  represented  as  a  bull 
(corniger). 

17.  Incrfepuit,  sc.  me,  has  chided  me  ;  thyrso  graviore  ;  the  thyrsus  was 
the  ivy-twined  Bacchic  staff,  which  by  its  stroke  was  thought  to  incite 
the  "  fine  frenzy  "  of  the  poet.  Here  the  word,  with  graviore,  means  a 
more  dignified  style  of  poetry.  He  should  turn  from  love-poems  to  trage- 
dies ;  perhaps  he  at  that  time  turned  to  the  writing  of  his  tragic  poem 


FASTI. 

1.  Romulus  and  Remus. 

II.  383-422. 

In  the  context  Ovid  has  been  treating  of  those  holy-days  of  the  Ro- 
man Calendar  which  were  called  the  Lupercalia.  The  inquiry  into  their 
origin  and  the  etymology  of  the  word  brings  him  here  to  the  story  of  the 
birth  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

383.  Silvia,  the  mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus ;  known  also  by  the 
name  of  Ilia,  and  of  Rhea,  and  of  Rhea  Silvia.  She  was  a  Vestal,  or 
priestess  of  Yesta.     Caelestia,  because  the  fabled  offspring  of  Mars. 

384.  Patruo  ;  i.  e.,  Amulius,  the  brother  of  Numitor. 

385.  In  amnc.  Livy  tells  the  story  (Book  i.  4)  of  the  children's  ex- 
posure, and  its  result. 

387.  Rfccusantes.  The  obsolete  simple  verb  cuso  has  the  same  root 
(skav)  as  the  verb  caveo,  and  so,  in  all  its  forms,  carries  the  notion  of  a 
cautious,  deliberate  procedure.  Here  the  compound  word  implies  that 
the  servants  go  through  with  the  orders  reluctantly. 

389«  Albula.    Livy  also  (i.  3)  gives  this  name  for  the  river,  and  in  the 


1.  ROMULUS  AND  REMUS.  227 

same  chapter  mentions  Tiberinus  as  an  Alban  king,  who  was  drowned  in 
the  Albula,  and  so  gave  the  name  Tiber  to  the  river. 

391.  Videres  ;  you  might  have  seen.     See  Gr.  485,  note  1. 

392.  Valles.  The  valley  between  the  Palatine  and  the  Aventinc ;  in 
the  olden  time,  the  Vallis  Murtia  (or  Murcia) ;  in  Ovid's  day,  the  Circus 
Maximus. 

395.  The  At  expresses  their  admiration. 

398.  Susplcer,  potential ;  /  should  (or  may)  suspect;  but  some  MSS. 
read  suspicor.  Vobis  dat  with  esse.  It  seems,  he  means,  as  if  they  may 
be  of  a  divine  origin.  And  yet  (as  in  lines  399, 400)  if  a  god  were  their 
father ',  then  would  he  lend  aid  in  so  perilous  a  time. 

405.  Vagierunt.    For  the  quantity  of  the  penult,  see  Gr.  586,  II.  4. 

On  putaresf  see  note  above  on  1.  391. Scnsissc,  that  t/tey  were  aware  of 

their  peril ;  i.  e.,  from  their  wailing  cry. 

40T.  Alveus  is  the  vessel  in  which  they  were  put.  Meaning  first  hol- 
lowness,  it  next  means  the  hollow  of  the  body,  the  alvus  ;  then  the  chan- 
nel of  a  river,  as  hollowed  out  by  the  stream ;  then  the  hollow  or  hold  of 
a  ship  ;  and  finally,  as  here,  a  hollow  vessel,  whatever  it  was,  which  served 
the  children  for  a  cradle.  From  its  being  called,  in  the  next  line,  tabella, 
a  little  board  or  plank,  we  may  fancy  it  a  rude  piece  of  wood,  hollowed 
out  for  the  purpose. 

412.  Rumina — Rom  ft]  a »  These  words,  as  well  as  Roma  itself,  arc 
probably  all  from  ruma,  rumis,  rumen,  and  these  from  the  root  sru,  to 
flow,  break  forth.  Ruma  means  the  breast  that  gives  suck ;  hence  Ru- 
mina, the  goddess  of  nursing  mothers ;  also  Ruminalis,  of  the  fig-tree,  as 
fruitful.  So  Rumon  is  an  old  name  for  the  river  Tiber,  and  then  Roma 
(  =  Srouma,  Rouma),  the  city  of  the  river,  and  Romulus,  the  child  of  the 
city.  See  Vanicek,  Lat.  Etym.  Worterbuch.  Livy,  i.  4,  gives  the  same 
account  as  Ovid  of  the  names  of  the  fig-tree,  Ruminal  and  Romular. 

416.  Sustlnuere.     See  note,  Amores,  iii.  9,  44. 

417.  Cauda ;  i.  e.,  by  (wagging)  her  tail. 

418.  Fingit  lingua — sua  ;  fashions  with  her  tongue;  i.  e.,  by  licking 
them ;  she  licks  them  into  shape !  So,  too,  Vergil,  Aen.  viii.  635,  Mul- 
ccre  alternos  et  corpora  fingere  lingua. 

420.  Xec  =  et  non ;  Et — aluntur  ope  lactis  non  sibi  promissi. 

421.  Now  the  poet  comes  to  the  origin  of  the  words  Lupercal  and 
Luperci.    Ilia  refers  to  lupa. 


228  FASTI,  II.  475-512. 

2.  The  Deification  op  Romulus. 
II.  475-512. 

475.  Proxima.  He  has  been  treating  of  the  Luperealia,  which  fell  on 
the  15th  of  February;  the  next  day  {lux)  is  free  ;  i.  e.,  no  holy-day.  But 
the  third  (at  tertia\  i.  e.,  the  17th  of  February,  is  consecrated  to  Quiri- 
nus. 

477.  Sive,  etc.  The  poet  now  gives  the  various  derivations  of  the 
word  Quirinus:  1,  from  curis  or  quiris,  the  Sabine  spear;  2,  from  Qui- 
rltcs  ;  3,  from  the  town  Cures. 

481.  Pater;  Mars,  the  father  of  Romulus. 

484.  Sanguinis  mei ;  i.  e.,  my  son  Romulus. 

485.  Intercidit  alter ;  i.  e.,  Remus,  who  had  been  killed.  He  would 
thus  have  Romulus  (erit  qui — rcstat)  to  represent  both  himself  and  the 
lost  Remus. 

487.  Unns,  etc. ;  a  line  quoted  from  Ennius,  both  here  and  in  Metam. 

xiv.  814,  and  prophetic  of  the  deification  of  Romulus. In  eacrnla 

caeli,  "  to  the  blue  of  the  heavens,"  poetic  for  caerulum  caelum,  as  in 
English  the  azure  heavens. 

491.  Capreae  paludem;  a  place  in  the  Campus  Martius.  So  also 
Livy,  i.  1 6,  ad  Caprae  paludem ;  a  chapter  in  which  Livy,  in  a  vein  no 
less  poetic  than  Ovid's,  narrates  the  translation  of  Romulus  to  the  skies. 

496.  Astra — eqnis.  So  Horace,  0.  iii.  3,  15:  Quirinus,  Martis  cquis 
Acheronta  fugit. 

497.  Falsaeqne,  etc. ;  for  falso  in  crimine  caedis  ;  were  falsely  charged 
with  murder.  Livy,  in  B.  i.  16,  refers  to  this  as  a  report  on  the  part  of 
some;  disccrptum  regem patrum  manibus. 

501.  Sinistrae.  As  the  Roman  augurs  faced  the  south,  the  omens 
from  the  east  were  on  their  left,  and  so  the  word  sinister  (unlike  our 
English  word  sinister),  and  also  laevus,  came  to  be  used  for  favorable. 
With  the  Greeks,  the  augur's  position  was  just  the  reverse ;  and  that 
made  the  omens  on  the  right  the  favorable  ones. 

502.  Ilorrnernnt.  On  the  quantity  of  the  penult,  see  note  on  Fasti, 
ii.  405.  On  the  meaning  of  horrco,  sec  note  on  horrendus,  Metam.  xiii. 
760  ;  here  render  stood  on  end. 

508.  Militia mqne  cdlant.  So  Livy,  i.  16,  with  more  force,  and  with 
a  diction  no  less  poetic :  rem  militarem  colant,  sciantque  et  ita  posteris 
tradere,  nullas  opes  humanas  armis  Romanis  resistere  posse. 

510.  Populos ;  i.  e.,  the  Romans  and  the  Sabincs. 


3.  LUCRETIA.  229 

3.  Lfcretia. 

II.  110-168. 

710.  Moenia ;  of  Gabii,  the  conquest  of  which  the  poet  has  just  nar- 
rated. Suis  agrees  with  ducibus,  and  ducibus,  abl.,  limits  nuda.  Gr. 
414,  III. 

713.  Phoebns  $  i.  c.,  the  oracle  at  Delphi,  which  king  Tarquin  sent 
his  two  sons,  with  Brutus,  to  consult.     So  Livy,  i.  56. 

714.  Dederit.  Why  in  the  future  perfect  here?  Livy  says,  in  like 
manner,  imperium  Romae  habebit,  qui  vestrum  primus  osculum  matri 
tulerit.  Ovid's  victor  erit  is  explained  by  Livy's  imperium  habebit ;  the 
question  of  supremacy,  as  well  as  of  the  prodigy,  had  been  submitted  to 
the  oracle. 

717.  Stulti — imitator;  so  in  Livy,  ad imitationcm  siultitiae.  Sapiens, 
because  he  had  put  on  the  semblance  of  being  under-witted,  in  order  to 
escape  Tarquin's  plots  (insidiis).     Hence  the  word  Brutus,  the  Dullard. 

720.  Offenso — pede.  The  participle  is  here  used  in  the  literal  sense. 
OffcndOy  ob  and  fendo,  means  to  strike  against  something,  and  so  to 
stumble. 

721.  Ardcii  $  a  town  of  the  Rutuli  in  Latium. 

726.  Rege,  in  ablative  by  Gr.  415,  II. ;  the  Jcing^s  son. 

729.  Ecquid,  fom  ecquis,  used  here,  as  often,  simply  as  an  interroga- 
tive particle.  Socialis  is  used  by  Ovid  for  conjugalis,  and  the  whole  ex- 
pression for  conjugium,  and  then  as  here  for  conjunx. 

731.  Quisqne,  as  an  enclitic,  usually  follows  suus. 

733.  Cui — nomen ;  i.  e.,  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  the  nephew  of  the 
king. 

738.  Nullus.  The  absence  of  the  janitor  from  the  door  is  the  first 
indication  of  something  wrong  indoors. 

740.  Posito,  in  the  sense  of  apposito.  As  Livy  has  it,  they  found  the 
princesses  in  convivio  luxuque  cum  aequalibus,  but  Lucretia,  as  here  in 
lines  741,  742,  deditam  lanae  inter  lucubrantes  ancillas. 

744.  Tenui — sono;  the  expression  reminds  one  of  Shakespeare's 
words :  "  Her  voice  was  ever  soft,  gentle,  and  low ;  an  excellent  thing  in 
woman." 

746.  Laeerna;  a  cloak  usually  worn  over  the  toga;  sometimes,  as 
here,  used  as  an  army  cloak. 

749.  Restas,  in  the  sense  of  resistis,  you  are  withstanding  those  supe- 
rior to  yourself. 


230  FASTI,   IV.   809-862. 

751.  Tantnm,  etc. ;  only  let  them  come  back,  JSed,  but  (they  may  not 
come  back)  enim,  for  rash  is  that  (husband)  of  mine. 

758.  Facies  ammo  digna — par  \  her  face  was  in  keeping  (digna—par) 
with  the  feelings  of  her  heart ;  i.  e.,  her  sorrow  was  real,  and  it  showed 
itself  in  her  tears. 

4.  The  Building  op  Rome. 

IV.  809-862. 

810.  Gemlno  $  i.  e.,  Romulus  and  Remus. 

815,  816.  So  Livy,  i.  6,  Palatium  Romulus,  Remus  Aventinum,  ad 
inaugurandum  templa  capiunt. 

818.  Statiir,  sc.  iis  in  the  dative ;  they  stand  by  the  agreement. 

819.  Signet,  sc.  ille.  Subjunctive  of  purpose ;  on  which  to  mark  the 
line  of  the  walls  with  the  plow.  The  ground  was  to  be  plowed,  according 
to  usage,  with  a  snow-white  ox  and  a  white  cow,  yoked  together  (jugicm 
tulit),  (826)  and  then  earth  from  the  neighborhood  and  the  fruits  of  the 
country  were  thrown  into  the  furrow  (821). 

820.  Palis,  the  name  of  the  divinity  (Pales)  that  presided  over  flocks 
and  herds. 

824.  Fangitnr,  sc.  officio,  or  some  such  word ;  docs  its  duty. 

825.  Stivam,  the  plow-handle,  probably  derived  from  sto,  stare,  sta-iva, 
stiva. 

82T.  €ondentij  sc.  mihi,  limiting  ades. 

833.  Laevo.     See  note  on  sinistrae,  Fasti,  ii.  501. 

838.  Ista,  i.  e.,  fundamina.     Curae,  sc.  tibi. 

841.  Quod,  relative  pronoun,  and  the  object  of  ignorans. 

842.  His,  sc.  muris,  in  abl.     With  these  —  f 

843.  Mora,  sc.  est. Rutro  \  from  the  same  root  as  ruo  ;  a  spade 

or  like  farming  instrument. 

850.  Pietas,  his  affection  for  his  brother. 

852.  Inyito,  sc.  mihi,  limiting  adempte. 

854.  Cdmas,  ace.  of  specification. 

856.  Ultima,  used  adverbially  ;  at  last 

860.  Pluris,  ace.  plural. 


1.  THE  POET'S  DEPARTURE  FROM  ROME.      231 

TRISTIA. 

1.   The  Poet's  Departure  from  Rome. 
1.3. 

The  poet  describes  the  misery  which  befell  himself  and  his  family, 
when  ordered  suddenly  by  the  emperor  to  quit  Rome,  and  live  in  exile  at 
Tomi,  a  place  on  the  shore  of  the  Euxine. 

1.  Illius ;  for  the  quantity  of  the  penult,  see  Gr.  577,  I.  3. 

5.  Lux  ;  following  noctem  (3),  this  word  seems  to  show  that  it  was  at 
daybreak  that  he  was  to  set  out  from  Rome. 

6.  Finibns,  dative,  though  with  discedere  we  might  have  expected  in 
fines.  Ausonia  came  to  be  used  for  Italia,  and,  as  here,  for  the  whole 
empire,  though  it  applied  originally  to  the  country  near  Beneventum, 
where  lived  the  Ausones,  one  of  the  oldest  tribes  of  Italy. 

9.  Servorimi ;  legendorum  to  be  supplied,  as  legendi  agrees  with 
comitis. 

16.  Modo,  etc.     Before,  his  friends  were  many  ;  now,  one  or  two. 

19.  Nata  $  his  daughter  Perilla,  to  whom  the  next  elegy  (iii.  7)  is  ad- 
dressed. She  was  at  this  time  far  away  in  Africa  (Libya),  and  so  in  an 
opposite  direction  (diversa)  from  that  in  which  his  journey  lay. 

22.  Intus.  Indoors,  he  means  to  say,  was  all  the  seeming  of  a  noisy 
(non  taciti)  funeral ;  men,  women,  and  boys,  too,  ail  as  the  hired  mourners 
at  a  funeral  wailed  over  his  departure. 

29.  Suspicions,  looking  up  to.  Ab  hac,  from  this  =  (post  hanc)  and 
then  looking  to  the  capital. 

30.  Frustra.  He  lived  near  the  capitol,  where  were  the  temples  of 
Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva,  the  very  sanctuary  of  Roman  religion ;  but 
all  in  vain  for  him  was  such  a  sacred  vicinity. 

34.  Este  salutati  =  salvete.  Both  salve  and  vale  originally  mean  "  be 
well,"  though  usually  the  former  is  the  salutation  at  meeting,  and  the  lat- 
ter at  parting.  Here  the  poet  with  este  salutati  says  his  last  farewells 
to  the  temples  and  the  gods  of  Rome. 

35.  Sero,  etc.  To  take  the  shield  after  being  wounded  came  to  mean 
to  do  a  thing  too  late  ;  and  so  the  poet  would  say  that  he  would  gladly 
defend  his  conduct  from  odium,  too  late  though  it  is,  as  his  banishment 
is  already  ordered. 

37.  Caelesti  viro,  i.  e.,  Augusto.  The  expression  illustrates  the  ex- 
alted conception  the  Romans  of  the  time  had  of  Augustus,  or,  if  one  must 


232  TRISTIA,  I.  3. 

take  that  view,  the  language  of  adulation  which  the  poets  used  in  all  their 
allusions  to  him.  Error  used  here  and  elsewhere  by  Ovid,  in  explanation 
of  his  banishment,  to  show  that  it  was  owing  to  some  mistake,  and  if  to 
a  wrong,  at  least  not  an  intentional  one  ;  in  next  line  it  was  a  culpa  not 
a  scelus. 

40.  Deo,  still  in  allusion  to  Augustus.  If  only  he  be  pacified,  the 
poet  can  not  be  wretched 

41.  Plnribus,  sc.  precibus. 

44.  Extinetos — focos.  The  extinction  of  the  fire  on  the  family  hearth 
was  thought  of  as  the  desertion  of  the  home,  the  going  out  of  the  family's 
life. 

45.  Adversos,  literally  turned  toward  her  ;  in  front  of  her. 

48.  Parrhasis,  the  Greek  form,  and  poetic  in  Greek,  for  Parrhasia, 
and  then,  as  the  Parrhasii  were  an  Arcadian  tribe,  for  Arcadian.  Areas, 
whose  mother  Callisto  was  the  daughter  of  Lycaon,  king  of  Arcadia,  was 
changed  into  a  bear  (Arctos),  and  then,  as  the  fable  has  it,  was  transferred 
to  the  skies,  and  became  the  constellation  of  that  name.  Versaquc  ab 
axe,  turned  away  from  the  axis  ;  only  a  circumlocution  for  turned  toward 
its  setting,  which  is  toward  the  morning.  It  seems  to  be  turned  to  the 
side  opposite  to  that  on  which  it  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  night.  The 
axis  here  is  the  north  star,  which  seems  to  be  fixed,  while  the  stars  turn 
round  it. 

53.  Sum  mentitns ;  he  means  that  he  often  (oh,  how  often  !),  in  excuse 
for  his  delaying,  pretended  that  he  had  a  certain  hour  as  the  fitting  one 
for  his  departure. 

62.  Ftraqne,  both  a  just  cause  for  delay  ;  in  reference  to  the  place  he 
was  to  leave,  and  the  place  to  which  he  was  to  go. 

66.  Thesea.  In  allusion  to  the  fidelity  of  Theseus,  of  Athens,  for  his 
friend  Pirithous ;  with  a  Tliesean  fidelity. 

72.  Lncifer,  the  name  for  Venus  when  it  appears  as  the  morning 
star ;  a  compound  Latin  word,  like  the  Greek  Phosphorus. 

75.  Metns,  also  written  Mettus ;  the  name  of  the  Alban  general  who 
was  torn  asunder  by  horses,  in  punishment  for  his  bad  faith  to  the  Ro- 
mans.    See  Livy,  i.  28. 

86.  Pietas.  From  its  generic  meaning  of  dutiful  disposition,  this 
word  means  here  affection  for  a  husband,  as  in  Fasti,  iv.  850,  it  meant 
affection  for  a  brother ;  also,  as  often,  filial  affection. 

86.  Caesar  erit,  shall  be  a  Caesar  to  me ;  her  affection  as  a  wife  just 
as  imperial  a  rule  for  her  as  Caesar's  to  her  husband  for  his  exile. 

88.  Dedit — inanns  $  a  familiar  figurative  expression  in  Latin  for  giving 


2.   TO   HIS  DAUGHTER  PERILLA.  233 

up,  or  submitting,  to  a  victor  or  a  captor.  It  is  originally  used  for  a  cap- 
tive, when  he  gives  up  his  hands  to  be  fettered. 

89.  Sive,  etc. ;  as  if  he  had  said,  Sive  effcror,  which  is  the  regular 
word  for  being  carried  out  to  burial ;  only  now  he  was  living  and  not  dead. 

92.  Semlanlmis  ;  to  be  pronounced  as  a  word  of  four  syllables  here. 

2.  To  his  Daughter  Perilla. 

hi.  i. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  touching  of  all  these  elegies,  one  of  the  Tris- 
iissima  of  all  the  Tristia  of  Ovid's  elegiac  Muse.  And  now  it  is  not  so 
much  the  capital  itself,  rich  and  gay  Rome,  with  its  cherished  associations 
of  place,  delicious  climate,  and  literary  and  social  companionships,  of  which 
the  poet  plaintively  sings ;  but  it  is  his  own  home,  that  lost  home  near 
by  the  capitol,  and  under  the  shadow  of  its  august  and  venerable  temples 
(Tristia,  i.  3,  29-34),  and  his  wife  and  daughter  there,  from  whom  he  is 
hopelessly  parted — all  this  it  is,  to  which,  from  his  forlorn  exile  on  the 
Euxine,  he  casts  back  his  longing  eyes  and  heart ;  and  it  is  the  expression 
of  this  "  home-sick  passion  "  which  gives  its  singular  pathos  to  the  poem. 
There  is,  however,  another  source  of  interest  to  this  elegy.  We  learn 
from  it  that  it  was  Ovid's  good  fortune  to  have  a  daughter  who  inherited 
her  father's  poetic  gifts,  and  who  elicited  from  him  glad  words  of  praise 
for  her  own  efforts  in  verse  (11-32).  There  is  also  a  calm  dignity  im- 
parted to  the  closing  lines,  in  the  exiled  poet's  expression  of  his  sense  of 
the  exalted  worth  of  "  the  good  things  of  heart  and  mind,"  and  of  the 
inalienable  possessions  of  poetic  gifts  and  fame.  It  was  a  great  lesson 
which  he  taught  his  daughter  in  those  words  (43,  44) : 

Nil  non  mortal  e  tenemus 
Pectoris  execptis  ingeniique  bonis. 

I.  Pgrarata.  This  figure  of  plowing  (arare)  is  derived  from  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stilus  on  a  waxen  tablet.  So  Cicero  uses  the  word  exaro  in  Ad 
Att.  xii.  1,  Hoc  litterarium  exaravi. 

6.  IVec  nidra,  sc.  est;  a  common  expression  with  Ovid,  having  the 
force  of  an  adverb  like  statim. 

8.  Nee  malS, — mftra;  levata,  sc.  esse,  in  the  same  construction  as 
vivere. 

II.  Eequfd  inhaeres,  a  strong  expression  for  devotion  to  literary  pur- 
suits ;  whether  you  cling  to ;  or  our  word  from  the  Latin,  adhere,  may 
express  it. 


234:  TRISTIA,  III.  7. 

12.  Non  patrio  *,  not  according  to  your  father's  custom.  The  meaning 
is  not  obvious ;  perhaps  he  will  say  that  her  poetry  is  less  free  and  more 
serious  in  tone  than  her  father's. 

15.  Hoc  refers  to  ingenium. Fegasldas ;  Pegasides,  from  the  name 

of  the  winged  horse  Pegasus,  is  a  name  for  the  Muses,  because  the  foun- 
tain Ilippocrene,  the  Greek  word  for  horse's  well,  was  said  to  have  sprung 
forth  where  the  hoof  of  Pegasus  struck  the  earth.  The  fountain  was  on 
Mount  Helicon,  in  Boeotia,  and  was  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

16.  Male  qualifies  periret. 

19.  Ignes — idem;  i.  e.,  of  poetic  inspiration;  the  same  fires  of  gen- 
ius. 

20.  Lesbia  5  i.  e.,  Sappho,  the  celebrated  poetess  of  Lesbos. 

25,  26.  Aut — autj  either — or.  The  father  cither  lent  his  ears  to  the 
verses  his  daughter  h.2L&just  composed;  or,  if  she  had  been  inactive  in  her 
art,  then  he  would  chide  her,  and  so  bring  the  blush  of  shame  to  her 
cheek. 

27.  Exemplo — meae.  Instead  of  facta  ruina,  another  reading  is  fata 
sccuta,  and  there  are  also  conjectural  readings.  The  idea  of  the  poet  is 
probably  substantially  the  same  as  in  line  21,  only  more  fully  expressed. 
He  thinks  that  perhaps  from  the  precedent  of  her  father's  suffering  such 
a  penalty  on  account  of  the  books  he  has  written,  the  daughter  may  be 
fatally  deterred  from  continuing  her  poetical  career.  The  me  laescre 
libelli  evidently  refers  to  the  poet's  exile ;  exemplo,  too,  with  pocnac — 
meae,  has  in  it  the  same  reference. 

29.  Tantumm5d5 — non.  We  might  have  expected  ne  instead  of  non. 
See  Gr.  483,  3. 

30.  Discat  amare  5  in  allusion  to  his  own  poems  on  love,  which  had 
done  mischief  to  others  as  well  as  to  himself. 

36.  Stratum — faciente  5  i.  e.,  xoith  an  imperceptible,  because  noise- 
less, step. 

37.  Fuit,  was,  with  its  full  aoristic  force ;  her  beauty  was  a  thing  only 
of  the  past. 

38.  Qufcrerfc  5  from  the  quantity  of  the  penult,  in  what  tense  ? 

40.  Censibus,  riches.  Census  from  censeo,  registered  property,  cen- 
sus, then  property  in  general,  possessions. 

42.  Iras — Croesus  5  proverbial  for  a  poor,  and  for  a  rich,  man. 

45.  Cum  ;  concessive  ;  though. 

46.  Rapta — adlmi  5  rapio  expresses  the  taking  away  (adimi)  as  a 
sudden,  violent  act ;  have  been  snatched  away  (sc.  ea,  those  things),  which 
it  was  possible  to  take  away. 


3.  THE  POET'S  LIFE.  235 

48.  In  hoc,  i.  e.,  ingenio.  The  poet  has  a  proud  assurance  that  his 
genius  was  a  possession  beyond  even  Caesar's  rapacious  power.  See  the 
introduction  to  the  notes  on  this  piece,  toward  the  end. 

3.  The  Poet's  Life. 
IV.  10. 

I.  Qui  fuerim ;  dependent  upon  ut  noris  in  the  next  line.  Lusor, 
like  ludo,  is  often  used  of  poems  of  a  light,  sportive  nature  ;  and  amorum 
is  meant  for  his  love-poems. 

6.  Consul  uterque.  The  o  in  consul  is  naturally  long.  He  refers 
here  to  the  consuls  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  who  both  fell  at  the  battle  of  Mu- 
tina,  now  Modena,  in  the  year  43  b.  c. 

7.  Si  quid,  etc.  The  same  line  as  above,  in  Amores,  iii.  15,  5 ;  and 
the  next  line  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  Amores,  iii.  1 5,  6.  Sec  notes  on 
these  lines. 

10.  Qnater  qualifies  ti  ilms  ;  four  limes  three  montJis  before. 
13.  Festis— Mlnervac  ;  the  Quinquatria,  the  five  days  festival,  19th- 
23d  of  March. 

II.  Pugna  prima  cruenta.  Observe,  for  the  construction,  the  quan- 
tity of  the  final  syllables.  There  were  gladiatorial  combats  on  the  sec- 
ond, third,  fourth,  and  fifth  days,  but  none  on  the  first  day.  Thus  the 
first  which  {prima  quae,  etc.)  is  wont  to  be  made  bloody  is  the  second  of 
the  five  days,  and  the  first  of  the  last  four ;  and  the  whole  expression 
is  only  a  circumlocution  for  the  20th  of  March  as  his  birthday. 

15.  Protinus,  forthwith  ;  teneri,  in  nom.  plural. 

16.  Ab  arte.  Ars  here  in  the  general  sense  of  knowledge,  learning  ; 
and  ab  shows  from  what  the  distinction  (insignes)  comes ;  distinguished 
for  their  learning, 

19.  Caelestia,  heavenly ;  used,  as  so  often  divinay  for  the  exalted  pur- 
suits of  poetry  and  letters. 

24.  Sol  fit  a  nitidis,  freed  from  measures  ;  i.  e.,  prose. 

25.  Spontg  sua.  So  Pope  says  of  himself,  in  imitation  of  these 
words :  "  I  lisped  in  numbers,  for  the  numbers  came." 

28.  Libgrior,  only  another  expression  for  virllis,  the  robe  of  man- 
hood, which  brought  more  freedom  with  it. 

29.  The  latus  clavus,  or  broad  stripe  of  purple  on  the  tunic,  was  prop- 
erly the  distinction  of  senators  ;  then  it  was  allowed  by  Augustus  to  the 
sons  of  senators,  and  finally  to  the  sons  of  cquites,  or  knights,  who  pos- 
sessed the  fortunes  of  senators. 


236  TRISTIA,  IV.  10. 

34,  Vlris — tribuS.  He  means  that  he  was  sometimes  one  of  the  tri- 
umviri. There  were  different  offices  which  had  this  name,  as  Triumviri 
Capitales,  Nocturni,  Monetales,  commissions  of  three,  which  had  charge 
respectively  of  capital  punishments,  of  the  night  police,  and  of  the  Mint. 

35.  Curia,  i.  e.,  the  senate-house,  used  here,  as  often,  for  the  senate 
itself.  The  poet  means  that  it  only  remained  for  him  to  be  a  senator ; 
but,  as  he  goes  on  to  say,  he  waived  that,  and  so  assumed  the  angustus 
clavus,  the  narrow  stripe  of  purple,  the  usual  equestrian  badge.  This  was 
customary  with  those  sons  of  wealthy  knights  who  did  not  aspire  to  pub- 
lic office.     Coacta  est  here  means  narrowed. 

38.  Ambitionis  $  for  the  genitive,  see  Gr.  399,  II. 

39.  Itiniac.  Aonia  was  another  name  for  Boeotia,  where  was  Mt. 
Helicon  ;  the  Muses  thus  were  Aonian  siste7's. 

43,  44.  Suas  vflliicres,  his  birds.  Aemilius  Macer  wrote  a  poem  on 
birds,  serpents,  and  plants. 

45.  Propertius.  Sextus  Aurclius  Propcrtius,  an  elegiac  poet,  older 
than  Ovid,  younger  than  Tibullus  ;  his  poems  have  come  down  to  us  in 
four  books  of  elegies. 

47.  Heroo,  sc.  versu.  Ponticus  i3  mentioned  by  Propertius,  i,  7,  1, 
as  an  epic  poet.  Bassus  is  also  mentioned  by  Propertius,  but  nothing 
more  is  known  of  him  as  a  poet. 

50.  Ausftnia,  for  Italica  or  Latina,  as  in  Tristia,  i.  3,  6,  where  see  note. 
It  was  the  boast  of  Horace  that  he  was  the  lyric  poet  of  Rome,  especially 
that  he  was  the  first  to  illustrate  in  Latin  the  Greek  lyric  measures.  See 
the  last  ode  of  Horace  in  the  third  book. 

51.  Tantum  qualifies  vidl.  Vergil  died  b.  c.  19,  when  Ovid  was  at 
the  age  of  twenty-four.  Vergil  lived  mostly  at  Naples  the  last  years  of 
his  life,  which  is  probably  the  reason  that  Ovid  only  saw  him,  and  was 
not  well  acquainted  with  him. 

51.  Tlbnlio.  See  note,  Amores,  i.  15,  28.  Tibullus  died  the  same 
year  as  Vergil. 

53.  Galle.     See  note,  Amores,  iii.  9,  64,  and  on  Propertius,  above,  1.  45. 

56.  Thalia,  properly  the  muse  of  comedy ;  here  used  generally  for 
poetry,  and  with  mca,  his  own  muse. 

5T.  Legi ;  referring  to  public  readings  of  his  poetry,  or  recitationcs  as 
they  were  called  (above,  1.  45,  recitare).  These  readings  were  common  at 
Rome,  not  only  for  poets,  but  for  prose  writers.  It  was  in  this  way  that 
writers  became  known  to  the  public. 

66.  Quod — mttverfct.  Subjunctive  of  result,  with  quod  after  an  in- 
definite antecedent. 


3.  THE  POET'S  LIFE.  237 

67,  68.  Hic5  in  the  sense  of  talis,  such  a  person  as  this  ;  i.  e.,  so  very- 
susceptible;  yet  there  was  no  town-talk  (fabula)  of  scandal  about  his 
name. 

75.  Filia ;  the  daughter,  to  whom  the  elegy,  Tristia,  iii.  7,  was  ad- 
dressed. 

78.  Lustra  5  here  in  the  sense  of  a  period  of  five  years.  But,  as  de- 
rived from  luo,  it  originally  meant  the  expiatory  sacrifice,  or  lustration, 
made  by  the  censors  for  the  Roman  people,  on  th?  completion  of  the 
census,  at  the  end  of  every  five  years.  The  addition  (addiderat)  of  a 
second  {altera)  period  of  nine  lustra  thus  makes  the  age  of  Ovid's  father, 
at  his  death,  to  be  ninety. 

79.  Me  fietnrus — fuit,  ivould  have  wept  for  me. 

80.  Jnsta,  in  the  sense  of  regular  or  lawful,  means  here,  with  tuli, 
performed  the  last  duties. 

88.  Stygio,  from  the  river  Styx,  the  fabled  river  of  the  lower  world, 
Stygian  comes  to  mean  of  the  lower  world.  The  word  (from  the  Greek) 
means  originally  hateful;  as  Milton  expresses  it,  "Abhorred  Styx,  the 
flood  of  deadly  hate."  By  crimina  Ovid  means  the  offense  for  which  he 
was  banished ;  and  he  would  have  the  shades  of  his  parents  know  that  it 
was  a  mistake  (errorem),  not  a  crime  (scclus),  that  was  the  cause  of  his  exile. 

91.  Studiosa,  sc.  mei,  with  pectora,  means  the  hearts  of  those  who 
were  fond  of  him ;  and  it  would  appear  from  qui — quaeritis,  in  the  next 
line,  that  this  poem  was  written  at  the  instance  of  his  friends  at  Rome. 

95.  Pisaea — tiliva ;  in  allusion  to  the  Olympic  games  at  Olympia, 
near  Pisa,  in  Elis ;  these  took  place  every  four  years.  With  decies,  the 
simple  meaning  is  that  ten  periods  of  four  years,  or  ten  Olympiads,  had 
gone  by  in  his  life  when  he  was  exiled.  But  he  is  only  using  a  round 
number,  as  he  was  fifty-one  years  old  at  the  time  of  his  exile.  Perhaps 
he  uses  the  Olympiad,  like  a  Roman  lustrum,  for  five  years. 

96.  Eqnns.  Horace  has  two  passages  illustrative  of  the  crowning  of 
the  victorious  horse  at  the  Olympia.  In  0.  iv.  2,  1 8,  pugilcmve  equum- 
vc  ;  and  Ars  Poetica,  85,  equum  certamine  primum. 

97.  Tomitas  ;  the  accusative  of  Tomitae,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Tomi,  or  Tomis,  the  town  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Euxine,  to  which 
Ovid  was  banished. 

102.  Ipsa  multa — leviorsi  fnga.  The  quantity  shows  the  construc- 
tion? 

103.  Indignata — est  5  here  used  in  the  literal  sense  of  dignor  with 
the  negative  in,  deigned  not,  or  disdained. 

106.  Temporis  arma.     The  meaning  of  temporis  is  not  clear ;  per- 


238  TRISTIA,  IV.  10. 

haps  the  time  or  the  situation  in  which  he  now  found  himself.  The  arms 
seem,  from  the  three  preceding  lines,  to  mean  figuratively  his  submission 
and  resignation  to  his  misfortune.    Insolitd,  of  course,  agrees  with  manu. 

110.  Sarmatis  (gen.  idis),  an  adjective  agreeing  with  ord.  The  coun- 
try called  Sarmatia  was  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Euxine ;  and  the 
land  of  the  Getae  was  on  the  east,  bounded  by  the  Euxine. 

113.  Qnod  has  its  antecedent  in  carmine. 

119,  120.  Ab  Histro — E&llcone.  The  poet's  genius  thus  withdraws 
him  from  the  Ister,  and  its  barbarous  surroundings,  and  gives  him  place 
on  the  center  of  Helicon,  and  amid  all  its  chosen  haunts  of  Apollo  and  the 
Muses. 

124.  NostriSj  sc.  operibus,  any  one  of  my  ivories. 

128.  In  toto  orbe.  It  was  a  lofty  prediction  of  the  poet,  that  he 
should  be  very  much  read  in  the  whole  world  of  the  Roman  Empire ;  but 
when  we  think  of  the  extent  of  that  whole  icorld  in  which  he  has  since 
been  read,  and  is  still  read,  how  much  loftier  the  prediction  becomes ! 


ABUURY 


ABBREVIATIONS  IN  THE  VOCABULARY. 


K. 


Only  this  sign  is  used  in  marking  quantity,  and  it  marks  the  vowels  which  are 
long  by  nature,  all  vowels  not  marked  being  considered  as  naturally  short. 
If  the  naturally  long  vowels  are  followed  by  two  consonants  (except  a  mute 
and  liquid),  or  a  double  consonant,  the  long  mark  is  still  retained  for  the 
vowels,  and  there  the  syllable  is  long  by  nature ;  but  where  the  naturally 
short  vowels  are  so  followed,  the  syllable  is  long  only  by  position. 

stands  for  the  Indo-European  Koot,  and,  generally,  as  given  in  Vanicek's 
(Alois)  "  Griechisch-Lateinisches  Etymologisches  Worterbuch,"  2  vols.,  8vo, 
Leipzig,  1877.  To  the  R.  are  added  the  successive  growths  out  of  which 
issues  the  given  Latin  word  ;  as,  for  example,  audeO,  K.  av,  to  be  eager  for., 
av-e-re,  avi-du-s,  eager,  av-d,  au-d,  au-d-e-o,  aud-g-re,  to  dare. 


adj.,  adjective, 
adv.,  adverb, 
conj.,  conjunction, 
comp.,  comparative, 
superl.,  superlative, 
pron.,  pronoun, 
prep.,  preposition. 


m.,  masculine, 
f.,  feminine. 
n.,  neuter, 
pi.,  plural, 
fr.,  from, 
dep.,  deponent, 
def..  defective. 


pass.,  passive, 
subst.,  substantive, 
ace,  accusative, 
abl.,  ablative, 
interj.,  interjection, 
part.,  participle, 
unc,  uncertain. 


VOCABULARY. 


AB 

ab,  a,  abs,  prep,  with  abl.  (Gr., 
airo  ;  Eng.,  of,  off),  from,  away  from, 
on,  by,  on  account  of. 

a,  ah,  interj.,  ah!  ah  me! 

Abantiades,  ae,  son  or  descendant 
of  Abas,  king  of  Argos  ;  Perseus,  great- 
grandson  of  Abas. 

ab-do,  didi,  ditum,  3  (fr.  do,  to  put), 
to  put  away,  hide,  conceal. 

ab-duco,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  lead  away. 

ab-eo,  il,  itum,  Ire,  to  go  away, 
disappear,  pass  over  (by  change),  be 
changed,  go  forth. 

ab-lu5,  lul,  lutum,  3,  to  wash  away 
or  off,  to  wash. 

ab-oleo,  evl,  itum,  2,  ab  and  oleO, 
o^scO,  to  grow  (to  grow  away  from) ; 
then  v.  a.,  to  stop  the  growth  of,  abolish. 

ab-rump5,  rupl,  ruptum,  3,  to 
break  off. 

abs-cedo,  cessT,  cessum,  3,  to  go 
away,  withdraw. 

ab-scindo,  cidl,  cissum,  3,  to  tear 
away,  separate. 

absens,  entis,  part,  of  absum,  ab- 
sent. 

ab-sum,  afuT,  abesse,  to  be  away 
from,  be  absent,  be  not  at  hand,  be  want- 
ing, be  removed  from. 

ab-sumo,  mpsl,  mptum,  3  (ab, 
sumo,  sub-im-(em)ere),  to  take  away, 
exhaust,  consume. 

ab-undS,  1  (ab,  und-,  unda),  to  flow 
over  (as  a  wave),  abound  (B.  ud,  und, 
wet.  vS<ap,  wave). 

Acca  (Larentia),  wife  of  the  shep- 
12 


ACHILLES 

herd  Faustulus,  and  nurse  of  Romulus 
and  Remus. 

ac-cedS,  cessT,  cessum,  3  (ad-cedo), 
to  come  to,  approach,  be  added. 

ac-cend5,  cendl,  censum,  3  (ad  and 
candeo,  cando),  to  be  white,  glisten ; 
then  transitive,  as  here,  to  make  shine, 
kindle,  light. 

ac-cingo,  nxT,  nctum,  3  (ad-cingo), 
form  a  circle ;  to  gird,  gird  around, 
gird  up. 

ac-cio,  ivl,  Itum,  4  (ad-ciO),  to  move, 
call ;  to  call  to,  summon. 

ac-cipi5,  cepl,  ceptum,  3  (ad  and 
capio),  to  take,  receive,  perceive,  hear. 

ac-clivis,  e,  adj.  (ad  and  cllvus), 
gradually  ascending,  sloping. 

ac-commodo,  1,  (mod-u-s),  (ad- 
commodo),  to  Jit,  to  measure ;  to  adjust, 
ft. 

ac-cumbo,  cubul,  cubitum,  3  (ad- 
cumbo),  to  recline  (at  table). 

acer,  Scris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp,  hot, 
fierce,  impetuous  (R.  same  as  in  acie^). 

acervus,  i,  m.,  a  heap. 

AcheloidSs,  um,  the  daughters  cf 
Achelous  ;  the  Sirens. 

Achelous,  a  river  separating  Aeto- 
lia  from  Acarnania  ;  the  god  of  tlie 
river. 

Acheron,  ntis  ('Axepcov,  stream  of 
woe),  a  river  in  the  lower  world  ;  by 
meton.,  the  lower  world. 

Achilles,  son  of  Peleus,  king  of 
Phthia  in  Thessaly,  and  the  Nereid 
Thetis. 


242 


AOHIYUS 


AEGAEUS 


Achivus  (fr.  Achaeus),  Achaean, 
Grecian. 

ach"s,  ei,  f.  (R.  ak,  to  be  shar]i), 
sharpness,  sharp  point,  point ;  sharp- 
ness of  sight,  keen  glance  ;  (sharp  edge 
of  army  in  line),  line  of  battle,  army  in 
battle-line,  battle  of  army  in  line  ;  gen- 
eral engagement,  pitched  battle. 

Acis,  idis,  m.,  son  of  Faunus  and  the 
nymph  Symaethis. 

aconitum,  I,  n.,  a  poisonous  plant, 
aconite. 

acrius,  adv.  comp.  of  acriter,  more 
fiercely. 

Actius,  I,  a  Latin  tragic  writer. 

actum,  I,  n.  (ago),  that  which  is 
done  ;  act,  deed,  event. 

acumen,  inis,  n.  (R.  ak),  point, 
jwinled  end. 

acus,  us,  f.  (R.  ak),  a  needle. 

acutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ak),  sharp, 
I>ointed,  shrill. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  up  to,  for,  at. 

adactus,  a,  um,  part.,  driven. 

adamant  eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (adamas), 
of  hard  steel,  adamantine. 

ad-do,  didl,  ditum,  3  (do,  to  put),  to 
put  near  to  or  by  the  side  of,  to  add  to. 

ad-diico,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  lead  to, 
draw  to. 

ad-edo,  edl,  Ssum,  3,  to  eat  at,  to 
begin  to  eat,  (then  hy  consequence)  to 
eat  up,  consume. 

ad-eo,  adv.,  up  to  this,  to  such  a 
degree,  so  much. 

ad-fect5,  1  (facto,  faciO),  to  make 
for  ;  to  strive  after,  aspire  to. 

ad-fero,  attull,  allatum,  3,  to  bring 
to,  bring,  bring  with,  afford. 

ad-ficio  (facio),  fScI,  fectum,  3,  to 
affect  with,  inflict  (punishment)  upon. 

ad-flgo,  fixi,  fixum,  3,  to  fix  to,  fasten 
to. 

ad-flatus,  Us,  m.,  a  blowing  on, 
breathing  upon,  breath. 

ad-flo,  1,  to  blow  upon,  breathe  upon. 

ad-for,  f  situs,  1,  to  speak  to,  address. 

ad-haere5,  haesT,  haesum,  2,  to  hang 
to,  cleave  to. 

ad-hibeo  (habeo),  ul,  itum,  to  hold 
towards,  bring  to,  apply  to,  invite,  em- 
ploy, 

ad-hue,  adv.,  till  now,  as  yet,  still. 

aditus,  us,  in.,  an  entrance. 


ad-icio  (adjicio,  jaciO),  3,  jeci,  jec- 
tum,  to  throw  to,  apply  to,  add  to,  direct 
to. 

ad-imo  (emO),  eml,  emptum,  3,  to 
take  away,  deprive  of. 

ad-juvo,  jfivi,  jutum,  1,  to  help, 
support. 

admlrabilis,  e,  adj.,  worthy  of  ad- 
miration, admirable. 

ad-miror,  atus,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  wonder 
at,  admire. 

ad-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to  send 
to,  let  go,  give  loose  reins  to. 

ad-mone5,  ul,  itum,  2,  to  remind  of, 
admonish,    admonitor,  Oris,  m. 

ad-moveo,  mOvI,  motum,  2,  to  move 
to,  biding  near. 

ad-nuo,  nul,  nutum,  3,  to  nod  to, 
give  assent  to,  grant. 

ad-oleo,  olul,  ultum,  2,  to  burn  (in 
sacrifice),  consume. 

ad-operio,  operul,  opertum,  4,  to 
cover,  cover  over. 

ad-oro,  1,  to  speak  to,  pray  to,  wor- 
ship. 

ad-sterno,  ere,  to  throw  one's  self 
down  by,  to  lie  prostrate  by. 

ad-sto,  stitl,  1,  to  stand  by. 

ad-sum,  ad-fuT,  ad-esse,  to  be  present, 
be  at  hand,  aid,  help. 

adulter-ium,  2,  n.  (ad-ulter.  alter, 
R.  alja,  another),  adultery. 

ad-uncus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bent  to,  curv- 
ed, hooked. 

ad-uro,  ussl,  ustum,  3,  to  set  fire  to, 
burn. 

ad-veho,  xl,  ctum,  3,  carry  to,  bear. 

ad-venio,  venl,  ventum,  4,  to  come 
to,  arrive. 

ad-ventus  (venio),  Us,  m.,  arrival. 

ad-versus,  a,  um,  adj.,  vertO,  turned 
to,  turned  against,  opposite,  in  front, 
adverse. 

ad-verto,  tl,  sum,  3,  to  turn  to. 

ad-voco,  1,  voc-O,  to  call  to,  call  to 
one's  aid. 

ad-vol5,  1,  vol-O,  to  fly  to. 

Aeeta,  Aeetes,  king  of  Colchis, 
son  of  Sol  and  Persa,  the  daughter  of 
Oceanus. 

Aeetias,  daughter  of  Aeetes,  M5dSa. 

Aegaeon,  Onis,  m.,  a  sea-god,  son  of 
Pontus  and  Terra. 

Aegaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Aegean,  name 


AEGER 


ALIQUANDO        243 


of   the  sea  between  Greece  and  Asia 
Minor. 

aeger,  gra,  grum,  adj.  (R.  ig,  trem- 
blt ■•),  sick,  ill,  troubled,  sad. 

Aeglna,  ae,  f .,  daughter  of  the  river- 
god  A8opus. 

aegis,  idis,  f .  (euyi's,  aegis),  the  shield 
of  Minerva  ;  n.  Met.  VI,  79. 

Aegyptius,  a,  urn,  adj.,  Egyptian. 

aelinos,  I,  m.,  a  dirge  ;  sec  n.  Am. 
Ill,  9,  23. 

aemulus,  T,  m.  (R.  ik,  aik,  aik-ma, 
ac-mu,  like),  one  who  will  do  the  like, 
em  ulous,  a  rival. 

Aeneius,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  Aeneas. 

aeneus,  a,  am,  adj.  (acs),  (R.  ajas, 
metal},  of  brass. 

Aeolis,  idis,  f.,  the  daughter  of 
Aeolus,  Alcyone. 

Acolius,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Aeolus,  the  god  of  winds,  Aeolian. 

Aeolus,  T,  m.  son  of  Hippotes  ;  the 
god  of  winds. 

aequalis,  e,  adj.  (R.  ik,  aik,  aik-a, 
like),  equal,  like. 

aequo,  adv.,  equally,  alike ;  for  R. 
see  aequalis. 

aequo,  1  (for  R.  see  aequalis),  to 
make  equal,  equal. 

aequor,  oris,  n.  (same  R.  as  aequa- 
lis), an  even  surface,  the  level  (of  the 
sea),  the  sea. 

aequoreus,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging 
to  the  sea. 

aequus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ik,  aik,  aik- 
a).  even,  equal,  favorable,  equitable,  just. 

aer,  eris,  m.,  a^p,  the  air ;  R.  av,  to 
blow,  av-er,  il-Sr. 

aeratus  (aes),  a,  um,  adj.,  covered 
with  bronze  or  copper ;  of  bronze. 

aeripes  (aes,  pes),  pedis,  bronze- 
footed. 

aerius,  a,  um,  adj.  (tlSr),  pertaining 
to  the  air,  aerial,  airy. 

aes,  aeris,  n.  {JR.  ajas,  metal),  bronze, 
copper,  brass. 

aesculeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  oak. 

Aesonides,  ae,  the  son  of  Aeson  ; 
Jason. 

Aesonius,  a,  um.  adj.,  Aesonian. 
aestas,  iltis,  f.  (R.  idh,  burn,  aid, 
aid-tat-i,  aes-ta-s),  summer. 

aestivus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aestas),  of 
summer. 


aestuo,  1  (acs-tu-s,  same  R.  as  aes- 
ta-s),  to  boil  up,  rage  with  heat,  grow 
hot,  glow. 

aestus,  Vis,  m.  (same  R.  as  aestas), 
boiling,  swell  of  the  sea,  heat  of  fire, 
glow,  ardor. 

aetas,  atis,  f.  (R.  i,  ai,  ai-va  (Eng., 
ever,  aye),  ac-vu-m,  aevi-tas,  aetas), 
time,  age  of  life,  generation,  age. 

aeternus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aevi-ternu-s), 
eternal,  endless,  perpetual. 

aether,  eris,  m.,  ether,  heaven. 

agna,  ae,  f.,  a  lamb. 

agnosco,  nOvT,  nitum,  3,  to  know. 

ag5,  egl,  actum,  3,  to  drive,  lead; 
agito,  1,  to  agitate;  agitabilis,  e,  adj., 
light. 

agrestis,  e,  adj.  (ager),  of  the  coun- 
try, rustic,  rude ;  subst.,  a  farmer, 
peasant. 

agricola,  ae,  m.  (ager,  colO),  a  culti- 
vator of  land,  farmer,  in  Met.  8,  192  ; 
fig.  of  one  who,  as  it  were,  sowed  words 
in  the  soil. 

ai  (at),  inter j.,  ah!  alas! 

aio,  v.  defect.,  to  say,  Gr.  297,  II  (R. 
agii,  to  say,  ag,  a-j-o,  ag-i-o). 

51a,  ae,  f.  (R.  ag,  ag  +  s=ax=lur/i ; 
ax-u-la,  ax-la,  as-la,  a-la),  a  wing. 

Alba,  ae,  f .,  a  city  in  Latium,  Alba 
Longa. 

albeo,  ere  (R.  albiia,  albu-s,  white), 
to  be  iv hit e. 

albesco,  ere,  to  grow  white. 

albidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  white. 

Albula,  ae,  f.,  river  in  Latium. 

albus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  albha,  white), 
white. 

Alcldes,  ae,  m.,  son  (or  descendant) 
of  Alcaeus  ;  Hercules. 

Alcyone,  gs,  f.,  daughter  of  Aeolus 

ales,  itis,  adj.  and  subst.  (ala),  wing- 
ed, bird,  birds. 

alienus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alius,  R.  al»ta, 
ali,  other,  ali-Cnu-s),  belonging  to  an- 
other, another's,  strange,  foreign. 

alimentum,  I,  n.  (alo),  means  of 
nourishment,  food. 

alio,  adv.  (alius),  else-whither,  else- 
where. 

alipes,  pedis,  adj.  (ala,  pSs),  wing- 
footed. 

aliquando,  adv. .  at  some,  time,  fir 
natty  (ali,  so?ne,  quando,  when). 


244 


ALIQUIS 


ANGO 


aliquis,  indef.  pron.  adj.  and  subst., 
(ali-quis),  some  one,  some,  somebody  or 
something  or  other. 

aliter,  adv.,  other- way,  otherwise. 

alius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (alja,  another, 
aliu-s),  another,  other,  some,  the  others. 

alligo,  1,  ad,  ligo,  to  bind  to,  fasten. 

alloquor,  locutus  sum,  3,  v.  dep., 
ad-loquor  (R.  ra,  ra-k,  lak,  loqu-i),  to 
speak  to,  address. 

almus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (alo),  nourishing. 

alnus,  I,  f.,  alder. 

alo,  ul,  itum  and  altum,  3  (R.  ar,  al, 
make  grow,  nourish),  to  nourish,  bring 
vp. 

Aloidae,  1,  m.,  the  Aloidae,  sons  of 
Iphimedia,  the  wife  of  Aloeus. 

Alpes,  ium,  f.,  the  Alps. 

Alpheias,  adis,  f.,  the  nymph  of  the 
fountain  Arethusa,  which  unites  its 
waters  with  the  river  Alpheus. 

Alphenor,  oris,  m.,  son  of  Niobe. 

Alpheus  (os),  I,  m.,  a  river  in  the 
Peloponnesus  ;  the  river-god  Alpheus. 

altaria,  ium,  n.  (altus),  something 
put  upon  the  ara,  on  which  the  offerings 
were  burned,  then  the  altar  itself. 

alte,  adv.  (altus),  high,  on  high; 
deep. 

alter,  tera,  terum,  adj.  (R.  alja,  al, 
al-tero),  the  other,  one  of  two. 

alternus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alter),  one 
after  the  other,  alternate. 

altrix,  Kis,  f.,  a  nurse. 

altus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ar,  al,  to  raise), 
high,  exalted,  deep;  subst.,  the  high, 
height ;  the  deep,  depth. 

alumnus,  T,  m.  (alo),  foster-son. 

alveus  (alvus),  I,  m.,  a  hollow  (like 
that  of  the  alvus),  the  bed  of  a  river. 

alvus,  I,  f.  (R.  ar,  al,  to  nourish, 
al-o,  al-vu-s),  the  body,  ivomb. 

amarus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  am,  raw), 
bitter. 

Amathus,  untis,  f.,  a  town  on  the 
south  coast  of  Cyprus. 

Amathusia,  ae,  f .,  see  n.  Am.  3, 15. 

ambages,  um,  f.  pi.,  evasions. 

ambigo,  3,  amb-ago,  (RR.  ambh, 
(amb)  and  ag),  to  go  about ;  impers., 
ambigitur,  it  is  uncertain  (ambiguous). 

ambiguus,  a,  um,  adj.  (amb-igO, 
ago),  ambiguous,  doubtful. 

ambio,  TvT  and  iT,  Itum,  4,  amb,  eo. 


(RR.  ambh,  amb,  round,  and  i,  to  go), 
to  go  around,  compass,  solicit,  pray. 

ambitio,  Onis,  f.  (ambio),  a  going 
around,  canvassing,  ambition. 

ambo,  ae,  0,  both  (R.  ambh,  amb). 

ambrosia,  1,  f.,  ambrosia. 

amburo,  ussT,  ustum,  3,  amb-uro, 
(RR.  ambh,  amb,  around,  and  vas,  aus, 
Os,  (is,  to  burn,  ur-ere,  us-si),  to  burn 
around,  consume. 

aniens,  mentis,  adj.  (a,  mSns),  out 
of  mind,  beside  one's  self,  distracted. 

amentia,  ae,  f .  (aniens),  madness. 

am-icio,  icul  and  ixT,  ictum,  4,  am 
(R.  ambh)  and  jacio,  to  throw  around, 
en  wrap. 

amictus,  us,  m.  (amicio),  clothing, 
garment,  veil. 

amicus,  a,  um,  adj.  and  subst.,  !,  m. 
(amo),  fHendly,  a  friend. 

a-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to  lose. 

amnis,  is,  m.,  a  stream,  river. 

amo,  1  (R.  kam  (k).  am,  to  love),  to 
love  ;  amans,  tis,  m.,  a  lover. 

amor  (amO),  Oris,  m.,  love. 

Amor,  Oris,  m.,  god  of  love. 

Amphion,  onis,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Antiope,  husband  of  Niobe. 

Ampbitrite,  6s,  f.,  daughter  of 
Nereus,  wife  of  Neptune  ;  by  meton., 
the  sea. 

Amphitryon,  Onis,  m.,  son  of  Al- 
caeus,  and  husband  of  Alcmene. 

Amphitryoniades,  ae,  m.,  Her- 
cules, as  stepson  of  Amphitryon. 

am-plector,  plexus,  3,  v.  dep.  (plec- 
to),  to  twine  round,  compass,  embrace. 

am-plexus  (amplector),  us,  m.,  a 
surrounding,  embracing. 

amplius,  adv.  (amplG),  further, 
longer,  besides. 

Amyclides,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Amyclus, 
king  of  Laconia  ;  Hyacinthus. 

an,  R.  an,  ana,  interrog.  particle, 
or,  ivhether  not. 

ancora,  ae,  f.  (R.  ak,  ank,  crook), 
anchor. 

Andromeda,  ae,  f.,  daughter  of 
Cepheus  and  Cassiope,  rescued  by  Per- 
seus, and  then  married  to  him.  Met.  4, 
671. 

ango,  anxT,  anctum  and  anxum,  3 
(R.  angh,  ang,  to  straiten),  to  strangle, 
distress,  make  anxious, 


ANGUI-COMUS 


ARANEA 


245 


angui-coinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (anguis, 
coma),  with  snaky  hair,  snake-hawed. 

angui-fer,  a,  um,  adj.  (ferO),  serpent- 
beartng. 

angui-pes,  edis,  adj.,  snake-footed. 

unguis,  is,  m.  (R.  angh,  ang,  to 
straiten),  a  serpent,  snake. 

Anguis,  is,  m.,  constellation  of  the 
Dragon. 

angulus,  T,  m.  (same  R.  as  angO),  a 
corner,  angle. 

angustus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ango),  nar- 
row. 

anhelitus,  T,  m.  (anhelO),  panting 
breath,  breath. 

an-helo,  1  (helO),  to  breathe  with 
difficulty,  pant. 

anilis,  e,  adj.  (anus),  of  an  old 
icoman. 

anima,  ae,  f.  (R.  an,  to  breathe), 
an-i-ma),  breath,  air,  life,  the  soul. 

animal,  Rlis,  n.  (anima),  a  living 
being,  animal. 

animans,  antis,  part,  and  adj.,  a 
living  being,  living. 

animosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (anima),  full 
of  spirit,  spirited,  eager. 

animus,  T,  m.  (R.  an,  to  breathe), 
the  rational  soul,  spirit,  heart,  sense, 
mind ;  pride,  anger,  purpose. 

annus,  I,  m.  (R.  ak,  ank,  to  bend), 
a-nu-s  (for  ac-nu-a),  an-nus,  year. 

annosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  aged. 

Annus,  I,  m.  (as  person),  the  year. 

annuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (annus),  yearly, 
annual. 

anser,  eris,  m.  (R.  ghan,  to  grate, 
hiss,  ghans-a  ;  Ger.,  Gans),  a  goose. 

Antaeus,  I,  m.,  name  of  a  Libyan 
giant,  son  of  Earth. 

ante,  R.  an  (an-ta,  abl.  anti-d,  anti, 
ante),  1,  adv.  of  place  and  of  time, 
before,  sooner  than—,  earlier ;  2,  prep, 
with  ace,  before  (of  place,  time,  or 
rank). 

antc-eo,  il,  itum,  4  (eO),  to  go  before. 

antemna,  ae,  f.,  sail-yard  (akin  to 

avareivu)  ?). 

AnthSdSn,  onis,  f.,  a  city  in  Boco- 
tia,  opposite  to  Euboea. 

Antigone,  es,  f.,  daughter  of  Lao- 
medon.    Met.  G,  93. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ante),  of  the 
af ore-time,  ancient,  old,  antique. 


antrum,  I,  n.  (R.  an,  ana,  h>4,  in, 
an-tara,  antru-m),  a  cave,  den,  grotto. 

anus,  us,  f .  (R.  an  (same  as  of  ante), 
ana,  originally  an  a-stem  noun,  then 
an-u-s  ;  so  Ger.,  Ann,  ancestor),  an  old 
woman,  matron. 

anxius,  a,  um,  adj.  (angO),  anxious. 

Aonis,  idis,  f.,  of  Aonia,  Aonides, 
the  Muses,  as  dwellers  in  Aonia. 

Aonius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Aonian. 

aper,  aprl,  m.  (R.  ap,  to  breed,  ap-ro, 
ap-e-r),  a  wild  boar. 

a-perio,  perul,  pertum,  4  (ab  and 
pariO),  (R.  par,  to  bring,  par,  par-i),  to 
bring  from,  uncover,  open,  disclose. 

Apollineus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Apollo. 

Apollo,  inis,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Latona. 

ap-pareo,  uT,  itum,  2  (ad-pareO),  to 
be  visible,  appear. 

ap-pello,  poll,  pulsum,  3  (ad-pello), 
to  drive  to,  drive  forward. 

ap-pello,  1  (ad-pello),  to  go  to  or 
drive  to  for  the  purpose  of  addressing, 
to  speak  to,  address,  accost,  name. 

Appennlnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (the  radical 
syllable  penn  probably  Celtic,  mountain- 
top),  Apenrdne,  the  Apennines. 

ap-plico,  avl  and  uT,  atum  and  itum 
(ad-plico)  (to  fold  to),  1,  apply,  put  to. 

ap-pono,  posul,  positum,  3  (ad- 
pono),  to  place  near,  near  to. 

apto,  1  (f rcq.  fr.  apo),  to  fit  to,  place 
upon,  furnish. 

aptus,  a,  um,  adj.  (apC),  fitted, fitting, 
suitable. 

aqua,  ae,  f .  (R.  ak.  swift),  water,  pi. 
waters,  streams. 

aquila,  ae,  f.  (R.  ak,  ank,  dark), 
(aquilus,  dark  color),  dark  bird,  the 
eagle. 

aquilo,  Onis,  m.  (same  R.  as  aquila), 
bringing  dark,  lowering  weather,  north 
wind. 

aquosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aqua),  full  of 
water,  full  of  rain. 

ara,  ae,  f .  (R.  as,  to  sit,  iis-a,  ilr-a), 
altar. 

Xra,  ae,  f.,  the  constellation  of  the 
Altar. 

Arachne,  es,  f.,  the  Lydian  maiden 
in  the  story  of  Met.  6,  5,  seqq. 

aranea,  ae,  f.,  the  spider  (R.  Ail,  fit, 
spin). 


246 


ABATOR 


ASCENDO 


arator,  Oris,  m.  (aro),  plower. 

aratrum,  T,  n.  (aro),  plow. 

Aratus,  T,  m.,  a  Greek  poet  of  Soli  ; 
see  n.  Am.  1, 15,  16. 

ar-bi-ter,  trl,  in.  (ar  =  ad,  and  bi,  f r. 
R.  ga,  gua,  ba,  to  go),  one  that  goes  to; 
i.  e.,  witness,  observe?\  arbiter. 

arbitr-iu-m,  I,  m.  (arbiter-ium), 
decision,  choice,  will. 

arbor  (arbOs),  oris,  f .  (R.  ardh,  arf-, 
arb-,  to  raise,  lift),  tree,  mast. 

arboreus,  a,  um,  adj.  (arbor),  of  a 
tree. 

arbustum,  I,  n.  (arbOs),  (arbos-e- 
tum,  arbus-tu-m),  a  plantation  of  trees, 
trees. 

arbut-eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (arbutum), 
of  the  strawberry-tree,  of  the  arbute. 

arb-u-tum,  T,  n.  (arbor),  the  wild 
strawberry-tree,  arbute,  arbutus. 

Arcadia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  of  the 
Peloponnesus. 

arceo,  ul,  ctum,  2  (R.  ark,  to  keep 
strong,  keep  off),  to  keep  off,  hinder, 
keep  back,  keep  away. 

arci-tenens,  entis,  adj.  (arcus),  bow- 
holding,  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Arctos,  I,  f.,  the  constellation  of  the 
Great  and  the  Lesser  Bear  (R.  ark,  to 
attack,  injure). 

arcuatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (arcuO),  bow- 
formed,  arched. 

arcus,  Us,  m.  (R.  ar,  to  bend),  a 
bow  ;  bow  (as  half-circle),  rainbow. 

Ardea,  ae,  f.,  chief  city  of  the  Ru- 
tuli  in  Latiurr. 

ardeo,  arsT,  arsum,  2  (R.  ar,  to  burn, 
dry,  are-re,  ari-du-s,  aridi-tas,  5rid-ere  ; 
ard-ere),  to  burn,  be  afire,  burn  vp, 
glow. 

ardesco,  arsT,  3  (ardeO),  to  take  fire, 
glitter. 

ardor,  Oris,  m.  (ardeO),  heat,  glow, 
ardor. 

arduus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ardh,  ardh- 
va,  ard-uu-s,  to  raise  high),  steep,  high  ; 
hard  to  reach,  arduous. 

area,  ae,  f.  (R.  ar,  dry),  a  (dry)  free 
place,  open  field,  area. 

areo,  ere  (see  R.  of  ardeO),  to  be  dry, 
arid. 

Arethusa,  ae,  f.,  name  of  a  nymph 
in  Elis,  and  of  the  celebrated  fountain 
in  Sicily  ;  see  note  Met.  5,  409. 


argent eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (argentum), 
of  silver,  silver-bright,  silver. 

argentum,  I,  n.  (R.  arg,  to  shine, 
arge-nt-u-m),  silver. 

Argos,  n.  (Lat.,  Argi,  orum,  m.),  a 
city  in  Argolis,  Peloponnesus. 

argumentum,  I,  n.  (arguO),  subject- 
matter,  subject  (for  representation  in 
art),  argument. 

arguo,  ul,  utum,  3  (R.  arg,  argu,  to 
shine,  be  clear),  to  make  clear,  argue, 
prove,  reprove,  censure. 

aridus,  a,  um,  adj.  (areO),  dry,  arid. 

aries,  etis,  m.  (R.  unc,  V.  gives  ar, 
to  hurt,  ari,  ari-e-s),  1,  a  ram ;  2,  the 
constellation  of  the  Ram. 

arista,  ae,  f .  (R.  ak,  sharp,  acr-ista, 
ar-ista,  ista  superlative),  a  beard  of 
grain,  ear,  harvest  (of  ears). 

anna,  Orum,  n.  (R.  ar,  to  fit,  cf.  ar- 
mu-s,  joint),  shoulder,  arm,  something 
fitted  to  the  body,  arms,  armor  ;  (for 
the  field),  tools,  utensils,  armipo- 
tens,  tis,  valiant. 

arm  amenta,  Orum,  n.  (anna),  (for  a 
ship),  tackle,  armament. 

armentum,  I,  n.  (arma,  AR-men-tu- 
m,  in  the  sense  of  being  put  together  ; 
but  perh.  fr.  ar,  to  plow),  herds,  cattle 
(as  oxen,  horned  cattle,  or  horses). 

armi-fer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.,  arms- 
bearing,  armed. 

armi-ger,  gera,  gerum,  adj.,  arms- 
carrying,  armor-bearer. 

armus,  I,  m.  (R.  ar,  to  fit),  joint, 
shoulder,  arm. 

aro,  1  (R.  ar,  to  plow),  to  plow. 

arripio  (ad-rapiO),  ul,  reptinn,  3,  to 
lay  hold  of. 

ars/artis,  f.  (R.  ar,  to  fit),  art. 

arti-fex,  icis,  m.  (faciO),  artist,  arti- 
san, maker,  author,  contriver. 

artus,  a,  um,  adj.  (arceo),  narrow, 
close  ;  as  subst.,  a  strait. 

artus,  fis,  m.  (R.  ar,  to  fit),  a  joint  of 
the  body,  pi.  joints,  limbs ;  body,  bodies. 

arvum,  I,  n.  (aro),  plowed  or  arable 
land,  field,  fields. 

arx,  cis,  f.  (R.  ark,  to  make  strong), 
a  stronghold,  castle,  citadel,  a  high 
place,  height,  summit. 

Ascalaphus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Acheron 
and  Orphne,  changed  to  an  owl. 

ascendo  (ad  and  scando),  scendl, 


ASCENSUS 


AUGUSTUS        247 


scensum,  3,  to  climb  up,  ascend,  go  up 
into. 

asoensus,  us,  m.  (ascendo),  an  as- 
cent. 

Ascraeus,  I,  m.,  of  Ascra,  a  village 
in  Boeotia ;  the  Ascraean  (used  of 
Hesiod). 

asellus,  T,  m.,  dim.  (asinus),  a  little 
ass,  an  ass's  colt. 

Asopis,  idis,  f.,  daughter  of  AsOpus; 
AegTna. 

asper,  era,  erum,  adj.,  rough,  uneven. 

aspergo,  inis,  f.  (ad-spargO),  a 
sprinkling,  besprinkling,  spray. 

a-spicio,  spexT,  spectum,  3  (ad, 
epeciO),  to  look  to,  look  upon,  behold, 
consider. 

a-spiro,  1  (ad,  spIrO),  to  breathe  to, 
favor. 

assensus,  us,  m.  (assentio),  agree- 
ment, assent. 

as-sentio,  sSnsI,  sSnsum,  4  (ad,  sen- 
tiO),  to  agree  with,  assent. 

as-sero,  serul,  sertum,  3  (ad,  serO), 
to  join  to,  claim,  appoint  to. 

assiduus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ad,  sedeO), 
unremitting. 

as-silio,  siluT,  sultum,  4  (ad,  saliO), 
to  leap  to,  spring  upon. 

as-suesco,  suevl,  sugtum,  3  (ad, 
BueecO),  to  accustom  one's  self  to  ;  part., 
assuetus,  accustomed  to,  wonted. 

assuetudo,  inis,  f.,  custom,  habit, 
intercourse. 

as-sum,  s.  ad-sum. 

as-sumo,  sumpsl,  sumptum,  3  (ad, 
sumO),  to  take  to,  receive. 

Assyrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Assyrian. 

Asterie,  es,  f.,  daughter  of  Coeus ; 
Met.  6, 108. 

Astraea,  ae,  f .  ('Aorpcua,  goddess  of 
stars),  goddess  of  justice.    Met.  1, 150. 

a-stringo,  strinxT,  striatum,  3  (ad, 
BtringO),  to  bind  to,  bind  fast. 

astrum,  I,  n.  (R.  star,  to  strew 
(sterno),  ster,  ster-u-la,  stel-la  (aarpov, 
avTTJp,  <rrep),  a-stru-m),  a  star,  constel- 
lation ;  by  meton.,  the  heavens. 

at,  conj.  (ast),  (R.  a,  pron.  stem,  1st 
and  2d  pers.,  e-n,  a-t),  but,  yet,  yet  at 
least. 

Atalanta,  ae,  f.,  d.  of  king  Schoe- 
neus,  of  Boeotia ;  Met.  10,  565,  seqq. 


ater,  atra,  um,  adj.  (R.  idh,  to  burn, 
aid,  aid-tro  (?),  a-tro,  a-ter,  burnt  black), 
black,  dark,  gloomy. 

Athos  (Onis),  CA0<i>v),  mountain  in 
Macedonia  ;  Met.  2,  217. 

Atlantiades,  ae,  m.,  son  or  de- 
scendant of  Atlas  ;  n.  of  Mercury  as  son 
of  Maia,  Atlas's  d.  ;  Met.  8,  627. 

Atlas,  antis,  m.,  s.  of  lapetus,  father 
of  the  Pleiades,  and  grandf.  of  Niobc; 
Met.  2,  296  ;  6,  174. 

at-que  (ac),  conj.  (ad-que),  and-too, 
and  also,  and  even,  and ;  as. 

atrium,  T,  n.  (ater),  (R.  idh,  to 
burn),  the  room  in  which  was  the  hearth 
("  atrum  ex  f  umo  "  ?),  the  entrance-room 
in  the  house,  family-room,  reception- 
room;  hall ;  by  meton.,  the  house,  home. 

at-tamcn,  and  yet,  yet. 

at-tollo,  ere  (ad-tollO),  to  lift  vp. 

at-tono,  uT,  itum,  1  (ad,  tonO),  to 
thunder  at  or  upon,  stun,  amaze, 
charm. 

au-ceps,  cupis,  comm.  (avi-ceps,  fr. 
avis,  capio),  a  bird-catcher,  fowler. 

auctor,  Oris,  m.  (augeo),  the  author, 
promoter,  doer  ;  cause,  occasion  ;  giver, 
lender  ;  producer,  father  ;  founder  ; 
relater ;  authority. 

audax,  acis,  adj.  (audeO),  daring, 
bold,  spirited,  audacious,  rash. 

audeo,  ausT  (ausim),  ausus  sum,  2 
(R.  av,  to  like,  be  eager  for,  av-Cre, 
avi-du-s,  av-d,  au-d,  au-d-e-re),  to  dare, 
be  bold,  venture. 

audio,  ivl  or  il,  Itum,  4  (same  R.  as 
au-d-e-re),  to  hear,  perceive,  to  know  by 
hearing,  to  give  heed  to. 

au-fero,  abstull,  ablatum,  3  (ab 
(abs),  ferO),  to  carry  away,  take  away, 
rob  of,  destroy. 

augeo,  xl,  ctum,  2  (R.  vag,  ug,  to 
be  strong,  wax,  aug),  to  increase,  en- 
large, heighten. 

augurium,  I,  n.  (au-gur,  fr.  avi-gur, 
R.  av,  to  blow,  wave,  avi-s  +  R.  gar, 
to  call),  interpreting  of  the  flight  of  birds, 
inU  rpretation,  augui~y. 

au-guror,  1,  v.  dep.  (augur),  to  in- 
terpret omens,  surmise,  augur. 

august  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (augeo),  exalt- 
ed, august. 
Augustus,  I,  m.,  1,  the  August,  Ma- 


248 


AULA 


AXIS 


jestic,  Majesty,  Imperial  Majesty,  title 
of  honor  of  Octavian  on  his  attainment 
of  sovereign  power ;  2,  adj.,  of  Augustus, 
Augustan,  imperial. 

aula,  ae,  f.  (Gr.,  avKrj,  free,  airy, 
place,  fr.  R.  av,  to  blow),  court  (of  a 
building),  hall  (of  a  palace). 

aulaeum,  I,  n.  (aula),  pi.  aulaea, 
hall-hangings,  curtain  (of  a  theatre). 

aura,  ae,  f.  (R.  av,  to  blow,  av-ra, 
au-ra),  air,  draught  of  air  ;  pi.  breezes, 
breath  of  life. 

auvatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aurum),  gilded, 
adorned  ivith  gold. 

aureus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aurum),  of  gold, 
golden. 

auri-fer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.,  gold- 
bearing. 

aurlga,  ae,  comm.  (aurl-ga,  f  r.  auri- 
jug-a  ;  auri-  fr.  R.  ar,  to  run,  avpo-g, 
arvu-s,  a  horse  ;  and  jug  fr.  R.  ju, 
ju-g,  to  bind,  cf.  jug-u-m),  a  chari- 
oteer. 

auris,  is,  f .  (R.  av,  to  be  eager  for, 
av-s,  au-s-i-s,  au-r-i-s),  the  ear. 

Aurora,  ae,  f .  (R.  vas,  avs,  aus,  to 
burn,  shine,  aucr-os),  aus-os,  aus-os-a, 
Aur-or-a),  goddess  of  the  rosy  morn, 
dawn,  Aurora  ;  by  meton.,  the  East. 

aurum,  I,  n.  (R.  same  as  Aurora, 
VASr  aus,  aus-o,  aur-u-m),  the  (shining) 
gold. 

Ausonia,  ae,  f.,  poetic  name  for 
Italy,  fr.  the  Ausones. 

Ausonius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Ausonia), 
Ausonian. 

auspex,  spicis,  comm.,  fr.  avi-spex, 
avis,  specio  (see  augurium  for  avis), 
specio  fr.  R.  spak,  to  see,  spec,  spec-s), 
one  who  observes  the  birds,  augur, 
diviner. 

auspicium,  I,  n.  (avi  -  spicium), 
(auspex),  observation  of  the  birds,  au- 
spice. 

auster,  strT,  m.  (R.  vas,  aus,  to 
burn,  aus-ter),  the  (hot)  south-wind, 
Auster. 

australis,  e,  adj.  (auster),  in  the 
direction  of  the  south-wind,  southerly. 

ausum,  I,  n.  (audeO),  a  daring  at- 
tempt, venture,  design. 


aut,  conj.  (fr.  au-te-m,  au-t,  the  t 
repr.  tern,  the  demon,  pron.  stem  of  3d 
pers.,  au  repr.  pron.  st.  as  adv.  and  = 
Gr.  Sv,  aSre,  and  aut  =  rje,  %),  or,  or 
rather,  or  even,  either— or. 

autem  (au-te-m),  conj.  (see  aut),  but, 
hoivever. 

autumnalis,  e,  adj.  (autumnus),  of 
the  autumn,  autumnal. 

autumnus,  I,  in.  (R.  av,  to  satisfy, 
be  full,  au-ta,  au-t-u-mnu-s),  the  season 
that  brings  fullness,  the  autumn  ;  by 
meton.,  the  fruits  of  the  autumn  ;  per- 
sonified Met.  2,  29,  Autumn. 

auxiliaris,  e,  adj.  (auxilium),  bring- 
ing help,  helping. 

auxilium,  I,  n.  (augeo,  q.  d.,  aug- 
to,  aug-tu-lo,  aug-su-lo,  aug-sul-io,  aux- 
il-io),  help,  aid ;  by  meton.,  helper. 

a-vello  (vclll),  vulsl,  vulsum,  3,  to 
tear  away,  rend  from. 

avena,  ae,  f .  (R.  same  as  autumnus, 
av,  av-as,  avasa,  av-as-na,  av-es-na,  av- 
e-na),  a  stalk  of  grain,  of  straw,  a 
reed. 

Aventmus,  a,  um,  adj.  and  subst., 
Aventine  (hill),  the  Aventine. 

Avernalis,  e,  adj.,  of  (lake)  Aver- 
n  us  ;  see  note  Met.  5,  540. 

Avernus,  a,  um,  adj.,  same  as  Aver- 
nalis. 

aversor,  1,  v.  dep.  (averto),  to  turn 
away. 

a-verto,  tl,  sum,  3,  to  turn  from, 
away,  avert. 

avidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aveo),  desirous, 
eager,  greedy. 

avis,  is,  f.  (R.  av,  to  blow,  avi-s), 
bird,  as  bird  of  omen,  by  meton.  for 
omen. 

avitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (avus),  of  a 
grandfather,  grandfather 's,  ancestral. 

avius,  a,  um,  adj.  (a  or  ab,  via),  out 
of  the  way,  remote ;  subst.  pi.,  out-of- 
the-way  places,  by-ways. 

avus,  T,  m.  (R.  av,  to  like,  protect), 
grandfather  ;  in  pi.,  ancestors. 

axis,  is,  m.  (R.  ag,  to  drive,  ag  +  s= 
ax,  axi-s),  axle ;  by  meton.,  carriage, 
chariot ;  the  axis,  of  the  earth,  of  tJie 
heavens ;  by  meton.,  the  heavens. 


BABYLONIUS 


BRUTUS 


249 


Babylonius,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  Babylon, 
Babylonian. 

baca,  ae,  f.  (dabka),  a  berry,  berry 
of  Minerva  ;  i.  e.,  the  olive. 

Bacchae,  Brum,  pi.,  female  attend- 
ants of  Bacchus. 

Baccheus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Bacchus  ,•  Bacchic. 

Baccliiadae,  pi.  m.,  the  BaccMads, 
an  ancient  princely  family  of  Corinth, 
descended  from  Bacchis. 

Bacchus,  I,  m.,  s.  of  Jupiter  and 
Semele,  foster-son  of  Silenus,  Met.  11, 
99. 

baculum,  T,  n.,  and  baculus,  T,  m. 
(B.  ga,  to  go,  ha,  ba-k,  ba-c-ulu-m), 
something  used  for  going  ;  a  staff. 

Balearicus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  Balearic, 
of  the  Baledres,  islands  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean (/3aAAw). 

ballaena,  ac,  f.,  a  whale. 

ballista,  ae,  f.  (pd\\u>),  a  machine 
for  throwing  missiles,  ballist. 

balteus,  I,  m.,  a  belt,  girdle. 

barba,  ae,  f.  (B.  bard  ha),  beard. 

barbaricus,  a,  um,  adj.,  foreign,  not 
Greek  or  Roman,  barbarian. 

barbarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  foreign,  bar- 
barous ;  subst.,  foreigner,  barbarian. 

Bassus,  T,  m.,  name  of  an  epic  poet, 
Tr.  4,  10,  47. 

Baucis,  idis,  f.,  wife  of  rhilcmon, 
Met.  8,  G31,  seqq. 

beat  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (beo),  made 
happy,  happy. 

Belides,  um,  pi.  f.,  granddaughters 
of  Bclus,  usually  called  Danaides,  fr. 
their  f.  Danaus. 

bellicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bellum),  of 
war,  warlike. 

bellum,  T,  n.  (B.  dva,  dvi,  two, 
duc-llu-m,  bcllu-m),  war,  contest,  duel. 

belua,  ae,  f.  (R.  bargii,  to  break, 
tear,  balgh,  balh,  belli,  bel-),  a  {tearing, 
fierce)  beast,  a  monster. 

bene,  adv.  (B.  dvi,  du,  to  honor, 
bone,  bene),  well,  exactly,  right. 

benignus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bene-gTgnO, 
beni-n-gnu-s,  gnu  fr.  B.  gan,  gen,  gna, 
gnu),  kindly  by  nature,  benignant. 

Berecyntius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  (Mt.) 
Berecyntus,  Berecynthian. 


bibo,  bibl,  itum,  3,  to  drink. 

bibulus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bibulous. 

biceps,  cipitis,  adj.  (bis,  caput),  two- 
headed. 

bi-color,  Oris,  adj.  (bis,  color),  two- 
colored. 

bicornis,  c,  adj.  (bis,  cornu),  two- 
Iiorned. 

bi-foris,  e,  adj.  (bis,  foris),  having 
two  doors. 

bi-niaris,  c,  adj.  (bis,  mare),  lying 
on  two  seas,  two-seaed. 

binl,  ae,  a,  distrib.  pronom.  adj. 
(bis),  two  by  two,  two  each. 

bis,  adv.  (B.  dva,  dvi,  dvi-ies,  dbi- 
ies,  bi-ies,  bis),  two  times,  twice. 

bi-sulcus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bis,  sulcus), 
two-furrowed,  two-cleft,  cloven. 

blandior,  v.  dep.,  4  (blandus),  to 
say  or  do  bland  (soft)  things,  flatter, 
fondle. 

blanditia,  ac,  f.  (blandus),  bland 
(soft)  speeches,  flattery. 

blandus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  mar,  mal 
{rub,  make  soft),  mal-d,  mlad,  mla-n-d, 
bla-n-d-),  bland,  flattering. 

Boedtia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  in  central 
Greece,  Met.  2,  239. 

bonus,  a,  um,  adj.,  melior,  optimus 
(B.  dvi,  du,  honor),  good,  good-natured, 
kindly;  of  better  kind,  best;  subst., 
bonum,  i,  n.,  a  good,  a  blessing;  pi., 
goods,  excellences,  blessings. 

Bootes,  ae,  m.,  the  constellation 
Bootes  (B0CUT179,  ox-driver). 

Boreas,  ae,  m.,  1,  the  N.  wind;  2, 
the  god  of  the  N.  wind. 

bos,  bovis,  comm.  (B.  gu,  to  sound, 
guov,  vov,  bov),  an  ox,  a  bull,  a 
cow. 

bracchium,  I,  n.  (R,  BARGn,  ppax, 
ppax-iotv),  the  arm,  the  fore-  or  lower 
arm  ;  claw,  pi.  the  claws. 

brevis,  e,  adj.  (B.  bargii  {break, 
tear),  bragh,  bregh-u-i,  breh-u-i,  bre-v- 
i-s),  broken  off,  brief,  short,  small. 

breviter  (brevis),  briefly,  shortly. 

Brutus,  I,  m.  (B.  gar,  heavy,  gam 
(gravis),  gur,  gru,  bru-),  L.  Junius  (who 
feigned  dullness),  the  deliverer  of  Rome 
fr.  the  Tarquins,  and  fr.  regal  govern- 
ment ;  Fasti,  2,  717. 


250 


BUBO 


OANDESCO 


bubo,  Onis,  m.  (R.  bu,  scream),  an 
owl. 

bucerus,  a,  um,  adj.  (/3ov*cep&>s;  ox- 
horned,  horned  (cattle). 

biiciua,  ae,  f .  (R.  bu,  sound),  bu-k, 
buc-a,  buc-ina),  a  horn  or  trumpet,  sig- 
nal-trumpet. 


Buslris,  idis,  m.,  mythical  king  of 
Egypt,  Met.  9,  183. 

bus  turn,  T,  n.  (burO  =  urO),  place  of 
burial  (burning),  tomb. 

buxum,  I,  n.,  box-tree,  wood  of  the 
box-tree. 


cacumen,  inis,  n.  (R.  kuad,  kud, 
to  drive  (shoot)  forth,  by  redupl.  ka  + 
kud,  ca-cu-men),  peak,  summit,  top ; 
point. 

Cadmeis,  idis,  f.,  of  Cadmus,  Cad- 
mean. 

Cadmus,  I,  m.,  s.  of  Phoenician 
king  Agenor. 

cado,  cecidl,  casum,  3  (R.  kad,  to 
fall),  sink,  set. 

caduci-fer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.  (cadu- 
ceus),  bearing  a  herald's  staff. 

caducus,  I,  adj.  (cado),  (something) 
that  falls,  falling,  fallen,  liable,  ready, 
tofall. 

caecus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (R.  ska,  cover, 
hide,  sea,  sca-i-co,  ca-i-co,  caeco),  dark, 
hidden,  blind. 

caedes,  is,  f.  (caedo),  a  cutting  down, 
killing,  murder,  carnage,  bloodshed. 

caedo,  cecidl,  caesum,  3  (R.  sak, 
ska,  to  cut,  cleave,  ska-d,  ski-d,  scae-d, 
caed-),  to  make  fall,  to  fell,  slay,  kill. 

caeles,  itis  (caelum),  adj.,  in  heaven, 
pi.  masc,  the  heavenly  (ones),  the  gods. 

caelestis,  e,  adj.  (caelum),  belonging 
to  heaven,  heavenly,  divine  ;  subst.  pi., 
the  heavenly  (ones),  celestial  (beings). 

caelicola,  ae,  comm.  (caelum), 
dweller  in  heaven. 

caelo,  1  (same  R.  as  caedo,  ska,  to 
cut,  caed-,  cael-,  cael-u-m,  burin  or 
chisel),  to  represent  in  relief,  to  engrave, 
to  adorn  with  reliefs. 

caelum,  T,  n.  and  m.  (R.  ku,  kua-n, 
to  be  hollow,  kau,  kav,  cavi-lu-m,  cai- 
lu-m,  caelum),  the  (hollow)  vault  of 
heaven,  heaven,  the  heavens. 

caeruleus,  a,  um,  adj.,  caerulus 
(same  R.  as  caelum,  caelu-lu-s),  heaven- 
blue,  blue,  dark-blue,  dark. 

Caesar,  aris,  m.,  C.  Julius,  assas- 
sinated b.  c.  44. 

caespes,  itis,  m.  (caedo),  sod,  turf. 


Calcus,  I,  m.,  river  in  Tenthrania, 
Mysia. 

Calais,  idis,  m.,  one  of  the  winged 
sons  of  Boreas. 

calamus,  I,  m.  (xaAa/xoy,  R.  kar, 
to  project),  a  reed. 

calathus,  I,  m.  (icdkaQos,  R.  karatho, 
basket),  a  wicker-basket,  flower-basket. 

calco,  1  (calx,  heel),  to  tread  with 
the  heel,  stamp. 

calco,  ul,  2  (R.  skal,  to  glow,  cal), 
to  be  warm,  glow. 

calesco,  ul,  3  (caleO),  to  grow  warm. 

calidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (caleO),  warm. 

caligo,  inis,  f .  (R.  skal,  kal,  cover), 
misty  darkness,  gloom. 

callens,  ntis,  part.  (fr.  calleO,  R. 
kar,  to  swell)  (of  bark),  callous,  hard. 

callidus,  a  um,  adj.,  cunning. 

Calliope,  es,  f .  (KaAAi6jri7,  the  fine- 
voiced),  the  Muse  of  epic  song. 

calor,  Oris,  m.  (caleo),  warmth. 

Calvus,  T,  m.,  see  n.  Am.  3,  9,  62. 

Calydonius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Calydon, 
a  town  in  Aetolia  ;  Calydonian. 

Calymne,  es,  f.,  an  island  in  the 
Aegean. 

Camenae,  arum,  f.,  pi.  (R.  kas, 
sing,  cas,  cas-mena,  goddess  of  song), 
the  Camenae,  Muses. 

caminus,  I,  m.  (R.  ak,  sharp,  aieix- 
ivos,  Sansc.  ac-manta,  Kaix-ivos,  caml- 
nu-s,  Vanicek,  p.  5),  a  smelting  furnace, 
forge,  stove  (Eng.,  chimney). 

campus,  I,  m.  (R.  skap,  digy 
sca-m-p,  ca-m-p),  a  level  ground,  an 
open  field,  a  plain,  a  battle-field. 

cancer,  erf,  m.  (R.  kan,  hard,  kar, 
ka-n  +  kar,  ca-n-cer),  a  crab,  the  sign  of 
Cancer  in  the  zodiac. 

candeo,  ul,  2  (R.  skand,  to  light, 
shine,  kand,  cand),  to  shine,  glisten. 

candesco,  ul,  3  (candeO),  to  grow 
shining  (white),  begin  to  glow. 


CANDIDUS 


CAVEO 


251 


candidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (candeO), 
shining,  shining-white,  brilliant. 

candor,  Oris,  in.,  a  shining  white- 
ness, brightness,  candor. 

cilneo,  nT,  2  (canus),  to  be  grayish 
white,  hoary,  gray. 

canescd,  ul,  3  (canus),  to  grow 
hoary,  gray. 

canis,  is,  comm.  (R.  ku,  kvi,  kvan, 
to  be  strong,  can-is,  Kvutv ;  Fr.,  chien  ; 
Eng.,  hound),  a  dog  ;  the  dog  (Cerbe- 
rus), the  Gallic  =  hunting  dog. 

canistra,  ae,  f.  (canna),  a  basket 
made  of  reeds,  a  fruit-basket. 

canities,  em,  e\  f.  (canus),  gray 
hairs. 

canna,  ae,  f.,  a  reed. 

cano,  cecinl,  cantnm,  3  (R.  kan,  to 
sound,  tone),  to  produce  a  melodious 
tone,  sing,  sing  (in  prophecy),  to  predict, 
sound  (a  signal). 

canor,  oris,  m.  (canO),  song. 

can5rus,  a,  um,  adj.,  tuneful. 

canto,  1  (canO),  to  sing,  sing  of, 
celebrate  in  song. 

cantus,  us,  m.,  song,  singing. 

canus,  a,  um,  adj.  R.  (kas,  to  be 
white,  gray),  gray-tvhite,  gray,  in  pi. 
cani  (sc.  capilli),  gray  hairs. 

capax,  ads,  adj.  (capiO),  that  can 
take,  capacious,  susceptible  for,  apt  for. 

capella,  ae,  f.,  a  she-goat,  the  Ca- 
pella.    caper,  prT,  m.,  a  goat. 

capillus,  I,  m.,  dim.  (caput),  hair  of 
the  head  (in  distinction  from  the  beard), 
hair. 

capio,  cepT,  captum,  3  (R.  kar, 
take),  to  seize,  take,  comprehend,  under- 
stand (take),  ivin,  gain. 

Capitolium,  T,  n.  (caput),  the  Capi- 
tol. 

caprea,  ae,  f .  (capra,  R.  kvar, 
kuap,  to  smell,  cap,  Van.,  but  Curtius 
f r.  karp,  krap,  to  spring,  capr),  a  wild 
goat. 

Caprea,  ae,  f.  (capra),  (the  marsh) 
of  Caprea. 

captlvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (capio),  taken, 
captive. 

capto,  1  (capiO),  to  take  (eagerly),  to 
strive  to  take. 

caput,  itis,  n.  (R.  kar,  take,  com- 
prise, cap),  the  head,  (of  a  river)  the 
head,  source. 


carbasus,  I,  f.,  pi.  carbasa,  a  texture 
of  fine  Spanish  \hix,Jine  linen  (robes). 

career,  eris,  m.  (R.  skar,  to  keep, 
skar(s),  kar,  car-cer),  a  prison,  barrier 
(of  the  race-course). 

card5,  inis,  m.  (R.  skard,  to  swing, 
kard,  card),  the  hinge  (of  a  door). 

careO,  ul,  2  (R.  sxar,  to  cut  off, 
car-Ore,  to  be  cut  off),  to  be  without,  be 
free  from,  want,  lose. 

carica,  ae,  f.  (sc.  ficus),  a  Carian 
(fig),  a  dried  jig,  dried  figs. 

carina,  ae,  f.  (R.  kar,  to  be  hard, 
car),  the  keel  (of  a  ship)  ;  by  meton.,  a 
ship. 

carmen,  inis,  n.  (R.  kas,  sing,  kas- 
man,  car-men),  a  song,  song,  a  poem. 

caro,  carnis,  f.  (R.  kru,  to  become 
rough,  raw,  car),  flesh,  piece  of  flesh, 
meat. 

carpo,  psl,  ptum,  3  (R.  skarp,  to 
ait,  tear,  scarp,  carp-O),  to  jiluck,  break 
off,  browse,  eat,  enjoy,  carp  at;  (with 
viam),  to  go  ;  (with  aethera),  to  cleave, 
to  fly  through. 

cams,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ka,  to  love), 
dear,  precious,  loved  by. 

casa,  ae,  f.  (R.  skad,  cover,  scad, 
cad,  cad-ta,  cas-ta,  cas-sa,  casa),  a  hut. 

Cassiope,  es,  f.,  wife  of  Cepheus 
and  Andromeda's  mother. 

cassus,  a,  um,  adj.,  empty,  icorth- 
less. 

Castalius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Castalian. 

castanea,  ae,  f.,  chestnut-tree. 

castra,  Orum,  n.  (R.  skad,  to  cover, 
cad,  cad-tro,  cas-tru-m),  a  camp. 

casus,  lis,  m.  (cado),  fall,  accident, 
fortune,  misfortune. 

catena,  ae,  f.  (R.  kat,  make  to  fall), 
a  fetter,  chain. 

Catullus,  T,  m.,  a  poet ;  s.  Am.  3, 
15,7.    catulus,  I,  m.,  a  cub. 

cauda,  ae,  f.  (R.  skud,  to  spring 
forth),  tail  of  an  animal. 

causa,  ae,  f.  (R.  skav,  be  on  one" 8 
guard,  guard,  kav,  cav,  cav-es,  cav-es- 
ta,  cau-s-ta,  cau-s-sa,  causa),  a  matter 
guarded,  a  cause,  reason,  ground,  occa- 
sion, an  affair. 

cautes,  is,  f.  (R.  ka,  kan,  to 
sharpen),  a  pointed  rock. 

caveo,  dvl,  cautum,  2  (R.  skav, 
guard),  to  take  care,  to  make  provision. 


252 


CAVERNA 


CHORDA 


caver na,  ae,  f.  (cavus),  a  hollow,  a 
cavern. 

cavo,  1  (cavus),  to  holloiv  out. 

cavus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ku,  kvi,  kvan, 
to  be  holloiv,  cav),  hollow,  hollowed  out. 

Cecrops,  opis,  m.,  mythical  king  of 
Athens. 

Cecropius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Cecrops, 
Cecropian. 

cedo,  cessT,  ccssum,  3  (JR.  same  as 
cad-O,  cad,  ce-cid,  ce-id,  ced-),  to  go 
forth,  yield,  give  way,  go  over. 

celeber,  Celebris,  e,  adj.  (R.  kar,  to 
go,  go  to,  kal,  eel,  eele-ber,  gone  to), 
(much  gone  to),  frequented,  numerous, 
celebrated. 

celebrO,  1  (celeber),  to  frequent,  to 
Ml  with  one's  presence,  to  solemnize, 
celebrate,  praise. 

celer,  eris,  adj.  (same  R.  as  celeb  ro, 
go  swiftly),  quick,  swift. 

celer,  prop,  name  (R.  kar,  be  prom- 
inent, cer,  eel),  one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard ;  cf .  Celsi. 

celo,  1  (R,  skal,  eel,  to  cover),  to 
conceal,  hide. 

celsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cello),  (R.  kar, 
kal,  eel,  to  be  prominent),  raised  high, 
lofty. 

CSnaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Cenaeum, 
Cenaean. 

census,  us,  m.  (censeO),  (R.  kas, 
sing,  formally  declare ;  but  Harpers1 
Diet,  derives  it  fr.  centum,  centere,  to 
hundred,  number),  the  registering  and 
taxing  of  the  R.  people,  census,  prop- 
erty. 

Centaurus,  T,  m.,  Centaur,  pi.  Cen- 
taurs, a  Thessalian  people ;  Met.  2,  636; 
9,  191. 

centum,  num.  adj.  (R.  dak  an,  ten, 
dakan  x  da,  kanta),  hundred. 

Cepheus,  el,  m.,  s.  of  Belus,  and 
father  of  Andromeda  ;  Met.  4,  738. 

Cepheus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Cepheus, 
Cephean. 

Cephlsis,  idis,  fern,  adj.,  of  Cephi- 
sus. 

Cephisus,  T,  m.,  a  river  in  Phocis  ; 
Met.  3,  19. 

cera,  ae,  f .  (R.  skar,  kar,  to  sepa- 
rate), wax. 

ceratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cera),  of  wax, 
waxed,  waxen. 


Cerberus,  I,  m.,  the  three-headed 
dog  of  the  lower  world,  offspring  of 
Echidna,  Echidnea  canis,  also  mon- 
strum  Medusaeum,  as  Echidna  was  de- 
scended f r.  Medusa. 

Cerealis,  c,  adj.  (Ceres),  of  Ceres, 
cereal  (cereals). 

Ceres,  eris,  f.,  daughter  of  Saturn 
and  Rhea,  mother  of  Proserpine  ;  Met. 
5,  338-571. 

cerno,  crevl,  cretum,  3  (R.  skar.  kar, 
separate,  cer,  ere-),  to  separate,  divide, 
distinguish,  see  clearly,  discern. 

certamen,  inis,  n.  (certo,  cerno),  a 
contest,  a  prize-fight. 

certe,  adv.  (certus),  certainly,  surely, 
at  any  rate,  at  least. 

certo,  1  (cerno),  to  contend,  decide  by 
a  contest,  vie  ivith,  struggle. 

certus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cerno),  deter- 
mined, fixed,  sure,  unerring,  resolved, 
assured  of. 

cerva,  ae,  f .  (R.  kar,  hard,  cer),  a 
hind. 

cervix,  Tcis,  f .  (R.  kar  +  R.  vi,  kar, 
prominent,  and  vi,  vi-k,  vi-N-K,  bind), 
the  neck. 

cervus,  T,  m.  (same  R.  as  cerva),  the 
(horned)  stag,  deer. 

cesso,  1  (cedo),  to  fall  back,  delay, 
linger. 

ceterus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ki,  kai, 
demon,  pronom.  stem,  kai-tara),  the 
other  {that  which  is  over),  the  others,  the 
rest. 

ceu,  adv.,  ccve  (fr.  R.  ki,  as  in 
ceterus,  +  R.  ve,  fr.  var,  val,  vol 
(vol-o),  to  will),  or  thisithia  if  you  will); 
(in  comparison)  just  as,  like  as. 

Ceyx  (dissyl.),  ycis,  s.  of  Lucifer, 
husband  of  Alcyone. 

chaos,  nom.  and  ace.  n.,  abl.  chaO, 
chaos ;  see  n.  Met.  1,7;  for  the  (vast) 
lower  tcorld. 

Charybdis,  is,  f.,  a  whirlpool  in 
the  strait  of  Sicily. 

Chimaerifera,  ae,  adj.,  f.,  epithet  of 
Lycia,  as  the  Chimaera-  or  monster- 
bearing. 

Chiron,  onis,  m.,  the  Centaur,  son 
of  Saturn  and  Philyra. 

chorda,  ae,  f.,  a  string,  chord  (R. 
guar,  to  be  flexible,  x°P>  X°P5r7>  chor- 
da). 


CHORUS 


COEPI 


253 


chorus,  I,  m.,  a  dance  in  a  ring,  a 
band  of  dancers  and  singers,  a  chorus. 

chrysolith-  us  or  os,  I,  m.  and  f., 
chrysolite  or  topaz. 

cibus,  T,  m.  (R.  rap,  to  take,  cip,  cib, 
c'ib-xi-8),  food. 

Cibyreius,  a,  nm,  adj.,  of  Cibyra,  a 
city  in  Phrygia,  Cibyreian. 

Cicones,  ura,  m.,  a  people  in  Thrace  ; 
Met.  10,  2  ;  11,  3. 

ciconia,  ae,  f.,  a  stork  (R.  ran,  to 
bend,  con-). 

Cilix,  icis,  ad'].,ofCilicia,  Cilician. 

Cimineril,  Drum,  m.,  see  note,  Met. 
11,  592. 

cingo,  nxT,  ctum,  3  (R.  rar,  to  be 
bent,  ka-n  +  k(ar),  c-i-n-g-ere),  to  com- 
pass in  a  circle,  surround,  gird,  gird 
about,  wreathe. 

cinis,  eris,  m.  (R.  rnu,  cnu,  cun-,  to 
scratch,  to  scrape),  ashes. 

Cinyras,  ae,  m.,  1,  name  of  an  As- 
syrian king,  Met.  6,  98  ;  2,  of  a  Cyprian 
prince,  s.  of  Pygmalion. 

circa,  adv.  and  prep.  (R.  rar,  to  be 
bent,  kar  +  k(ar),  cir-ca),  around,  round 
about,    circu-eo,  4.  to  go  around. 

circuitus,  us,  m.  (circueO),  circuit. 

circum,  adv.  and  prep,  (same  R.  as 
circa),  around,  round  about. 

circum-do  (do),  dedl,  datum,  dare, 
to  surround,  encompass. 

circum-fero,  tull,  latum,  3  (fero), 
to  carry  around,  cast  around. 

circum-fluo,  fluxT,  3,  to  flow  around. 

circum-fluus,  a,  um,  adj.,  flowing 
around,  surrounded  by  water. 

circum-fundo,  fadl,  fflsum,  3,  to 
pour  around,  press  around. 

circum  -  lino,  litum,  3  (lino),  to 
smear  around,  besmear,  embellish. 

circum-sono,  are,  to  sound  about. 

circumsonus,  a,  um,  adj.,  barking. 

circum-spicio  (specie),  spexl,  spec- 
turn,  3,  to  look  about,  to  look  about  one's 
self. 

circum  -  sto,  stetT,  1,  to  stand 
around,  surround. 

Circus,  I,  m.  (same  R.  as  circa),  the 
Circus  Maximus,  in  the  valley  between 
the  Palatine  and  Aventine. 

cithara,  ae,  f.,  the  cithern,  guitar. 

citius,  adv.  comp.  (cito),  more  quick- 
ly, sooner. 


citra,  adv.  and  prep.  (R.  ri,  dem. 
pron.  stem,  ci-ter-tra,  ci-tra,  abl.  fern., 
on  this  side),  on  this  side,  nee  virtus 
citra  genus,  nor  is  (my)  merit  this  side 
of—\.  e.,  lower  than— {my)  birth. 

citus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cieO),  quick,  swift. 

civllis,  e,  adj.  (civis),  of  a  citizen, 
civil. 

civis,  is,  m.  (R.  ri,  lie  down  {abide), 
Kel-fxai,  kei,  kei-va,  a  house,  cei-vi-s,  ci- 
vi-s,  one  in  the  house,  at  home,  in  opp. 
to  a  foreigner),  a  citizen,  a  fellow-citi- 
zen. 

clades,  is,  f.  (R.  rar,  to  thrust, 
slay,  kal,  cal,  cla-),  a  throwing  down, 
overthrow,  defeat,  disaster. 

clamo,  1  (R.  rar,  to  sound,  call, 
kal,  cal,  cla-),  to  shout,  cry  aloud,  to  call 
by  name. 

clamor,  Oris,  m.  (clamO),  a  shout, 
a  shout  of  applause,  a  shout  of  joy. 

Clarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Claros,  Cla- 
rian. 

Claros,  T,  a  city  in  Ionia,  celebrated 
for  its  temple  of  Apollo. 

clarus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  same  as 
clamo),  (loud),  clear,  bright,  illustrious. 

classis,  is,  f.  (R.  same  as  cljImO, 
cla  +  t),  a  calling  together,  1,  of  citizens 
to  vote),  {classis)  ;  2,  to  arms  ;  then  3  (to 
naval  warfare),  a  fleet. 

claudo  (dsi),  si,  sum,  3  (R.  sriat,  to 
shut,  klu,  clan-),  to  close,  shut  in,  shut, 
inclose,  shut  up. 

clava,  ae,  f.  (R.  rar,  to  thrust,  kal, 
cal,  cla-),  a  stick,  club. 

clavus,  I,  m.  (R.  srlu,  shut,  klu, 
clan-,  clav-),  a  nail. 

clipeatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (clipeus),  (R. 
RiA-p),  steal,  hide,  clc-p,  clip-),  shield- 
armed  ;  clipeus,  I,  m.,  a  shield. 

cllvus,  I,  m.  (R.  riu,  to  lean),  an 
acclivity,  a  slope,  declivity. 

Clymene,  es,  f.,  d.  of  Tethys,  Met. 
1,  750. 

Clymeneius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Cly- 
mene. 

co-argu5,  ul  (con,  arguo),  to  convict, 
expose. 

coctilis,  e,  adj.  (coquO),  burned,  of 
brick. 

co-eo,  iT,  itum,  4  (con,  eO),  to  go  to- 
gether, assemble,  unite. 

coepT,  perf.,  coeptum,  coepissc  (fr. 


254 


COEPTUM 


CON-CAVO 


R.  ap,  bind,  ap-e-re  (aptus),  co-ap-e-re, 
coep-ere),  to  ft,  together,  on  all  sides, 
begin,  undertake. 

coeptum,  I,  n.  (coepl),  something 
begun,  undertaking. 

co-erceo,  ercul,  ercitum,  3  (arceO), 
to  keep  together,  inclose,  restrain,  con- 
fine. 

Coeus,  I,  m.,  father  of  Latona. 

co  -  (con)gnatus  (nBtus,  nSscor), 
(born  with),  related,  kindred. 

co  -  (con)gnosco,  novl,  nitum,  3 
(gnOsco,  nOscO),  to  come  to  know,  to 
become  acquainted  with,  to  know,  recog- 
nize, perceive. 

cogo,  coegl,  coactum,  3  (con,  ago),  to 
drive  together,  bring  up  (mil.  with  ag- 
men),  force,  compel. 

co-haereo,  haesl,  haesum,  2,  to  hang 
together,  cohere. 

co-liors,  hortis,  f .  (hors,  fr.  R.  ghar, 
seize,  inclose,  har,  hor-tu-s  (an  inclos- 
ure),  then  (of  men)  co-hor-ti,  cohors),  a 
cohort,  troop,  multitude,  retinue. 

Colchus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Colchis, 
Colchian. 

col-iabor,  lapsus,  v.  dep.,  3  (con, 
labor),  to  fall  together,  sink  in,  fall  in 
ruins  (collapse). 

col-ligo,  leg!,  lectum,  3  (con,  lego), 
to  gather  together,  assemble,  collect, 
gather  up. 

collis,  is,  m.  (R.  kar,  kal,  eel, 
be  prominent,  high),  a  hill. 

col-luo,  lul,  lutum,  3,  to  moisten. 

collum,  I,  n.  (R.  kar,  bend,  kal, 
cal),  the  neck. 

colo,  ul,  cultum,  3  (R.  kar,  go, 
move),  to  till,  cultivate,  dwell  in,  inhabit, 
honor,  worship. 

colonus,  I,  m.  (colO),  a  tiller  of  the 
ground,  farmer,  peasant,  tenant,  inhab- 
itant. 

Coloplionius,  a.  um,  adj.,  of  Colo- 
phon, a  city  in  Ionia. 

color,  oris,  m.  (R.  skal,  kal,  cover, 
col-),  color,  complexion. 

colubra,  ae,  f.  (same  R.  as  color, 
(dark)  color),  a  female  serpent,  snake. 

columba,  ae,  f.  (of  same  R.  as 
color),  a  dove. 

columna,  ae,  f .  (R.  kar,  prominent, 
kal,  cal),  a  column. 

coma,  ae,  f .  (R.  kas,  rub  (car-ere,  to 


comb),  co-ma,  hair  (considered  as  an 
ornament). 

com-bibo,  bibl,  3  (con,  bibO),  to 
drink  together,  to  drink  in,  absorb. 

comes,  itis,  m.  (con,  eO),  (one  who 
goes  with),  a  companion,  partner,  at- 
tendant. 

comito,  1  (comes),  to  accompany, 
attend. 

comitor,  atus,  v.  dep.,  1,  to  accom- 
pany, attend. 

com-memoro,  1  (con,  memoro),  to 
make  mention  of,  commemorate. 

commentus,  part.  pass,  of  com- 
miniscor,  contrived,  invented. 

com-inereo,  ul,  Hum,  2,  to  merit, 
deserve. 

comminus,  adv.  (con,  manus),  hand 
to  hand,  in  close  contest. 

com-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to 
bring  together,  join,  begin,  put  together, 
commit,  give  up  to. 

communis,  e,  adj.  (con,  mtlnus), 
common,  in  common. 

como,  compsi,  comptum,  3  (R.  am, 
take,  co-am,  co-em,  com-,  to  put  togeth- 
er), to  arrange,  dress,  comb,  adorn. 

compages,  is,  f.  (compingO,  con, 
pango),  a  joining  together,  union. 

compesco,  pescul,  3  (R.  park,  to 
bind),  to  hold  in  check,  confine. 

com-plector,  plexus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(con,  plector),  to  twine  around,  clasp, 
embrace. 

com-pleo,  GvT,  etum,  2  (con  and 
pleo),  to  make  full,  fill  full,  fill,  fulfill, 


complexus,  Us,  m.  (complector),  a 
clinging  about,  surrounding,  embrace. 

com-pono,  posul,  positum,  3  (con 
and  pono),  to  put  together,  arrange  in 
order,  put  to  rest,  compose,  compare. 

com-precor,  1,  v.  dep.,  pray  earnest- 
ly (con  and  precor). 

com-prendo  (con  and  prehendo), 
prendT,  prensum,  3,  to  seize  together,  on 
all  sides,  grasp  ;  comprehend. 

com-primo  (con,  premO),  press!, 
pressum,  3,  to  press  together,  compress, 
suppress. 

coalmen,  inis,  n.  (conor),  an  exer- 
tion, struggle,  effort. 

con-cavo,  1,  to  make  hollow,  bendy 
curve. 


CONCENTUS 


CONSPICIO        255 


concentus,  tis,  m.  (concino),  a  har- 
mony, symphony. 

concha,  ae,  f.,  a  bivalve,  shell-fish, 
mussel. 

con-cin5,  cinul,  3  (con,  canO),  to 
sing  or  play  together,  sing  harmonious- 
ly, sing  of. 

con-cipio,  cepl,  ceptum,  3  (capiO),  to 
lay  hold  of,  catch,  to  receive  into  one's 
self,  conceive,  compose,  utter. 

concitus,  part.  fr.  concieO,  aroused, 
stormy,  stirred. 

con-clamo,  1  (clamo),  to  shout,  call 
together. 

concolor,  Oris,  adj.,  of  like  color. 

concordo,  1  (concors),  to  agree  to- 
gether, harmonize. 

concors,  cordis,  adj.  (cor),  concord- 
ant, harmonious. 

con-cresc5,  crOvT,  crgtum,  3,  to  grow 
together,  cleave  together,  thicken,  hard- 
en, congeal. 

con-curro,  currT,  cursum,  3,  to  run 
together,  engage  in  combat,  to  fight. 

con-cursus,  Us,  m.,  a  running  to- 
gether, concourse,  an  encounter  (in  bat- 
tle). 

con-custodi5,  4,  to  guard  together, 
to  guard  carefully. 

con-cuti5  (quatiO),  cussl,  cussum,  3, 
to  strike  together  (to  bring  into  concus- 
sion), shake  violently,  shatter. 

condicio,  Onis,  f.  (condicO),  an 
agreement,  a  condition. 

con-do,  didT,  ditum  (do,  dere,  to 
put),  to  put  together,  build,  put  away, 
put  in,  pnt  in  (the  grave),  bury. 

conditor,  Oris,  m.,  a  builder. 

con-duc5,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  draw  to- 
gether, unite,  bind. 

c5n-fero,  tulT,  latum,  3,  to  bring  to- 
gether, try  one's  strength  with,  in  fight, 
try  with. 

con-fici5,  feci,  fectum,  3  (faciO),  to 
finish ;  part.,  confectus,  a,  um,  ex- 
hausted. 

confldo,  fisus  sum,  3,  to  trust,  con- 
fide in. 

confinium,  I,  n.  (conflnis),  in  pi. 
confinia,  the  common  boundary,  con- 
fine. 

c5nfiteor,  fessus  sum,  2  (fateor),  to 
confess,  to  make  known. 

con-fugio,  fOgl,  3,  to  flee  for  refuge. 


con-fundo,  ffldl,  fflsum,  3,  to  pour 
together,  mix  together. 

con-gelo,  1,  trans,  and  intrans.,  to 
thicken,  harden,  stiffen. 

con-geries,  Ci,  f .  (congerO),  what  is 
brought  together,  a  lieap,  mass,  pile. 

con-gero,  gessl,  gestum,  3,  to  bring 
together,  heap  up,  unite. 

con-gredior  (gradior),  3,  to  melt 
together,  engage  together,  in  fight,  at- 
tack. 

conici5  (coniiciO,  conjiciO),  jGd, 
jectum,  3,  to  throw  together,  hurl. 

conjugialis,  e,  adj.  (conjugium), 
relating  to  marriage,  conjugal. 

conjugium,  I,  n.,  union,  marriage. 

con-jungo,  junxl,  junctum,  3,  to 
join  together,  unite. 

conjunx  (conjux),  jugis,  comm. 
(conjungO).  a  spouse,  wife,  husband. 

conor,  v.  dep.,  1  (R.  perhaps  kam, 
trouble  one's  self,  con),  to  undertake, 
endeavor. 

con-queror,  questus  sum,  v.  dep., 
to  complain,  bewail. 

con-scelero,  1,  to  cause  to  share  a 
crime,  to  dishonor. 

con-scendO,  dl,  sum,  3  (scando),  to 
mount,  go  on  board  of,  together. 

con-scius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sciO),  one 
who  knows  together  with,  privy  to, 
conscious. 

con-senesc5,  senul,  3,  to  grow  old 
together. 

consensus,  t5s,  m.  (consentiO),  an 
agreement,  consent. 

con-sequor,  cfitus  sum,  v.  dep.,  to 
follow  up,  come  up  with,  overtake. 

con-sidero,  1  (fr.  sldus,  B.  sum,  to 
be  smooth,  bright,  sld-us,  a  (bright) 
constellation,  considerate,  to  observe 
the  stars),  to  consider,  observe. 

con-sido,  sSdl,  sessum,  3,  to  set  one's 
self  down,  to  be  seated. 

consilium,  i,  n.  (consulO),  counsel, 
purpose,  wisdom. 

con-sisto,  stitl,  3,  to  cause  to  stand, 
to  place  one's  self,  to  put  in  jwsition,  to 
take,  have,  a  place. 

consolor,  v.  dep.,  1,  to  console. 

consors,  tis,  adj.  (con,  sors),  sharing 
lot  with,  consort,  wife. 

conspiciO  (specio),  spexl,  epectum, 
3,  to  look  at,  behold. 


256       CONSPICUUS 


CORNU 


c5nspicuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (conspiciO), 
conspicuous,  stately. 

con-sterno,  avi,  atum  (strengthened 
form  of  consterno,  3),  to  throw  into  con- 
fusion, consternation. 

con-sto,  stitl,  statum,  1,  to  stand,  to 
remain  standing. 

con-suesco,  suevl,  suetum,  3,  to 
accustom  one's  self,  be  accustomed. 

consulo,  sului,  sultum,  3  (salio),  (R. 
sab,  go,  spring,  sal,  sol,  sul,  con-sul-o, 
to  come  together),  to  meet  in  consulta- 
tion, to  consult,  deliberate,  to  consult  (an 
oracle). 

con-sumo,  sumpsT,  sumptum,  3 
(sumo,  fr.  sub  and  emO,  sub-im-ere,  su- 
mere,  It.  am,  to  take),  to  consume,  ex- 
haust, devour,  destroy. 

con-surgo,  surrexi,  surrectum,  3,  to 
raise  one's  self,  rise. 

contactus,  us,  m.  (contingO),  contact. 

con-temno,  tempsl,  temptum,  3,  to 
contemn,  despise. 

contemptor,  Oris,  m.  (contemno),  a 
despiser. 

contemptrix,  icis,  f .,  a  woman  who 
despises,  a  despiser. 

con-tendo,  tendl,  tentum,  3  (tendo, 
to  stretch),  to  stretch,  strain,  to  compare 
one's  self  with, 

conterminus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con,  ter- 
minus), bordering  on,  near  by. 

con-terreo,  terruT,  territum,  2,  to 
terrify. 

oon-ticesco,  ticui  (taceO),  3,  to  be 
silent,  keep  silent. 

contiguus,  a,  um,  adj.  (contingo), 
touching  upon,  contiguous. 

con-tineo,  tinul,  tentum  (teneo),  2, 
to  hold  together,  hold  fast,  to  contain  ; 
part.,  contentus,  limited,  bounded  ;  con- 
lent. 

con-tingo,  tigi,  tactum,  3  (tangO),  to 
come  in  contact  with,  touch,  reach,  to 
happen  to  one,  to  fall  to  one's  (good)  for- 
tune. 

con-torque5,  torsi,  tortum,  2,  to 
hurl  violently,  hurl,  brandish. 

contra,  adv.,  cum,  con  (R.  sak, 
sakam,  skvom,  skom  (follow,  be  ivith), 
con,  con-ter-tra,  contra,  abl.  fern.,  over 
against,  on  the  contrary. 

con-traho,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  draw  to- 
gether, contract. 


contrarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (contra),  set 
over  against,  lying  opposite,  opposite, 
contrary. 

conubium,  i,  n.  (the  u  before  b  -  (u) 
in  Met.  1,  480,  but  short  (ii)  in  6,  428, 
also  proniiba  in  same  line  ;  short  ii  in 
Verg.  seven  times,  and  once  in  Lucret. 
3,  777)  ;  (con,  ntibo),  intermarriage, 
marriage. 

conus,  i,  m.  (xwro?,  R.  kan,  sharp- 
en), a  co?ie,  the  (cone-like)  top,  or  apex, 
of  a  helmet,  crest. 

con-valesco,  valul,  3,  to  get  well, 
convalesce,  gain  strength. 

con-vello,  vulsi,  vulsum,  3,  to  pull 
violently,  tear  up,  grind. 

con-venio,  veni,  ventum,  4,  to  come 
together,  assemble. 

con-verto,  vertl,  versum,  3,  to  turn 
round,  turn  against,  convert,  change. 

convexus,  a,  um,  adj.  (conveho), 
arched,  convex. 

convicium,  I,  n.,  con,  vicium  (R. 
vak,  cry  out,  vOc  (vox),  vie,  a  crying 
out  together),  a  loud  noise,  wrangling, 
quarreling,  abusive  speech. 

convictus,  us,  m.  (vivo),  a  living  to- 
gether, intimacy,  social  life. 

conviva,  ae,  comm.  (vivo),  one  who 
lives  with,  a  guest. 

con-voco,  1,  to  call  together,  con- 
voke. 

co-orior,  ortus  sum,  4,  to  rise  to- 
gether, break  forth  together. 

eopia,  ae,  f.  (co-ops,  is),  abundant 
means,  abundance,  wealth,  riches,  sup- 
plies. 

Copia,  ae,  f.,  personif.,  the  goddess 
of  plenty. 

coquo,  coxl,  coctum,  3  (R.  pak 
(bake),  (or  R.  kak,  Corssen),  cook,  kap, 
pok,  coc,  coqu-),  to  cook. 

cor,  dis,  n.  (R.  skard,  spring,  swing, 
skard  (icapSia),  kard,  cord,  cord-i),  the 
heart. 

Corinna,  ae,  f.,  a  feigned  name  of 
the  object  of  Ovid's  love  (fr.  the  name 
of  the  celebrated  Gr.  poetess). 

Corinthus,  I,  f.,  a  city  on  the  isth- 
mus between  Peloponnesus  and  Hellas, 
Corinth. 

corniger,  era,  erum,  adj.  (cornu, 
gerO),  horn-bearing,  horned. 

cornu,  us,  n.   (R.  kar,  hard,  car, 


CORNUM 


CUM 


257 


cor),  a  horn,  horn  ;  wing  (of  an  army) ; 
(used  of)  apoijit  of  land;  also  cornum,n, 

cornum,  I,  n. ,  the  cornel-cherry. 

corona,  ae,  f.  (R.  kar,  to  be  bent, 
kor,  Koputvr},  cor,  corona),  a  wreath, 
garland,  crown. 

corporeus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (corpus),  of 
body,  flesh,  meat. 

corpus,  oris,  n.  (R.  kar,  to  make, 
kar-p,  cor-p,  cor-p-us),  what  is  made, 
body,  substance,  a  body,  flesh,  corpse. 

cor-rigo,  rexT,  rectum,  3  (regO),  to 
set  right,  correct. 

cor-ripi5,  ripuT,  rcptum,  3  (rapiO), 
to  seize  violently,  lay  hold  of,  hasten 
over,  ruin,  destroy,  attack. 

cortex,  icis,  m.  (R.  skak,  rub,  skor, 
cor-),  the  bark  of  a  tree,  shell  (of  fruit). 

coruscus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (coruscO),  (R. 
skak,  to  spring,  leap,  move  tremulously, 
coruscate),  vibrating,  glittering. 

Corycides,  urn,  f.  (sc.  Nymphac), 
of  the  promontory  COrycus,  in  Cilicia. 

costa,  ae,  f.,  a  rib. 

cothurnus,  T,  m.  (noOopvos),  a  high 
Grecian  shoe  ;  the  high-heeled,  thick- 
soled  shoe  of  Gr.  tragic  actors),  buskin ; 
see  note,  Am.  1,  15,  15. 

crater,  eris,  m.  (KpaT-qp,  KprjTrjp,  a 
mixing-vessel  (for  the  mixing  of  wine 
with  water,  bowl;  a  (bowl-like)  open- 
ing, abyss,  crater. 

creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.  (R.  kau, 
make,  create,  kra,  ere,  creo,  cresc-0  ; 
+  varah  fr.  R.  kvar,  var,  ber,  bent, 
stretched),  outspread,  numerous,  fre- 
quent, abounding  in. 

cre-do,  didl,  ditum,  3  (fr.  R.  krat, 
confidence,  cret,  crcd-,  +  R.  dha,  put 
(do,  dere),  cred-dere,  cre-derc,  put  con- 
fidence), to  trust,  believe,  think. 

credulitas,  atis,  f.  (credo),  credu- 
lity. 

credulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (credo),  cred- 
ulous. 

cremo,  1  (R.  kar,  cook,  seethe,  kar, 
ere-),  to  burn. 

creo,  1  (R.  kar,  make,  kra,  creja, 
crea-),  to  produce,  create. 

crepito,  1  ^crcpO,  R.  krap,  make  a 
noise,  crep-),  to  rattle,  clatter,  clash, 
gnash. 

crepusculum,  T,  n.  (dimin.  of 
creper,  creperus,  R.  skap,  cover,  dark- 


en, c-nep,  c-rcp),  dusk,  evening,  twi- 
light. 

crescS,  crcvl,  cretum,  3  (creO,  cre-sc- 
ere),  to  grow,  increase  ;  part,  cretus,  a, 
um,  sprung  from,  born  of. 

crimen,  inis,  n.  (R.  skar,  kar,  dis- 
tinguish, cer,  cer-nO,  cer-ni-meu,  cri- 
men), a  judgment,  charge,  reproach, 
guilt,  crime. 

crinis,  is,  m.  (R.  kar,  jut  out,  kri, 
cri-),  hair. 

crlnitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (crinis),  hair- 
ed, with  angue,  snake-haired,  Met.  10, 
349. 

crista,  ae,  f.  (same  R.  as  crinis), 
crest. 

cristatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (crista),  crest- 
ed. 

croceus,  a,  um,  adj.  (crocus),  of 
saffron ,  saffron-colored. 

Croesus,  I,  m.,  see  note,  Trist.  3,  7, 
42. 

cruciatus,  us,  m.  (crucio,  crux),  tor- 
ture. 

crudelis,  e,  adj.  (crudus),  rough  in 
character,  cruel. 

crudus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cruor,  cruidus), 
raw,  crude,  unfeeling. 

cruento,  1  (cruor),  to  stain,  cover 
with  blood. 

cruentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cruor),  bloody, 
blood-stained. 

cruor,  Oris,  m.  (R.  krit,  to  become 
rough,  raio),  blood. 

crus,  crOris,  n.  (R.  kar,  go,  move), 
the  leg,  shank,  shank-bone,  foot. 

cublle,  is,  n.  (cumbo,  cubi),  a  couch. 

cubitus,  I,  m.,  cubitum,  I,  n.  (cubO), 
the  elbow,  for  lying  or  leaning  upon;  (as 
a  measure),  a  cubit. 

cub5,  ul,  itum,  1  (cumbo,  3),  (R. 
kup,  go  up  and  down,  kub,  cub-),  to 
lie  down. 

culmen,  inis,  n.  (R.  same  as  crinis, 
skar,  kar,  eel,  cul-),  top,  point  ;  (of  a 
building),  gable. 

culpa,  ae,  f.  (R.  skarp,  scratch, 
skalp,  sculp,  culp),  injury,  guilt,  fault, 
blame. 

culpo,  1  (culpa),  to  blame,  censure. 

cultor,  oris,  m.  (colO),  tiller,  cultiva- 
tor, of  the  soil ;  a  worshiper. 

cultus,  Us,  m.  (colO),  worship* 
.   cum,  prep.  (R.  sak,  follow,  be  with, 


258 


CUM 


DANAE 


sakam,  skom,  com,  cum),  with,  together 
with,  at  same  time  with. 

cum,  conj.  (R.  pronom.  stem  ka, 
which,  kva.  qua,  quo  abl.,  quo-m  ace, 
cu-m,  when,  as,  while,  as  often  as,  as 
soon  as ;  since,  inasmuch  as  (causal), 
though,  although,  while  (concessive). 

rumba,  ae,  f.  (R.  kubh,  hollow),  a 
boat,  skiff. 

cunae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  a  cradle. 

cunctor,  v.  dep.,  1  (K.  kak,  kank, 
to  be  anxious,  cane-,  cunc-ta-ri),  to  delay 
(wisely),  hesitate. 

cunctus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (conjunctus), 
joined  together,  all  together,  all. 

cuneus,  T,  m.  (R.  kan,  sharpen),  a 
wedge. 

cupido,  inis,  f.  (R.  kap,  swell  up, 
cup-,  enp-ere),  a  desire,  wish,  for. 

Cupido,  inis,  m.,  the  god  of  love, 
Amor,  s.  of  Venus. 

cupidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cupio),  desir- 
ous, eager  for. 

cupio,  IvI  or  iT,  Itum,  3  (R.  as  cu- 
pido), to  tvish,  desire. 

cur,  adv.  (R.  pron.  stem  ka,  qua, 
interrog.  abl.  qua-re,  qua-r,  quo-r,  co-r, 
cur),  wherefore,  why. 

cura,  ae,  f.  (R.  skav,  beware,  kav, 
cav,  cov,  cov-i-ra,  co-i-ra,  coe-ra),  care. 

curalium,  I,  n.,  coral. 

curia,  ae,  f.  (R.  sku,  cover,  skav, 
cav-ro,  cov-os-ia,  cov-s-ia,  cu-s-ia,  cflria, 
house ;  but  perh.  fr.  vas,  dwell),  the 
curia,  senate-house. 

euro,  1  (cura),  to  care  for,  be  anxious 
for. 

curro,  cucurrT,  cursum,  3  (R.  kar, 
go,  cur,  cur-jere,  cur-r-),  (of  hasty  mo- 
tion), to  run,  fly,  sail,  flow. 

currus,  us,  in.  (curro),  a  chariot. 

cursus,  us,  m.  (currO),  a  running, 
course,  prize-race,  flight,  sail,  journey. 


curvamen,  inis,  n.  (curvus),  a  bend, 
curve. 

curvatura,  ae,  f .  (curvus),  a  round- 
ing, rim. 

curvo,  1  (curvus),  to  crook,  bend, 
curve. 

curvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  kar  {to  be 
bent),  kvar,  cur,  cur-vu-s),  crooked,  bent, 
curved. 

cuspis,  idis,  f.,  etym.  unc,  a  point, 
pointed  end  ;  by  meton.,  a  lance, 
spear. 

custodia,  ae,  f .  (custos),  a  watching, 
guard  ;  by  meton.,  guardian. 

custos,  Odis,  m.,  comm.  (R.  kudh, 
guard,  cud-to,  cus-to-s),  a  guard,  pro- 
tector, protectress  ;  by  meton.,  a  safe,  a 
(safe)  quiver. 

cutis,  is,  f.  (R.  sku,  cover,  scu,  cu), 
the  skin. 

Cyane,  es,  f.,  a  fountain  near  Syra- 
cuse. 

Cybele,  es,  f.,  a  goddess  worshiped 
in  Phrygia  and  in  Home  ;  mother  of 
Midas. 

Cyclades,  um,  f.,  islands  in  the 
Aegean,  the  Cyclades. 

Cyclops,  opis,  in.,  see  note,  Met.  13, 
755. 

eyenus,  T,  m.  (R.  kan,  sound  (cano), 
cinu-s,  eyenu-s,  kvkvo-s),  the  swan  ;  for 
its  dying  song,  Cic.  Tusc.  I,  30,  73. 

Cycnus,  I,  m.,  s.  of  Sthenelus,  turned 
into  a  swan  ;  Met.  2,  367. 

Cynthus,  T,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Delos, 
birthplace  of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Cyprius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Cypms, 
Cyprian. 

Cytlierea,  ae,  f.,  name  of  Venus,  fr. 
Cythera,  an  island  where  she  was  wor- 
shiped ;  Cytherea. 

Cytoriacus,  a,um,  adj.,  of  Cytorus, 
a  mountain  in  Paphlagonia,  Cytorian. 


D 


Daedal  as,  T,  m.,  ficu'SaAos  (R.  dar, 
hew,  work  in  art,  5aA,  by  redupl.,  5at- 
5aA-),  worker  in  art,  Daedalus. 

damma  (dama),  ae,  f.  (etym.  unc, 
perh.  fr.  dam,  tame),  a  deer,  buck,  doe, 
antelope,  gazelle,  chamois. 

darn  no,  1  (damnum),  to  occasion  loss 
to,  damage  ;  to  condemn,  censure. 


damn  at  us,  a,  um,  adj.,  injurious, 
hurtful,  damaging. 

damnum,  I,  n.  (R.  da,  share,  da-p, 
dap-s,  dap-no,  dam-nu-m),  a  sharing 
(giving)  in  vain,  a  loss,  damage,  injury. 

damnosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ruinous. 

Danae,  es,  f .,  d.  of  Acrisius,  mother 
of  Perseus. 


DAPHNE 


DENSUS 


259 


Daphne1,  cs,  f.,  d.  of  the  river-god 
Pcneus ;  changed  into  a  laurel-tree, 
8d<f>vrj. 

daps,  apis,  f .  (R.  da,  see  damnum), 
a  feast,  banquet,  food,  meat. 

de,  prep,  with  ahl.  (fr.  pronom.  stem 
da,  de),//w»,  down  from,  up  from,  out 
of  (made) ;  from  (causal)  ;  about,  in  ac- 
cordance with. 

dea,  ac,  f .  (K.  same  as  deus,  which 
see),  a  goddess. 

de-beo,  ui,  itum,  2  (de-habeO),  to 
have  something  f .  some  one,  to  owe,  be 
in  debt,  be  bound,  be  under  obligation, 
be  under  the  necessity. 

decern,  num.  (K.  dakam),  ten. 

de-cerpo,  cerpsl,  cerptum,  3  (carpO), 
to  pluck  off,  pluck. 

decct,  uit,  2  (R.  dak,  honor,  dec), 
{it)  is  seemly,  becoming. 

de-cido,  cidT,  3  (cado),  to  fall  down. 

decies,  num.  adv.  (dakam),  ten 
times. 

decimus,  a,  urn,  num.  adj.  (decern), 
tenth. 

de-cipio,  cepT,  ceptum  (capio),  to 
deceive,    de-clino,  1,  to  turn. 

declivis,  e,  adj.  (clivus),  inclining 
downwards,  sloping. 

decor,  Oris,  m.  (decet),  comeliness, 
grace ;  ornament. 

decorus,  a,  um,  adj.  (decor),  becom- 
ing, fitting,  decorous,  beautiful,  stately. 

de-cresco,  crevl,  cretum,  3  (crescG), 
to  decrease,  grow  less,  shorter,  smaller. 

decus,  oris,  n.  (decet),  ornament, 
grace,  honor,  glory,  rank. 

dS-decet,  uit,  3  (decet),  it  is  unbe- 
coming. 

dedecus,  oris,  n.,  dishonor,  disgrace, 
shame. 

de-diico,  duxT,  ductum,  3,  to  bring 
doivn,  draw  down,  carry  away,  to 
weave  (in  tela). 

dS-fendo,  dl,  sum,  3,  to  ward  off, 
defend,  protect. 

de-fer5,  tull,  latum,  3,  to  carry 
aunty,  bring. 

de-ficio,  feci,  fectum,  3  (facio),  to 
fail,  be  wanting,  leave,  desert. 

de-figo,  fixl,  fixum,  3,  to  fasten,  fix, 
down. 

de-fleo,  flcvl,  Actum,  2,  to  weep  over, 
lament. 


de-fluo,  fluxl,  fluxum,  3,  to  flow 
down,  fall  down. 

df- for  in  is,  e,  adj.,  ill-formed,  ugly. 

de-f  remit  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (frenO), 
unbridled. 

de-fungor,  functus  sum,  v.  dep.,  3, 
to  bring  to  an  end,  to  finish  (with  terra) 
one's  earthly  course. 

de-gravo,  1,  to  weigh  down. 

Deianlra,  ae,  f .,  d.  of  Oencus,  sister 
of  Mel  eager. 

deicio  (jaciO),  jeel,  jectum,  3,  to  hurl 
down  ;  part,  fig.,  dejected. 

deinde,  adv.,  pron.  stem  da,  de, 
inde,  from  there,  afterwards,  then. 

de-labor,  lapsus  sum,  v.  dep.,  3,  to 
glide  down,  fall  down. 

de-lenio,  ivl,  Itum,  4,  to  soften 
down,  soothe,  charm. 

de-leo,  levl,  letum,  2,  etym.  unc,  to 
destroy. 

Delia,  ae,  f.,  see  note,  Am.  3,  9,  31. 

deliciae,  arum,  f.  (R.  lak,  lac, 
entice,  lic-ere,  de-lic-ia,  iae),  enticing 
things,  delights. 

de-lictum,  I,  n.  (delinquo,  to  fail), 
a  failing,  fault. 

Delius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Delos,  the 
Delian ;  name  of  Apollo,  as  born  in 
Delos. 

Delos,  T,  f.,  an  island  in  the  Aegean, 
Delos. 

Delphi,  Orum,  m.,  city  of  Apollo's 
oracle,  in  Phocis,  Delphi. 

Delphicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Delphi, 
Delphian,  the  Delphian. 

delpliin,  Inis,  m  ,  a  dolphin. 

delubrum,  I,  n.  (lu-e-re,  R.  lu,  lou, 
lo,  Ifl,  wash,  cleanse,  lu-c-rc,  lfl-bru-m, 
de-la-bru-m,  place  for  cleansing),  a  tem- 
ple, shrine. 

de-mens,  tis,  adj.,o«<  of  one's  mind, 
denwn  ted,  foolish. 

de-mitto,  mlsT,  missum,  3,  to  let, 
send,  down,  drop,  plunge,  sink. 

demo  (de,  emO),  dempsi,  demptum, 
3,  to  take  from,  remove,  take  off,  away. 

denique,  adv.  (pron.  stem  da,  de, 
de-no-que),  and  then,  finally ,  at  length. 

dens,  tie,  m.  (R.  ad,  eat,  ed-eiv.  ed- 
e-nt,  den-s),  a  tooth  (elephant's  tusk), 
ivory. 

densus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  das  a,  thick), 
dense,  thick,  thick-set,  surrounded. 


260  DEOIS 


GREDIOR 


Deois,  idis,  f.,  d.  ofDeo(A^<o,  Deme- 
tcr) ;  Persephone,  Proserpine. 

de-pello,  pull,  pulsum,  3,  to  drive, 
chase,  aivay. 

de-pendeo,  ere,  to  hang  down, 
from. 

de-perdo,  did!,  ditum,  3,  to  destroy, 
ruin,  utterly  ruin. 

de-pereo,  ii,  itum,  4,  de,  per,  eO,  to 
perish  utterly,  go  to  ruin. 

de-ploro,  1,  to  deplore,  lament. 

de-pono,  posui,  positum,  de,  po-, 
sino.  3.  to  lay  down,  away,  lay  aside, 
subst.,  dGpositum,  a  thing  laid  down, 
deposit,  trust. 

de-precor,  v.  dep.,  1,  to  pray  away, 
turn  away  by  prayers,  deprecate. 

de-prendo  (prehendo),  prendT,  pren- 
siim,  3,  to  snatch  away,  seize,  catch,  per- 
ceive. 

de-primo,  press!,  pressum,  3  (pre- 
mo),  to  press  down,  depress. 

de-rigesco,  rigul,  3,  only  the  perf. 
in  use,  to  become  stiff,  fixed. 

de-scendo,  dT,  sum,  3  (scando),  to 
descend. 

de-sero,  uT,  sertum,  3,  to  desert. 

de-sidero  (see  consldero),  1,  to  de- 
sire, long  for,  miss,  regret. 

desidia,  ae,  f.  (de-sldo),  a  sitting 
down,  idleness. 

de-signo,  1,  to  mark  out,  design, 
depict. 

de-sino,  Ivi,  ii,  itum,  3,  to  leave  off, 
cease,  end. 

de-sisto,  stitT,  stitum,  3,  to  desist, 
cease. 

desolatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (desOlO),  left 
alone,  desolate. 

de-sperno,  ere,  to  despise. 

de-spicid,  spexl,  spectum,  3  (speciO), 
to  look  down  upon,  disdain,  despise. 

de-stituo,  uT,  utum,  3  (statuo),  to  set 
down,  leave  alone,  fwsake. 

de-sue tus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unaccus- 
tomed. 

de-sum,  f  ui,  esse,  to  fail,  be  want- 
ing. 

detegS,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  uncover,  lay 
bare,  detect. 

deterior,  ius,  adj.  comp.  (fr.  pro- 
nom.  stem  da,  de,  down,  downwards, 
obs.    de-ter),    lower,   infeHor,    worse, 

de"-tero,  trivl,  trltum,  3,  to  wear  away. 


de-terreo,  uT,  itum,  3,  to  frighten 
from,  keep  from,  deter. 

de-tralio,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  drawfro-m 
or  down,  draiv  off. 

de-trecto,  1  (tracto,  traho),  to  draw 
down,  to  lower,  detract,  decline. 

de-trudo,  si,  sum,  3,  to  thrust  from, 
drive  down. 

Deucalion,  Onis,  m.,  s.  of  Prome- 
theus ;  Met.  1,  318,  seqq. 

Deus,  I,  m.  (R.  same  as  div-us,  di, 
div,  to  be  bright,  bright  heavens,  dju, 
djau,  djav,  djo,  daiva,  divu-s,  dlus,  dius, 
deus),  God,  deity. 

devius  (via),  a,  um,  adj.,  out  of  the 
way,  retired,  devious. 

de-volvo,  volvT,  voltltum,  3,  to  roll 
doivn,  roll  off  from. 

de-vor5,  1,  to  swallow,  check. 

de-voveo,  vovi,  vOtum,  2,  to  curse. 

dexter,  tra  and  tera,  trum,  adj.  (R. 
dak,  to  seize,  take,  dak-s,  dex,  dex-ter), 
to  the  right,  right ;  subst.,  the  right 
hand,  sc.  manus. 

Diana,  ae,  f .  (same  R.  as  deus,  div, 
div-,  deiv-ana,  Diana,  Diana),  Gr.  Arte- 
mis, d.  of  Jupiter  and  Latona  ;  Diana  ; 
also  as  goddess  of  the  moon,  Luna. 

dlco,  xl,  ctum,  3  (R.  da,  show,  teach, 
da-k,  doc,  di-k,  die,  deic,  dlco),  to  say, 
speak,  relate,  determine,  be  called. 

dies,  Si,  m.  and  f .  (same  R.  as  deus, 
div,  diva-s,  dia-s,  die-s),  day,  daylight, 
day  (in  sense  of  time). 

Dies,  day,  personified,  Day. 

dif-fero,  dis-tull,  di-latum,  3  (to  put 
apart),  (of  time)  to  put  off,  defer,  make 
forget,  Met.  6,  366. 

difficilis,  e,  adj.  (facilis),  difficult, 
hard. 

dif-fldo,  fTsus  sum,  3,  to  distrust. 

dif-fugio,  fugl,  3,  to  flee  apart, 
to  scatter. 

dif-fund5,  fttdl,  ftisum,  3,  to  pour 
forth,  to  spread,  diffuse. 

digitosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (digitus), 
many-fingered. 

digitus,  I,  m.,  a  finger,  a  toe. 

di-gnosco,  gnovl,  3,  to  know  apart. 

dignus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  dak,  to 
honor,  die,  dic-nu-s,  dig-nu-s),  worthy, 
deserving,  worth. 

di-gredior  (gradior),  3,  gressus  sum, 
v.  dep.,  to  go  apart,  separate,  go  away. 


DI-LANIO 


dx-lanio,  1,  to  tear  apart,  rend. 

di-lig5,  lexT,  lectum,  3  (legO),  to 
choose  out,  esteem,  value,  love. 

di-luvium,  I,  n.  (luO),  (a  washing 
away),  a  flood,  deluge. 

dl-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to  send 
away,  send  down,  let  go,  give  up. 

di-moveo,  mOvI,  mOtuin,  2,  to  move 
apart,  put  aside,  dispel. 

Dindyma,  Omni,  n.,  a  mountain  in 
Mysia. 

Dirce,  es,  f .,  a  fountain  near  Thebes. 

direptus,  a,  um,  part,  (di-ripiO),  torn 
off. 

di-rigo,  rexT,  rectum,  3  (regO),  to  set 
straight,  direct;  part,  adj.,  dlrectus, 
straight. 

dirimo  (dis,  emo),  ernl,  emptum,  3, 
to  take  apart ;  decide. 

dims,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  dvi,  to  fear, 
dl-),  fearful,  cruel,  dire. 

Dis,  Dltis,  m.  (dives,  fr.  R.  div), 
name  of  the  ruler  of  the  lower  world,  of 
Pluto. 

dis-cedo,  cessT,  cessum,  3,  to  go 
apart,  part  from,  go  away,  disappear. 

dis-cerno,  crevl,  cretum,  3,  to  dis- 
tinguish, set  apart,  divide,  separate. 

discidium,  I,  n.  (scindO),  a  rending 
apart,  a  separation. 

disco,  didicT,  3  (R.  da,  da-k,  to  shoio, 
]X)int  out,  di-k,  die,  die,  di-sc-ere,  to 
begin  to  show  —  to  learn),  to  learn. 

discordia,  ae,  f.  (dis,  cor),  discord. 

discors,  dis,  adj.,  discordant. 

discrlmen,  iuis,  n.  (discernO),  a  dis- 
tinction, test. 

discus,  T,  m.  (Si'o-kos),  a  quoit. 

dis-cutio,  ssl,  ssum,  3,  to  strike 
asunder,  scatter. 

dis-icio,  jecT,  jectum,  3  (jacio),  to 
throw  apart,  scatter. 

dispar,  aris,  adj.,  unequal. 

di-spergo  (spargO),  spersl,  spersum, 
3,  to  scatter  about,  disperse. 

di-spicio  (specio),  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  see 
distinctly,  distinguish. 

dis-pono  (po-sinO,  pOnO),  ul,  itum,  3, 
to  set  apart,  dispose. 

dis-saepio,  psl,  ptum,  4,  to  part  off 
by  a  hedge,  separate,  divide. 

dis-sideo  (sedeo),  sedT,  sessum,  2,  to 
sit  apart,  be  at  variance. 


0-MUS 


261 


dis-similis,  e,  adj.,  dissimilar,  un- 
like. 

dis-simulo,  1,  to  dissemble,  disguise. 

dis-socio,  1,  to  disjoin,  to  part. 

dis-suadeo,  suasl,  suasum,  2,  dis- 
suade. 

di-stinguo,  nxT,  nctum,  3  (stinguo, 
R.  stig,  stig,  to  prick,  mark  by  prick- 
ing, sti-n-gu-ere),  to  distinguish. 

di-sto,  are,  1,  to  stand  apart,  be  dis- 
tant, remote,  different. 

diii,  adv.  (dies,  wh.  sec  for  R.),  a 
long  time,  long. 

diurnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dies,  dius-nus), 
of  the  day,  daily. 

di-vello,  vulsl,  veil!,  vulsum,  3,  to 
tear  apart,  rend. 

diversus,  a,  um,  adj.  (diverto),  turn- 
ed a  different  way,  opposite,  diverse, 
separate,  different. 

di-vertor,  dep.,  to  turn  aside,  turn. 

dives,  itis,  adj.  (same  R.  as  deus, 
divus),  rich. 

di-vido,  vTsT,  visum  (R.  vid,  see, 
know,  di-vid-ere,  to  see  one  thing  from 
(mother),  to  distinguish,  divide. 

divlnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dTvus),  divine. 

divus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as  deus), 
divine,  godlike ;  also  subst.,  a  god. 

do,  dedi,  datum,  1  (R.  da,  Skr.  da,  da, 
give),  to  give,  grant,  give  over. 

doceo,  uT,  ctum,  2  (same  R.  as 
disco,  wh.  see),  to  teach,  shoiv ;  part., 
doctns,  taught,  clever,  practiced. 

documentum,  I,  n.  (doceo),  proof, 
lesson,  example. 

doleo,  ul,  2  (dolor),  to  feel  pain,  to 
grieve,  mourn. 

dolor,  Oris,  m.  (R.  dar,  to  cleave, 
break,  dal,  dol),  pain,  grief,  sorrow. 

dolus,  I,  m.  (R.  dar,  have  an  eye 
to,  aim  at,  dal,  dol),  deceit,  cunning, 
fraud. 

domiua,  ae,  f.  (domus),  mistress  (of 
the  house),  lady. 

dominor,  Sri,  v.  dep.  (dominus),  to 
lord  it,  to  mile,  govern. 

do  mo,  ul,  itum,  1  (R.  dam,  to  tame, 
subdue,  dom),  to  tame,  overcome,  subdue, 
conquer. 

domus,  us,  f.  (same  R.  as  domo, 
Vanicek  ;  but  Curtius,  fr.  dam,  to  build), 
a  house  (as  dwelling),  dwelling,  home, 


9 


dis-silio  (saliO),  ul,  4,  to  leap  apart.      family,  houselwld. 


Si 

i 


262 


DONEC 


EGEO 


donee,  conj.  (same  R.  as  dies,  div, 
diva-s,  dia-s,  die-s  ;  then  fr.  dju,  diu-s, 
dio  ;  abl.,  do,  on  the  day,  do-ni-cum ; 
literally,  on  the  day  not  when,  mark- 
ing the  time  of  ceasing,  until  ;  then  (fr. 
the  falling  away  of  um)  doni-c-,  done-c-, 
donee;  Vanicek,  p.  359  ;  Corssen,  Beitr., 
p.  435),  until,  so  long  as,  while. 

dono,  1  (donum),  to  present,  bestow. 

donum,  I,  n.  (R.  da,  give,  do),  a 
thing  given,  a  gift,  present,  offering. 

dos,  dotis,  f.  (do,  do-s),  a  marriage 
gift,  a  dowry ;  a  gift ;  pi.,  gifts  (of 
mind). 

do  talis,  e,  adj.  (dOs),  belonging  to  a 
dowry  ;  dotal. 

doto,  1  (dOs),  to  endow,  portion. 

draco,  Onis,  m.,  a  serpent,  dragon. 

Dryades,  nm,  f.  (ApvaSes),  wood- 
nymphs,  Dryads. 

dubito,  1  (R.  dva,  two,  duo,  du-b- 
iu-s  (dubi-tus),  dubito),  (to  be  two-\x\<g), 
turn  in  two  directions,  doubt,  ivaver,  be 
undecided,  hesitate. 

dubius,  a,  um,  adj.  (duo,  see  dubi- 
to), moving  in  two  directions,  dubious, 
doubtful,  uncertain. 


diico,  xT,  ctum,  3  (R.  du,  go,  du-k„ 
dou-k,  du-c,  dfic-o),  to  lead,  draiv, 
bring  fonvard,  induce,  allure,  take  on, 
deduce,  derive,  hold,  consider. 

dulcedo,  inis  (dulcis),  sweetness, 
charm. 

dulcis,  e,  adj.  (R.  gar,  swallow, 
gul,  glu,  gul-c-is,  dul-ci-s),  sweet,  lovely, 
charming. 

dum,  conj.  (fr.  dies,  wh.  see,  dju, 
diu,  diu-s,  diu-m ;  ace,  du-m,  the  day 
long,  all  day,  dum),  while,  so  long  as  ; 
until. 

dummodo,  conj.  (dum,  modo),  if 
only,  provided  that. 

duo,  ae,  o  (R.  dva,   two),  two ;  both. 

duplico,  1  (duplex),  to  double,  en- 
large. 

duritia,  ae,  f.  (durus),  hardness. 

duro,  1  (dflrus),  to  make  hard,  hard- 
en ;  intrans.,  endure,  continue. 

durus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  dhvar,  dhur, 
to  hurt,  dur),  rough,  hard,  harsh,  hard- 
ened, insensible,  oppressive. 

dux,  ducis,  comm.  (R.  du,  go,  du-k, 
due),  a  leader,  guide,  army-leader,  gen- 
eral (Eng.,  duke). 


E 


e,  see  ex. 

ebenns,  T,  f.,  the  ebony-tree,  ebony. 

e-bib5,  bib!,  bibitum,  3,  to  drink 
out,  exhaust. 

ebur,  oris,  n.,  ivory. 

eburnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ebur),  of 
ivory. 

ecce,  interj.  (perhaps  a  strengthened 
form  for  e-ce,  of  which  e  is  thepronom. 
stem  i  in  locative,  and  ce  the  demonst. 
pron.  particle  ;  the  meaning  being, 
there  !  see  there  !),  lof  see  there! 

Echion,  onis,  a  Theban,  husband  of 
Agave  ;  Met.  3,  126. 

ec-quis,  quid,  pron.  interr.  adj.  and 
subst.  (formed  fr.  ec-ce,  e-ce,  as  hie  fr. 
hi-ce,  see  ecce),  is  there  any  one  who,  or 
thing  which  ?—ecquid,  interr.  particle, 
whether. 

e-disc5,  didicl,  3,  to  learn  by  heart. 

edo,  edl,  Csum,  3  (R.  ad,  eat,  ed-ere), 
to  eat.    edSx,  acis,  adj.,  devouring. 

e-do,  didT,  ditum,  3  (e,  do,  dare),  to 
give  out,  bring  forth,  produce ;  to  give 
out,  declare. 


Kdonis,  idis,  adj.  f.,  Edonian,  be- 
longing to  the  Thracian  people  EdOni. 

e-duco,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  draw  out, 
lead  forth,  bring  up. 

ef-fero,  extull,  glatum,  3  (e,  ferO), 
to  carry  out,  raise  up,  lift  up,  bring 
forth. 

ef-ferv€sc5,  bui,  3,  e,  ferveO  (of  the 
stars),  to  shine  out. 

ef-ficio,  feci,  fectum,  3  (e,  facio),  to 
b?ing  to  pass,  accomplish,  bring  forth. 

effigies,  61,  f .  (fingo),  an  image. 

ef-fl5,  1,  to  breathe  out. 

ef-flu5,  xl,  3,  to  escape. 

ef-fodio,  fOdT,  fossum,  3  (e,  fodiO),  to 
dig  out,  dig  up. 

ef-fugi5,  fugT,  3  (e,  fugio),  to  fee 
awav,  escape,  shun. 

effulgeS,  fulsi,  2  (e,  f ulgeO),  to  shine 
forth,  or  upon. 

ef-fundo,  fud!,  fflsum,  3,  to  pour 
out,  or  forth  ;  part.,  effusus  (of  comae), 
loosened,  disheveled. 

egeo,  uT,  2  (R.  agh,  to  need,  eg-),  to 
need,  be  in  want  of  be  without. 


E-GERO 


ERRATICUS       263 


e"-ger5,  gcssT,  gcstum,  3,  to  get  out, 
throw  out,  your  forth,  exhaust. 

ego,  pers.  pron.  (R.  giia,  a  pron. 
stem  ho),  I ;  pi.,  nos,  we. 

5-gredior,  gressus  sum,  3  (gradior), 
to  go  forth,  go  up. 

egressus,  Gs,  m.,  a  going  forth, 
egress. 

eheu,  interj.,  alas!  ah! 

ei  (hei),  interj.,  ah  (me)  ! 

e-jaculor,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  hurl  forth, 
shout  out  (ejaculate). 

g-icio,  jecl,  jectum,  3  (e,  jaciO),  to 
cast  out  or  forth,  eject. 

ejecto,  1  (eiciO),  to  throw  out  vio- 
lently. 

S-labor,  lapsus  sum,  3,  v.  dep.,  to 
glide  forth,  slip  out,  escape. 

electrum,  I,  n.  (rjKeicTpov,  fr.  R. 
ark,  to  fash),  amber ;  in  pi.,  amber- 
drops. 

elegus,  I,  m.  (e-Aey-os,  fr.  R.  ra,  to 
sound,  ra-k,  la-k,  Aey-,  e-leg-),  an  el- 
egy- 

elegeius,  a,  um,  adj. ;  see  note,  Am. 
3,  9,  3. 

element  a,  Orum,  n.,  the  elements. 

Eleus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Elis,  Elean. 

e-lid5,  si,  sum,  3  (laedO),  to  strike 
out,  shatter,  strangle. 

e-lig5,  legT,  lectum,  3  (legO),  to 
choose  out,  elect. 

Elis,  idis,  f .,  a  district  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

el oq uium,  I,  n.,  eloquence. 

e-ludo,  ludl,  lusum,  3,  to  ivinfr.  in 
play ;  to  elude,  parry ;  to  delude,  de- 
ceive. 

e-luo,  lul,  liitum,  to  wash  out,  or 
away. 

Elysius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Elysium, 
Elysian. 

emends,  1  (menda),  (R.  ma,  fail),  to 
clear  of  failure,  to  improve,  amend, 
purify. 

e-mico,  uT,  atum,  1,  to  dart  forth, 
mount  up,  project. 

eminus  (e,  manus),  adv.,/«wi  a  dis- 
tance. 

5-mitt5,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to  send 
out  or  forth,  give  loose  to. 

5n,  interj.  (etym.  unc),  lo  !  there  ! 
(see  !  there  !). 

enim,  conj.  (e,  nam,  e  fr.  pron.  stem 


i,  and  nam  fr.  R.  gna,  na,  know,  na-m, 
ace.  sing,  fern.),  (namely),  for,  indeed. 

Enlpeus,  I,  m.,  river  in  Thessaly  ; 
also  a  river-god. 

e-nltor,  nixus,  nisus,  sum,  3,  v.  dep., 
to  work  one's  way  out,  struggle,  strive. 

Ennius,  I,  m.,  name  of  the  earliest 
Roman  epic  poet ;  Am.  I,  15,  19. 

ensis,  is,  m.  (R.  as,  throw,  as-i),  a 

SWOJXl. 

eo,  ivi,  il,  itum,  4  (R.  i,  go),  to  go,  go 
away,  go  against,  jiass  away. 

eodem  (Idem),  adv.,  to  the  same 
(place),  to  that,  thereto. 

Eons,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  ^a>?,  Eos,  the 
dawn,  eastern. 

Epaphus,  I,  m.,  s.  of  Jupiter  andlo. 

Ephyr?,  es,  an  old  name  for  Corinth; 
fr.  a  nymph  of  the  name. 

Epimethis,  idis,  f.,  d.  of  Epime- 
theus. 

e-poto,  avl,  potum,  1,  to  drink  out, 
swallow  up. 

epulae,  arum,  f.  (etym.  unc),  costly 
food,  a  banquet. 

eques,  itis  (equus),  a  horseman, 
knight. 

equidem,  adv.  (comp.  of  interj.  e, 
qui  (abl.)  and  dem  fr.  R.  da,  3d  pers. 
pron.  stem,  de,  de-m,  ace),  indeed,  by 
all  means. 

equus,  I,  m.  (R.  ak,  to  be  sharp, 
swift,  ac,  ec,  equ-),  a  horse,  steed. 

Erebus,  T,  m.,*Epe/3o?  (R.  rag,  to 
color),  the  dark,  darkness,  (the  dark) 
lower  world,  Erebus. 

erg5,  adv.  (fr.  e  and  regO).  (R.  rag, 
reach,  extend,  e-reg-o,  e-rg-O),  from  the 
direction,  on  account  of,  consequently, 
therefore. 

£  rid  anus,  T,  m.,  the  legendary  name 
of  the  river  Po  ;  Met.  2,  324. 

e-rig5,  rexl,  rectum,  3  (regO),  to  raise 
up,  rise  up. 

erilis  (herilis),  e,  adj.  (erus),  belong- 
ing to  the  master  or  the  mistress  of  a 
family,  the  master's,  the  mistress's. 

Erinys,  yos,  f.,  Greek  name  for  the 
goddess  of  vengeance,  corresponding  to 
the  Latin  Euria. 

S-ripiO,  ripul,  reptum,  3  (rapio),  to 
snatch  out  or  away,  tear  off,  take  away. 

erraticus,  a,  um,  adj.  (errO),  wan- 
dering,   erratus,  Gs,  m.,  a  wandering. 


264 


ERRO 


EX-HALO 


erro,  1  (R.  ar-s,  wander),  to  wander, 
go  astray,  err. 

error,  oris,  m.,  wandering,  going 
astray,  error. 

Error,  oris,  ra.  (personified),  Error- 

erubesco,  ul,  3  (ruber),  to  turn  red, 
blush. 

erudio,  4  (rudis),  to  instruct,  teach. 

e-ruo,  ml,  rutum,  3,  to  pluck  out. 

erus,  I,  m.  (improp.  lierus),  (R.  as, 
to  be^  es,  cs-u-s,  es-a ;  Ger.,  Herr),  (the 
one  that  is  ?),  master,  lord,  owner. 

Erycina,  ae,  f.,  of  Eryx,  name  of 
Venus,  worshiped  at  Eryx. 

Erymanthus,  I,  a  river  in  Arca- 
dia, 

Eryx,  cis,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Sicily, 
on  which  was  a  temple  of  Venus. 

et,  conj.  (R.  a,  pron.  stem  of  1st  and 
3d  pers.,  a  +  ta,  a  +  ti,  en,  a-t,  e-t),  and, 
and  indeed,  and  so,  also,  both — and. 

etenim,  conj.  (et,  enim),  (and — for), 
for. 

etiam,  conj.  (et,  iam  =  jam,  jam  fr. 
ja,  pron.  stem  of  3d  pers.,  ja-smin, 
locative,  ja-m),  also,  and  also,  and 
even. 

etsl,  conj.  (et  and  si  fr.  reflex  pron. 
sav,  sva,  sva-i,  et),  and  if,  if  also, 
though. 

Euboicus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  Euboea, 
Euboean. 

Eumenides,  um,  f.  ('Evjueptfe?),  the 
euphemistic  word  for  the  Erinyes  (\vh. 
see),  the  well-minded,  well-disposed, 
gentle. 

Eumolpus,  T,  m.,  aThracian  singer, 
pupil  of  Orpheus. 

Euphrates,  is,  m.,  river  in  Baby- 
lonia. 

Europa,  ae.  f.,  d.  of  Agenor ;  Met. 
6,  104. 

Eurotas,  ae,  m.,  a  river  in  Laconia. 

Eurus,  T,  m.,  8.  E.  wind,  E.  wind. 

Eurystheus,  el,  m.,  s.  of  Sthenelus; 
Met,  9,  203. 

Eurytus,  I,  m.,  king  of  Oechalia, 
father  of  Iole. 

Euxmus,  a,  um,  adj.,  the  Euxine 
(sea). 

e-vado,  vasl,  vasum,  3,  to  go  out, 
pass  out  of,  over. 

e-vanesco,  vanul,  3,  to  disappear. 

evanidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  vanishing. 


e-veho,  vexl,  vectum,  3,  to  carry  Gut, 
to  be  borne  on  or  up. 

e-vello,  vulsl,  vulsum,  3,  to  pull,  tear, 
out  or  up. 

eventus,  us,  m.  (evenio),  issue,  event, 
consequence. 

everto,  vertl,  versum,  3,  to  turn 
about,  overturn,  throw  down ;  part, 
pass.,  inverted. 

evitabilis,  e,  adj.,  avoidable. 

evoco,  1,  to  call  out,  bring  in,  evoke. 

e-volo,  1,  to  fly  out,  fly  away. 

e-volvo,  volvl,  vol utum,  3,  to  roll 
out,  unroll. 

ex,  or  e,  prep,  with  abl.  (R.  ag,  eg, 
out)t  out  of  oy from,  from,  in  consequence 
of,  according  to. 

ex-animis,  e,  adj.,  lifeless. 

ex-animo,  1,  to  deprive  of  life;  part, 
perf.,  lifeless. 

ex-audio,  4,  to  hear  (distinctly). 

ex-cedo,  cessl,  cessum,  3,  to  go  out 
from,  retire,  depart,  exceed,  be  be- 
yond. 

ex-cido,  cidT,  3  (cado),  to  fall  out,  to 
fail. 

ex-cio,  civl,  cltum,  4,  to  call  forth, 
to  frighten,  start  from. 

ex-cipio,  cepl,  ceptum,  3  (capio),  to 
take  out,  except,  receive,  catch,  take  up 
the  word. 

ex-clam5,  1,  to  cry  out,  exclaim. 

ex-cludo,  clusi,  clusum,  3  (claudo), 
to  shut  out,  exclude. 

ex-colo,  colul,  cultum,  3,  to  improve, 
educate. 

ex-cuso,  1  (causor,  fr.  R.  skav,  kav, 
cav,  caves,  cav-es-ta,  cau-s-ta,  cau-s-sa, 
causa,  causa-ri,  to  bring  causes,  grounds 
for),* to  excuse. 

ex-cuti5,  cussT,  cussum,  3  (quatiO), 
to  strike,  shake  out,  to  shake  violently, 
drive  out. 

exemplum,  T,  n.  (eximO),  something 
taken  out,  an  instance,  example,  proof, 
manner. 

ex-eo,  il,  itum,  4  (eo),  to  go  out,  come 
out,  go  away,  leave,  mount  up. 

exequiae,  arum,  f.  (ex,  sequor),/o/- 
lowing  out,  a  funeral  procession,  obse- 
quies. 

ex-erceo,  ul,  itum,  2  (arceO),  to  set 
in  motion,  employ,  exercise,  vex,  trouble. 

ex-halo,  1,  to  breathe  out,  exhale. 


EX-IIAURIO 


EXTRA 


2G5 


ex-haurio,  hausT,  haustum,  4,  to 
draw  out,  exhaust. 

ex-hibeo,  uT,  itum,  2  (habeo),  to  hold 
forth,  exhibit,  show. 

ex-horresc5,  ul,  3  (horreo),  to  shud- 
der. 

ex-hortor,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  exhort,  en- 
courage, spur. 

ex-ig5,  Ggl,  actum,  3  (ago),  to  drive 
forth,  drive,  exact,  to  finish. 

exiguus,  a,  um,  adj.  (exigO),  small, 
short,  weak. 

exXlis,  e,  adj.  (exigo,  ex-ig-ili,  ex-ig- 
li,  exllis),  thin,  lean,  weakly. 

eximius,  a,  um,  adj.  (eximO,  take 
out),  taken  out  from  the  crowd,  select, 
distinguished. 

ex-imo,  OmT,  emptum,  3  (emO,  to 
take,  buy),  to  take  out. 

exitiabilis,  c,  adj.  (exitium),  de- 
structive. 

exitium,  I,  n.  (exeO),  destruction, 
ruin. 

exitus,  fls,  m.  (exeO),  (out-go),  issue, 
end. 

exoner5,  1  (onus),  exonerate,  free 
from  the  burden  of,  free. 

ex-or5,  1  (to  beg  out),  to  move  by 
entreaties,  prevail  upon. 

exosus,  part,  (odl),  filled  with  hate, 
detesting. 

ex-pallesco,  uT,  3,  to  grow  pale  at, 
pale. 

expedio,  4  (pes),  (to  get  one's  feet 
from),  to  set  free,  let  loose,  disen- 
gage. 

ex-pell5,  pull,  pulsum,  3,  to  drive 
out,  expel. 

experior,  pertus  sum,  4  (fr.  ex  and 
B.  par,  pass  through,  try,  par,  per), 
(put  to  a  pass  through),  to  try,  put  to  the 
test. 

cxpers,  tis,  adj.  (ex  priv.  and  pars), 
without  share  in,  destitute,  not  having 
expeHence. 

ex-peto,  IvT,  Itum,  3,  to  seek  out,  seek 
after,  desire. 

ex-ploro,  1  (plOro,  B.  pru,  to  flow, 
plav,  plov-,  plor-,  make  to  flow),  (to 
make  flow  out),  to  bring  out,  search, 
explore,  discover. 

ex-pono,  posul,  positum,  3  (pOnO  ~ 
po-sino),  to  set  out  or  forth,  to  land,  ex- 
pose. 

13 


ex-primO,  press!,  pressum,  3  (pre- 
mo),  topress  out,  express,  give  expression 
to. 

ex-sanguis,  e,  adj.  (ex  priv.),  with- 
out blood,  bloodless,  pale. 

ex-ser5,  serul,  sertum,  3,  to  thrust 
forth,  put  forth. 

ex-silio,  ul,  4  (saliO),  to  leap  forth, 
spHng  out  or  up. 

exsilium,  I,  n.  (exsul),  banishment, 
exile. 

ex-sisto,  stitT,  stitum,  3,  to  stand 
forth,  come  forth,  appear. 

ex-spatior,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  go  out  of 
the  track,  wander. 

ex-specto,  1,  to  look  out,  wait  for, 
expect. 

ex-splro,  1,  to  breathe  out,  expire. 

ex-sterno,  stravl,  stratum,  1,  to 
drive  (out  of)  beside  one's  self,  to  af- 
fright. 

ex-stingu5,  stinxl,  stinctum,  3,  to 
put  out,  extinguish,  destroy. 

ex-st5,  are,  1,  to  stand  forth,  be  con- 
spicuous, extant. 

ex-struo,  struxl,  structum,  3,  to  heap 
up,  pile  up. 

exsul,  ulis,  comm.  (B.  sar,  go,  sal, 
sal-o,  sul),  one  who  has  gone  out,  is 
banished,  an  exile. 

ex-sult5,  1  (ex-silio),  to  leap  forth, 
exult. 

exta,  orum,  pi.  n.  (B.  (Europ.)  ank- 
sta,  enksta,  eksta,  exta,  iyKara  (ev)), 
what  is  within,  the  inwards  (the  nobler, 
as  heart,  lungs),  entrails. 

extemplo,  adv.  (ex,  tempulo,  tem- 
plo,  tempus),  in  a  moment,  instantly. 

ex-tendo,  tendl,  tensum,  tentum,  3, 
to  stretch  out,  extend. 

ex-tenuo,  1  (tenuis),  to  thin  out, 
make  thin,  reduce,  absorb,  extenuate. 

externus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  ao,  eg, 
ec,  ecs,  ex,  ex-ter(us) ;  comp.,  out,  out- 
er, exter-nu-s),  on  the  outside,  outward, 
foreign,  strange. 

ex-terre5,  uT,  itum,  2,  to  frighten, 
terrify. 

ex-timescp,  timuT,  3  (timeO),  to  fear 
greatly, 

extimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superl.  U> 
ex-ter,  see  externus),  outermost. 

extra,  adv.  (fr.  ex-ter,  extra;  abl.t 
extra-d,  £.  C.  de  Bacch.  16),  zcithput. 


zm 


EX-TRAHO 


FECUNDUS 


ex-traho,  traxl,  tractum,  3,  to  draw 
out,  extract. 

extremus,  a,  um,  adj.  (superl.  of 
ex-ter,  see  externus),  outermost,  ex- 
treme, last. 

ex-uo,  ill,  titum,  3  (R.  av,  put  on, 
ex-uv-  (as  in  ex-uv-iae),  ex-u-ere,  to  put 


off),  to  draw  out,  put  off,  unclothe,  dp 
vest. 

ex-iiro,  ussl,  ustum,  3,  to  burn  out, 
burn  up,  destroy. 

exuviae,  arum,  f.  pi.  (see  exuo), 
what  is  taken  off,  clothing ;  equipments, 


fabrico,  1  (faber,  fr.  R.  dhabh, 
dhab,  to  Jit,  fab-,  faber,  f abri,  fabri-ca, 
f  abrica-re),  to  frame,  fashion,  fabricate. 

fabula,  ae,  f.  (fari,  fr.  R.  bha,  ap- 
pear, show,  fa,  fa-ri,  shoiv,  reveal  (by 
the  voice),  speak),  tale,  narrative,  fable. 

facies,  el,  f .  (R.  bha,  appear,  bha-k, 
fac),  the  face,  figure,  beautiful  foivn, 
look. 

facilis,  e,  adj.  (facio),  to  be  done, 
easy  to  do,  easy. 

facinus,  oris,  n.  (f  acio),  a  deed,  a  bold 
or  evil  deed,  a  crime. 

facio,  feci,  factum,  3  (R.  dha,  put, 
do,  fa,  fa-c-ere,  fe-fac-T,  fe-fic-I,  fe-ic-I 
=fect),  to  make,  do,  build,  create,  give, 
occasion ;  pass.,  flo,  fieri,  f actus  sum, 
to  be  made,  become. 

factum,  I,  n.  (facio),  a  deed. 

faex,  cis,  f.  (etym.  unc),  the  dregs. 

fagus,  I,  f.,  a  beech-tree. 

falcatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (falx),  sickle- 
shaped)  hooked. 

fallax,  acis,  adj.  (fallo),  deceitful, 
fallacious. 

fallo,  fefellT,  falsum,  3  (R.  spal, 
waver,  Skr.  sphal,  fal-),  to  deceive ;  in 
pass.,  deceive  one^s  self,  beguile. 

falsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fa,\\0),  false,  de- 
ceitful, unreal,  fictitious. 

falx,  cis,  f .  (R.  park,  to  crook),  a 
sickle,  pruning-hook. 

fama,  ae,  f.  (same  R.  as  fabula), 
what  is  said,  fame,  report,  renown,  good 
name. 

fames,  is,  f.  (R.  gha,  be  empty, 
want),  hunger,  famine. 

famula,  ae,  f .  (R.  bhag,  take  posses- 
sion of,  fag-ma,  fa-ma,  house,  property, 
famulus,  familia),  a  maid-servant,  fe- 
male attendant. 

famulus,  I,  m.  (same  R.  as  famula, 
allied  to  Oscan  famel),  a  house-servant, 
attendant. 


fas,  indecl.  n.  (R.  as  in  fabula,  bha, 
fa,  fa-ri),  the  divine  word,  right,  jus- 
tice. 

fastidium,  I,  n.  (R.  dhars,  be  bold, 
fars,  fas-tu-s,  fastu-taedium,  fastu-tld- 
ium,  fastidium),  disdain,  disgust. 

fastigium,  I,  n.  (R.  bhars,  be  stiff, 
bhars-ti,  a  point,  top,  fast  +  igium,  fr. 
ag-ere),  something  carried  upward,  a 
gable,  roof,  top. 

fa  talis,  e,  adj.  (fatum),  determined 
by  fate,  fatal,  fated. 

fateor,  fassus  sum,  2,  v.  dep.  (same 
R.  as  fabula),  to  confess,  allow. 

fatidicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fatum,  dTco), 
prophetic,    fatifer,  death-dealing. 

fatigo,  1  (R.  same  as  fames,  gha, 
fa,  to  be  empty,  want,  fa-ti,  want,  weari- 
ness, f a-ti-sce-re,  grow  weary,  then  f at- 
ig-are,  ig  fr.  agere),  to  make  weary,  to 
fatigue. 

fatum,  I,  n.  (fari,  see  fabula),  what 
is  uttered,  fate,  destiny,  ruin,  death. 

Faunus,  I,  m.,  ancient  king  of  Lati- 
um,  then  honored  as  god  of  fields  and 
woods  ;  like  the  Greek  Pan. 

Faustulus,  I,  m.,  see  Fasti,  4,  854. 

fautrix,  Tcis,  f.  (faveo),  one  that 
favoys,  protectress. 

fauces,  f.  plural  (faux),  (R.  BiitfKA, 
an  opening),  throat,  mouth. 

faveO,  favl,  fautum,  2  (R.  bha, 
shine,  appear,  bha-v,  fav-),  orig.,  to 
shine  upon,  to  favor,  stand  by. 

favilla,  ae,  f .  (faveo),  glowing  ashes, 
ashes. 

favor,  oris,  m.  (faveo),  favor,  ap- 
plause. 

favus,  T,  m.  (R.  bhu,  to  grow,  fu, 
fau,  fav),  a  honey-comb. 

fax,  facis,  f.  (same  R.  as  faveO, 
bha-k,  fac-,  fac-s),  a  fire-brand,  torch- 
light, torch. 

fecundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 


FELIX 


FLAGELLUM       267 


favus,  fau,  fav,  feu,  fev-Gre,  to  bear), 
fruitful,    fel,  fellis,  n.,  gall. 

fellx,  Icis,  adj.  (same  B.  as  fScun- 
dus),  fruitful,  fortunate,  happy,  lucky, 
pro  mining. 

femina,  ae,  f.  (B.  dha,  suck,  give 
suck,  fe),  female,  a  woman,  woman. 

femineus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fgniina),  of  a 
icoman,  womanly. 

femur,  oris,  n.,  a  thigh. 

feralis,  e,  adj.  (ferO),  pertaining  to 
the  dead,  death-bringing,  deadly. 

ferax,  acis,  adj.  (fero),  fruitful. 

ferS,  adv.  (B.  dhar,  hold,  hold 
firm,  far,  f er,  fere,  firmly),  close  upon, 
nearly,  about,  almost. 

feretrum,  I,  n.  (ferO),  a  bier. 

ferinus,  a,  um  (ferus),  of  wild  ani- 
mals. 

ferio,  Ire  (B.  dhvar,  dhur),  to  stHke. 

feritas,  atis,  i.,  fierceness. 

fero,  ferre,  tull,  latum,  3  (B.  bhar, 
carry,  fer,  fer-o),  to  carry,  bear,  bnng, 
carry  away,  bring  forth,  relate,  praise. 

ferox,  Oris,  adj.  (ferus),  wild,  fierce, 
ferocious,  raging. 

ferreus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ferrum),  of 
iron,  hard-hearted. 

ferrug5,  inis,  f .  (ferrum),  iron-rust. 

ferrum,  I,  n.  (B.  bhars,  stiffen,  fers, 
fers-u-in,  ferrum),  iron  ;  by  meton.,  an 
iron  instrument,  knife,  weapon. 

fertilis,  e,  adj.  (ferO),  fruitful,  fer- 
tile. 

fertilitas,  atis,  f.,  fertility. 

ferus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  dhvar,  dhur, 
disturb,  fer-),  wild  ;  fera,  a  wild  a)ii- 
mal ;  cruel. 

ferveo,  ferbuT,  fervT,  2  (B.  bhar, 
bhur,  swell,  brew,  boil,  bhru,  fru,  frev, 
ferv),  to  rage  (for  heat),  be  hot,  foam. 

fervor,  Oris,  m.  (ferveo),  heat,  rage, 
fervor. 

fessus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as  fatl- 
gO,  gha,  fa,  fe),  weary. 

festlno,  1,  B.  (dhan,  strike,  storm, 
dhan-d,  -fend,  -fend-tu-s,  in-fes-tu-s, 
fed-tl-no,  festlno),  to  hasten,  hastily 
get  ready,  prepare. 

festus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as  faveo, 
bha,  bha-s,  fes-),  festive ;  subst.,  fes- 
tum,  a  feast,  festival. 

fetus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  same  as  fecun- 
fius),  fruitful. 


fetus,  Us,  m.,  the  bringing  forth,  the 
offspring  ;  also  fetilra,  ae,  f. 

flbra,  ae,  f .  (B.  bhid,  cleave,  fid,  fid- 
bra,  flbra),  a  fiber,  filament. 

fie  tills,  e,  adj.  (fingO),  earthen. 

ficus,  I,  Us,  f.,  a  fig-tree. 

fidSlis,  e,  adj.  (fides),  faithful,  true. 

fides,  eT,  f .  (B.  bhadh,  bind,  bhidh, 
fid,  fid-e-s),  faith,  truth,  credit,  con- 
firmation, warrant. 

fides,  fidis,  f .  (B.  spa,  span,  span, 
stretch,  spi,  spi-d,  sfi-d,  fid-),  a  string, 
chord,  a  stringed  instrument,  cithern, 
lyre,  lute. 

fidiicia,  ae,  f.  (fidus),  confidence,  a 
pledge,  security. 

fidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sameB.  as  fides, 
feid,  fid,  fidus),  faithful,  true. 

flgo,  fixl,  fixum,  3  (B.  dhagh, 
dhigh,  to  touch,  mold,  to  fix,  fig,  fi-n-g, 
fig),  to  fix  in  or  upon,  fasten,  strike  in, 
pierce. 

figura,  ae,  f.  (fingO),  a  figure,  form, 
beautiful  form,  beauty. 

filia,  ae,  f.  (B.  perhaps  same  as  fS- 
mina,  fe,  fl,  a  suckling),  a  daughter. 

filius,  I,  m.  <B.  as  filia),  a  son. 

fllum,  I,  n.  (B.  ghar,  to  wind,  twist, 
har,  hir,  hllu-m,  fllu-m),  a  thread, 
string. 

undo,  fidl,  fissum,  3  (B.  bhid,  to 
cleave,  fid,  fi-n-d),  to  cleave,  split,  rend. 

fingo,  finxl,  fictum,  3  (B.  same  as 
flgo),  to  form,  mold,  form  to  one's  self, 
imagine,  invent. 

finio,  4  (finis),  to  limit,  bound,  end, 
finish,  bring  to  an  end. 

finis,  is,  m.  (B.  same  as  findO,  fid- 
ni,  finis),  something  that  divides  off,  a 
boundary,  limit,  end. 

finitimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (finis),  bound- 
ing, adjoining,  bordering  upon,  neigh- 
boring. 

firm  us,  a,  um,  adj.  <R.  same  as 
fere,  dhar,  hold  firm,  far,  fir),  firm, 
strong. 

fistula,  ae,  f .  (B.  spu,  blow,  breathe, 
spu  +  s(pu),  pu-s,  fus-ta,  fus-tu-la,  fis- 
tula), something  to  blow  through,  a 
reed,  shepherd's  pipe,  pipe. 

flagellS,  1  (flagellum\  to  scourge. 

flagellum,  I,  n.  (B.  bhlagh,  to 
strike,  flag,  flag-ru-ra,  fiagel-lu-m,  di- 
min.),  a  ichip,  scourge. 


268 


FLAGRO 


FORTUNA 


flagrS,  1  (B.  bharg,  to  light,  burn, 
bhlag,  flag),  to  burn,  glow,  burn  with 
jmssion. 

ilamen,  inis,  n.  (B.  bhal,  bhla,  to 
blow,  flow,  fla,  fla-re,  flo),  blowing  of 
the  wind,  a  blast. 

flamma,  ae,  f .  (B.  same  as  fiagro, 
flag,  flag-ma,  flam-ma),  aflame,  blazing 
light,  blaze,  flash  of  lightning,  flame  of 
love. 

flammifer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.  (flam- 
ma), flame-bearing,  flaming. 

flatus,  tls,  m.  (flo,  E.  same  as  flamen), 
blowing,  breath,  breeze. 

Havens,  ntis,  part.  adj.  (flaveO),  gold- 
en-yellow, gold-colored. 

flavesco,  ere,  3  (flaveO),  to  become 
yellow  or  gold-colored. 

flavus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  guar,  to  be 
green  or  yellow,  ghal,  fla-),  yellowish, 
yellow,  blond,  fair. 

flebilis,  e,  adj.  (fleo),  to  be  wept  over, 
lamented,  lamentable,  tearful. 

flecto,  flexT,  flexum,  3  (B.  park,  to 
bend,  falc,  flee,  flec-t-),  to  bend,  curve, 
turn. 

fleo,  2  (B.  same  as  flo,  flamen),  to 
shed  tears,  weep,  cry,  lament. 

fletus,  us,  m.,  weeping,  tears,  stream 
of  tears. 

flexilis,  e,  adj.  (flectO),  flexible. 

floreS,  ul,  2  (flos),  to  bloom,  blossom. 

floridus,  a,  um,  adj.,  flowery. 

flos,  floris,  m.  (B.  same  as  flatus,  fla, 
flu,  flou,  flo,  flo-s),  that  which  is  blown, 
blossom,  flower. 

fluctus,  tls,  m.  (fluo),  flowing,  stream- 
ing, flood,  wave. 

fluito,  1  (fluo),  to  float,  flow. 

lliimeii,  inis,  n.  (fluo),  flowing  water, 
a  stream,  flood,  river,  god  of  a  river, 
river-god. 

flumineus,  a,  um,  adj.  (flflmen),  of 
a  Hver. 

fluo,  fluxl,  fluxum,  S  (B.  same  as 
flo,  flatus,  flu,  flu-ere),  to  flow. 

flu  vial  is,  e,  adj.,  of  a  river, 

fluvius,  T,  m.  (fluO),  a  river. 

focus,  I,  m.  (B.  same  as  fax,  bha, 
shine,  bha-k,  fac,  foe-),  fire-side,  hearth. 

fodio,  fOdl,  fossum,  3  (B.  bhadh, 
dig,  fod-),  to  dig,  dig  up  or  through. 

foedS,  1  (foedus),  to  make  foul,  defile, 
pollute,  deform. 


foedus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  dhu,  to  blow, 
kindle,  smoke,  fu,  fou,  fov,  foe-du-s, 
smoked),  foul,  base,  ugly,  loathsome. 

foedus,  eris,  n.  (B.  bhadh,  bhidh, 
to  bind,  fid,  foid,  foed,  foed-u-s),  some- 
thing that  binds,  a  compact,  league, 
treaty,  bargain,  law. 

folium,  T,  n.  (B.  same  as  flos,  bhal, 
blow,  swell,  fol-),  a  leaf,  foliage. 

fons,  fontis,  m.  (B.  ghu,  pour,  fu, 
fou,  fov,  fov-ont,  font),  a  spring. 

foramen,  inis,  n.,  an  opening. 

for-ceps,  lpls,  m.  (BB.  for,  fr. 
guar,  glow,  far,  for,  for-mu-s,  adj., 
warm,  forma,  things  that  are  warm, 
ceps  fr.  kap,  seize,  take,  cap  (as  in  cap- 
ere),  formu-cape-s,  forcipes),  that  wh. 
takes  what  is  warm,  glowing,  tongs, 
fire-tongs,  pincers. 

forem,  =  essem,  fr.  v.  sum  ;  fore  = 
f  uturum  esse  ;  I  woidd  be,  were  ;  will 
be,  about  to  be ;  B.  of  both,  bhu,  be- 
come, fu,  fu-re,  fo-re,  fu-rem,  fo-rem. 

foris,  is,  f .  (B.  dhu  (as  in  foedus), 
blow,  dhva-ra),  a  door  ;  in  pi.,  the  leaves 
or  folds  of  a  door,  folding-dows  ;  en- 
trance. 

forma,  ae,  f.  (E.  dhar,  hold,  make 
firm,  far,  fer,  for,  for-ma),  a  form, 
shape,  figure,  beautiful  form,  beauty. 

formidabilis,  e,  adj.  (formidare, 
formldo.  inis). formidable,  fearful. 

formTdo,  inis,  f.  (B.  mar,  frighten, 
mor,  mov  +  in(or),  mor-mi,  mor-ml-re, 
for-ml-re),  fear,  horror,  fright. 

for  mo,  1  (see  forma  for  B.),  to  form, 
fashion,  represent. 

formdsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (forma),  well- 
formed,  handsome,  beautiful. 

forn-ax,  acis,  f.  (B.  ghar,  glow), 
(see  forceps),  a  furnace,  oven. 

fors,  tis,  f.  (B.  bhar,  carry,  bring, 
fer,  for-ti,  for-s,  that  wh.  brings  itself 
about,  happens,  comp.f ors,  fert),  chance, 
hap,  fortune. 

forsitan  =  fors  sit  an,  adv.  (chance- 
maybe-whether).  perchance,  perhaps. 

fortis,  e,  adj.  (B.  dhargh,  to  hold 
out,  forgh,  for-tis),  one  that  holds  out  ; 
firm,  strong,  brave,  courageous. 

fortiter,  adv.  (fortis),  bravely,  vigor- 
ously. 

fortiina,  ae,  f.  (fors),  fortune,  deci- 
sion, prosperity ;  goddess  of  Fortune. 


FORUM 


FUNGOR 


269 


forum,  T,  n.  (B.  same  as  foris,  dhu, 
to  blow,  dhva-ra,  prop.,  a  place  where 
it  blows,  an  open  place),  the  Forum  at 
Rome. 

fossa,  ae,  f.  (fodio),  a  ditch,  pit. 

foveo,  fovT,  fotum,  2  (B.  dhu,  kindle, 
warm,  fu,  fou,  fov,  foveo),  to  warm, 
cherish. 

fragilis,  e,  adj.  (frangO),  easily 
broken,  fragile,  frail. 

fragmen,  inis,  n.  (frango),  a  frag- 
ment, ruin. 

fragor,  Oris,  m.  (frango),  a  breaking, 
crackling,  rustling. 

fragum,  I,  n.  (B.  ghra,  to  smell, 
f ra  ;  the  word  f ragra-re  fr.  ghra  +  ghra 
=  fra-gra-,  to  be  fragrant),  strawberries. 

franco,  fregl,  fractuni,  3  (B.  var, 
draw,  bend,  break,  var-k,  vrag,  fra-n- 
g-0),  to  break,  break  to  pieces,  fracture. 

frater,  fratris,  m.  (B.  bhar,  carry, 
support  (fer-,  fer-o),  bhra-tar,  <f>prj  rrjp, 
fra-ter,  one  that  supports  ;  i.  e.,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  sister),  a  brother. 

fraternus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a  brother, 
fraternal,  brotherly. 

frauds,  1  (fraus),  to  defraud,  cheat. 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.  (B.  dhvar,  dhur, 
hurt,  break,  dur  (durus),  fru,  frn-d, 
frau-s),  fraud,  deceit,  deception. 

freino,  nl,  itum,  3  (B.  bhar,  sound, 
bhra-m,  frem-ere),  to  roar,  rage,  mur- 
mur, hum. 

frend5,  frSsum,  fressum,  3  (B.  guar, 
rub,  ghar-dh,  fre-n-d-ere),  to  bruise, 
crush,  gnash. 

freno,  1  (frCnum),  to  bridle,  curb. 

frenuin,  I,  n.  (B.  dhar,  dura,  hold 
firm,  far,  fre-nu-m),  a  bridle,  curb,  bit. 

frequens,  ntis,  adj.  (B.  shark, 
•press,  fare,  frac,  free,  frequ-cre,  fre- 
qu6n-s),  frequent,  numerous,  rich  in, 
full  of. 

frequents,  1,  to  frequent,  to  visit  in 
numbers,  to  celebrate. 

fretum,  I,  n.  (B.  bhar,  move  quick, 
swell,  rage,  bhra,  fre-t-u-m),  a  strait, 
a  channel. 

frigidus,  a,  nm,  adj.  (frTgus),  cold, 
frigid,  stiff. 

frigus,  oris,  n.  (B.  bhars,  stiffen,  be 
stiff,  bhars-k,  firk,  frik,  frlk,  frig),  cold, 
frost,  coolness,  coldness  of  death,  shud- 
der. 


frondeo,  Crc  (frOns),  to  be  in  leaf,  to 
have  leaves. 

frons,  dis,  f.  (ctyra.  unc),  a  leaf, 
leafage,  foliage,  a  garland  of  leaves. 

frons,  tis,  f.  (B.  bhar,  bhur.  of 
quick  movement,  quiver,  bhru  (<t>pv), 
fru  (Eng.,  brow,  eyebrow),  fru-ont, 
front,  frons),  the  brow,  forehead,  front. 

fructus,  us,  m.  (fruor),  fruit,  pro- 
ceeds, profit. 

fruor,  fructus,  frnitus  sum,  3  (B. 
bhug,  enjoy,  fug,  frug,  frugv-i,  fru-i), 
to  enjoy,  rejoice  in. 

frustra,  adv.  (B.  same  as  fraus, 
dhur,  fru,  fru-d,  fru-d-tru-s,  fru-s-tru-s, 
abl.  fern.,  frustra,  prop.,  erroneously), 
in  vain,  to  nopurpose. 

frutex,  icis,  m.  (B.  bhar,  bhur, 
fru,  to  swell),  a  sh?%ub,  bush,  shrubbery. 

fruticosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bushy. 

frux,  frugis,  f.  (B.  same  as  fruor, 
bhug,  bhrug,  enjoy,  use,  fug,  frug,  frug- 
i-s),  fruit,  fruits  of  the  earth. 

fuga,  ae,  f.  (B.  brugh,  bend,  turn, 
flee,  t 'ug),  flight,  exile. 

fugax,  acis,  adj.  (fuga),  inclined  to 
flee,  fleeing,  swift. 

fugio,  f  agl,  fugitum,  3  (fuga),  to  flee, 
shun,  disappear. 

fug5,  1  (fugio),  to  put  to  flight. 

fulgeo,  fulsl,  2  (B.  bharg,  to  light, 
shine,  bhalg,  falg,  fulg-ere),  to  shine, 
lighten,  glitter. 

fulgor,  Oris,  m.  (fulgeO),  effulgence. 

fulica,  ae,  f.,  a  coot. 

fulmen,  inis,  n.  (fulgeO),  lightning. 

fulmineus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  lightning, 
brilliant,  splendid. 

fulvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  ghar,  green 
or  yellow,  ghal,  ful-vu-s),  deep  yellow, 
reddish  yell&w,  gold-colored. 

ftimft,  1  (ftlmus),  to  smoke,  fume. 

fumus,  I,  m.  (B.  dhu),  smoke. 

funda,  ae,  f .,  a  sling. 

fundamen,  inis,  n.  (fundo),  1  (fun- 
dus, B.  bhu,  grow,  make  grow,  fu, 
fu-d,  fu-d-no,  fundO),  a  foundation. 

fundo,  fddl,  ffisum,  3  (B.  ghu,  jxntr. 
fu,  fu-d,  fu-n-d-ere),  to  ]X)ur,  pour  out, 
scatter,  extend. 

funestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (funus),  death- 
bringing,  deadly ,  fatal . 

fungor,  functus  sum,  3  iB.  Bnuo, 
use,  enjoy,  fug,  fu-n-g-i,  have  use  of), 


270 


FUNUS 


GLAEBA 


to  discharge,  perform,  fulfill,  end  (with 
morte),  die. 

fiinus,  eris,  n.  (B.  same  as  fumus, 
dhu,  to  smoke,  f  u,  f  u-n-us,  smoke  from 
burning  a  body),  funeral  procession, 
burial,  funeral,  death. 

furca,  ae,  f.  (B.  bhab,  to  cleave, 
split,  for,  fur),  a  fork. 

furialis,  e,  adj.  (furiae,  R.  same  as 
f  urO),  of  the  Furies,  raging,  mad. 

faro,  ul,  3  (B.  bhab,  bhue,  to 
rage,  quiver,  fur),  to  rage,  be  mad. 


furor,  Oris,  m.  (furo),  rage,  madness, 
fury. 

furtim,  adv.  (fur,  fr.  B.  bhab,  car- 
ry, carry  away),  stealthily. 

furvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bhab,  bhue  (as 
in  furo),  the  idea  of  rapid  motion  (e.  g., 
quivering)  being  mingled  with  that  of 
color),  dark-colored,  dusky,  gloomy. 

fusilis,  e,  adj.  (f undo),  fluid,  molten. 

fusus,  I,  m.  (B.  spad,  spand,  move 
violently,  swing,  fund-to,  fil-su-s),  a 
spindle. 


G 


galea,  ae,  f .  (B.  skal,  kal,  cover, 
cal,  gal,  gal-ea),  (a  covering  for  the 
head),  a  helmet  (of  leather). 

Gallicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Gaul,  Gal- 
lic, 

Gallus,  T,  m.,  see  n.  Trist.  4,  10,  53. 

garrulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  gab,  to 
sound,  gar  +  s,  gar-s-u-s,  gar  r-u-s,  gar- 
r-u-lus),  garrulous,  talkative. 

gaudeo,  gavlsus  sum,  2  (B.  gav,  to 
rejoice,  gau-),  to  rejoice,  enjoy. 

gelidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gelfl),  cold,  icy ; 
gelu  fr.  B.  gab,  be  bright,  shine,  gal, 
gel. 

gemellipara,  ae,  f .  (gemellus),  twin- 
bearing. 

gemellus,  T,  m.  (gdfciinus),  twin- 
born,  twin. 

gemino,  1  (geminus,  I,  m.),  to  double, 
repeat. 

geminus,  T,  m.  (B.  ga,  gan,  produce, 
beget,  gam,  gem),  twin-born,  double, 
two-fold. 

gemitus,  us,  m.  (gemO),  a  sighing, 
groan,  complaint. 

gemma,  ae,  f .  (gemO)  a  bud,  the  eye 
(of  the  grape) ;  figuratively,  fr.  resem- 
blance in  shape,  a  gem,  precious  stone. 

gemo,  ul,  itum,  3  (B.  gam,  press,  be 
full,  sigh,  gem),  to  sigh,  groan,  cry, 
lament. 

gena,  ae,  f.  (R.  ganu,  cheek,  gen), 
the  cheek. 

gener,  erl,  m.  (glgnO,  gen-ul),  a  son- 
in-law.    gener5sus,  a,  um,  ad].,  fine. 

genetrix,  Icis,  f.  (gigno),  she  that 
produces,  a  mother,  producer. 

genialis,  e,  adj.  (genius,  glgnO,  gen-), 
what  belongs  to  the  Genius,  genial, 
glad,  delightful. 


genialiter,  adv.  (genialis),  genially, 
gladly. 

genitor,  oris,  m.  (glgnO,  gen-),  one 
that  produces  or  begets,  parent,  father, 
sire. 

gens,  tis,  f.  (glgnO,  gen),  that  which 
is  united  by  birth,  a  race,  clan,  people. 

genu,  lis,  n.  (B.  ga,  to  bend,  curve, 
ga-nu,  ge-nu),  the  knee. 

genitalia,  um.  n.  (gena),  knee-bands, 
garters. 

genus,  eris,  n.  (gigno,  gen-),  birth, 
offspring,  race,  kind. 

germ  anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (germen,  fr. 
B.  kab,  make,  create,  car,  cer,  gar,  ger, 
ger-men,  and  so  Eng.,  germ,  germ-ane), 
full,  own,  true  (of  birth),  real,  genuine, 
germane. 

ger5,  gessT,  gestum,  3  (B.  gas,  go, 
come,  make  go  or  come,  carry,  ges,  ger- 
ere),  to  carry,  bring,  bear,  carry  out, 
execute,  wage. 

gestamen,  inis  (gerO),  something 
carried,  a  burden. 

gestio,  4  (gero,  ges-tu-m),  to  use 
gestures),  to  desire  (demonstratively) 
eagerly,  long  for. 

gesto,  1  (gero),  to  bear,  carry,  wear. 

gestus,  us,  m.  (gero),  carriage  (of 
the  body),  gesture. 

Getae,  arum,  pi.  m.,  see  note,  Tris- 
tia,  4, 10,  110. 

giganteus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gigas),  of  the 
giants,  gigantic. 

gigno,  genul,  genitum,  3  (B.  ga, 
ga-n,  prQduce,  beget,  gen,  gi-gen,  gi- 
gn-ere),  to  give  birth  to,  beget,  bear. 

glacialis,  e,  adj.  (glacigs),  icy. 

glacies,  el,  f.,  ice. 

glaeba,    ae,    f.   (B.    gab,    gue,    to 


GLANS 


HARUNDO 


271 


round,  gar-g,  glo-g,  gle-(glac)b-a),  a  clod 
or  lump  of  earth,  land,  soil,  mass. 

gliins,  dis,  f .  (B.  gar,  fall,  gal,  gal- 
an  =  paA-ay-o-s,  glan-s),  an  acorn. 

glomerS,  1  (glomus,  fr.  same  K.  as 
glaeba,  glo-b-mo,  glo-m-us),  to  form  into 
a  ball,  press  together,  thicken. 

gloria,  ae,  f .  (B.  kru,  hear,  sound, 
klu,  clou-os,  glov-os,  glo-os,  glOs),  re- 
nown, glory. 

glOrior,  1,  v.  dep.  (gloria),  to  boast 
one's  self,  glory  in. 

gliibO,  ere  (B.  skalbh,  calbh,  clabh, 
glab,  scratch,  peel,  gltib-ere),  to  shell, 
peel. 

Gorg5,  onis,  Medusa,  d.  of  Phorcys  ; 
Met.  4,  743. 

gracilis,  e,  adj.  (B.  kark,  to  be  lean, 
kar  +  kar,  kra  +  kal,  gra-cil-i-s),  slend- 
er, thin,  fine. 

gradior,  gressus  sum,  3,  v.  dep.  (B. 
gardh,  strive  after,  stride,  grad),  to 
step,  walk,  go. 

gradus,  us,  m.  (gradior),  step,  pace, 
course,  position,  step  (of  a  tem- 
ple). 

gramen,  inis,  n.  (B.  gar,  swalloiv, 
eat,  gra-s,  gra-men),  grass,  turf,  plant, 
herb. 

gramineus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gramen),  of 
grass,  grassy. 

grandis,  e,  adj.  (B.  gar,  be  heavy, 
strong,  gra,  gra-ndi-s),  great,  grown  up, 
advanced  (in  age). 

grand  6,  inis,  f.  (B.  ghrad,  to  sound, 
rattle,  grad,  gra-n-d-o),  hail. 


granum,  I,  n.  (B.  gar,  wear  away* 
gra-),  a  grain,  kernel. 

grates,  pi.  f.  (B.  guar,  glow,  desire, 
ghra,gra),  thanks. 

gratia,  ae,  f.  (same  B.  as  grates), 
favor,  friendship,  grace,  thanks. 

grator,  1,  v.  dep.  (same  B.  as  gra- 
tes), to  wish  {one)  joy. 

gratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as  gra- 
tCs),  dear,  agreeable,  gracious,  thankful. 

gravidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (gravis),  load- 
ed, great  with  child,  pregnant. 

gravis,  c,  adj.  (same  B.  as  grandis), 
heavy,  dull,  covered  with,  heavy  (to 
bear),  sad. 

gravitas,  atis,  f.  (gravis),  weight, 
gravity,  weariness,  dignity,  worth. 

gravo,  1  (gravis),  to  make  heavy, 
load,  oppress. 

gremium,  I,  n.  (B.  garbii,  grabh, 
to  seize,  hold,  grab-mo,  greb-mo,  gre- 
mo),  the  lap. 

gressus,  us,  m.  gradior),  a  step, 
course. 

grex,  egis,  m.  (B.  gar,  come  togetlier, 
gar  +  g(ar),  gre-g),  a  herd,  flock,  swarm, 
crowd. 

grus,  uis,  comm.  (B.  gar,  sound, 
garu,  gru-s),  a  crane. 

gurges,  itis,  m.  (B.  gar,  swallow, 
gar  +  gar,  gur-g-e-s),  a  whirlpool,  abyss, 
depth. 

gutta,  ae,  f .  (B.  skju,  sku,  flow 
out,  fall,  sku-t,  gutt-a),  a  drop. 

guttur,  uris,  n.  (B.  same  as  gutta), 
throat. 


H 


habena,  ae,  f.  (habeO),  thong,  rein, 
reins. 

habeo,  uT,  itum,  2  (etym.  unc,  but 
in  Corssen,  Krit.  Beitr.  106,  fr.  B.  gha, 
gha-p,  ha-p,  holdfast),  to  have,  hold, 
possess,  show,  hold  for,  consider. 

habitabilis,  e,  adj.  (habito,  habeO), 
habitable. 

habito,  1  (habeO),  to  have,  possess, 
inhabit. 

h&c,  adv.  (hie),  abl.,  here. 

haedus,  T,  m.,  a  kid. 

II  ae  mo  n  i  us,  a,  um,adj.,  Ilaemonian. 

Haemus,  I,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Thrace. 

liaereo,  haesl,  haesum,  2  (B.  ghais, 


haes,  haer-ere,  hang,  cling),  to  cling  to, 
stick  fast  in,  to  keep  firm,  adhere,  hesi- 
tate. 

luilitus,  us,  m.  (halo,  1,  halitO,  1), 
breath. 

hamatus,  a,  um,  part,  adj.,  hooked. 

bamus,  I,  m.  (B.  gham,  bent),  a  hook. 

harena,  ae,  f.  (B.  buas,  bruise, 
crush,  has,  har-ena),  sand,  sand-floor, 
arena  (of  the  amphitheatre). 

harundo,  inis,  f .  (B.  ab,  grow,  ar- 
und-o),  a  reed,  sedge ;  by  meton.,  a 
wreath  of  reeds,  shaft  of  an  arrow,  ar- 
row ;  fishing-rod,  a  comb  of  reed  (in 
weaving). 


272 


HASTA 


HOKRIDUS 


hasta,  ae,  f.  (B.  ghas,  strike,  has-), 
a  spear,  lance,  thyrsus-staff. 

hastile,  is,  n.  (hasta),  the  shaft  of  a 
spear. 

liaud,  adv.  comp.  of  ho  +  au  (as  in 
au-fero)  +  d  =  de  (as  in  unde),  not,  not 
at  all. 

haurio,  hausl,  haustura,  4  (B.  ghtt, 
pour,  ghu-s,  hau-s,  hau-r-ire),  to  draw 
up  or  out,  drain,  drink  up. 

haustus,  us,  m.  (haurio),  a  draught, 
drink. 

hebeto,  1  (hebes),  to  dull,  weaken. 

Hebrus,  I,  m.,  river  in  Thrace. 

hedera,  ae,  f .  (B.  ghad,  seize,  had, 
hed),  ivy. 

Heliades,  urn,  f.,  the  three  daugh- 
ters of  Helios,  who  were  changed  into 
.  poplars,  Met.  2,  340,  amber. 

Helice,  es,  f.,  the  constellation  of 
the  Great  Bear,  Met.  8,  207. 

Helicon,  Onis,  m.,  a  mountain  in 
Boeotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Hennaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Henna  or 
Enna,  a  city  in  Sicily. 

herba,  ae,  f .  (B.  bhar,  carry,  sup- 
port, bhar-bh,  her-b-a),  green  stalk  or 
blade,  grass,  plant. 

Hercules,  is,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Alcmene. 

Herculeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Hercules), 
of  Hercules,  Herculean. 

here's,  edis,  m.  (B.  ghar,  take,  seize, 
har,  her,  her-e-re,  here-s),  an  heir,  suc- 
cessor. 

heros,  Ois,  m.  (rjpcos  fr.  B.  vira, 
man,  Frjpo),  hero. 

herous,  a,  um,  adj.  (heros),  heroic. 

Hesperides,  um,  f.,  daughters  of 
Night,  or  of  Atlas,  and  Hesperis  ;  Met. 
11,  114. 

Hesperius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Hesperus), 
Hesperian,  western. 

Hesperus,  T,  m.,  the  evening,  even- 
ing-star. 

hesternus,  a,  um,  adj.  (heri  fr.  B. 
ghjas,  yesterday,  hies,  hes,  hes-i,  her-i), 
of  yesterday,  yesterday's. 

heu,  inter j.,  alas  !  ah  !  oh  ! 

hiatus,  us,  m.  (B.  gha,  be  empty, 
yawn,  ghi,  ghi-a,  hia-sc-ere,  hia-re),  a 
yawning,  opening,  cleft,  mouth. 

hibernus,  a,  um,  adj.  (hiems),  win- 
try. 


Hiberus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Iberian,  of 
Iberia. 

hie,  adv.,  here,  in  this  thing,  on  this 
occasion. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  pron.  demonst.  (R. 
gha,  ho,  ho-ka  (ka  =  pron.  stem  inter- 
rog.  indef.),  hi-ce,  hie),  this,  the  latter 
(in  reference  to  the  nearer,  or  the  last 
mentioned). 

hiemps,  hiems,  emis,  f.  (B.  ghi, 
throw  {\i.-(av,  snow,  as  thrown  fr.  the 
heavens),  ghj-am,  hj-am,  hiem),  winter, 
storm,  stormy  weather. 

hinc,  adv.  (hin-ce,  hie),  from  here, 
hence,  hereupon,  in  consequence  of. 

hinnitus,  us,  m.  (hinnio  fr.  B.  ghar, 
sound,  ghir,  hir-ni-s,  hin-ni),  a  neighing. 

Hippomenes,  is,  m.,  son  of  Mega- 
reus  ;  Met.  10,  575. 

Hippotades,  is,  m.,  son  of  Hippo- 
tes,  i.  e.,  Aeolus  ;  Met.  4,  663. 

hirsutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  ghar, 
ghar-s,  make  rough,  hirs,  hirs-u), 
rough,  shaggy,  hirsute. 

hirtus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  same  as  hir- 
sfltus),  rough. 

hisco,  ere  (B.  gha,  be  empty,  yawn, 
ghi,  ghi-a,  hi-sc-erej,  to  open,  yawn, 
gape. 

Hister,  strT,  m.,  the  Hister,  the 
Danube. 

holus,  eris,  n.  (B.  ghar,  be  green, 
ghal-as,  hol-us),  vegetables. 

homo,  inis,  n.  (B.  ghama,  earth, 
gham-an,  the  earthly,  son  of  earth,  hom- 
o-n),  man,  human  being. 

honestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (honor),  hon- 
ored, honorable. 

honor  (honos),  Oris,  m.  (B.  GnvA, 
praise)  ho  +  suffix  nas),  honor,  place  of 
honor,  honorary  gift,  prize. 

honor  o,  1  (honor),  to  honor. 

hora,  ae,  f .  (borrowed  fr.  dipa,  B.  ja, 
go,  comp.  Lat.  i),  hour,  time;  pi.,  Horae, 
the  Hours. 

Horatius,  Q,.  Flaccus  ;  sec  n.  Trist. 
4,  10,  50. 

horrendus,  a,  um,  adj.  (horreo), 
dreadful,  fearful,  horrible. 

horreo,  ul.  2  (B.  ghar,  ghar-s,  to 
be  rough,  stiff,  hors,  hors-5-re,  horr-e-re), 
to  bristle  ;  shudder,  be  afraid  of. 

horridus,  a,  um,  adj.  (horreo), 
rough,  bristling,  dread. 


IIORRIFER 


ILLIO 


273 


horrifer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.  (horreO, 
fero),  horror-bringing,  dreadful. 

hortamen,  inis,  n.  (hortor),  an  en- 
couragement, incitement. 

hortor,  1,  v.  dep.  (R.  dharoh,  to 
hold  to,  f orgh,  forcta-ri,  horta-ri),  to  en- 
courage, urge  on. 

hortus,  T,  m.  (R.  ghar,  take,  har, 
hor,  hor-tu-s),  a  garden. 

hospes,  itis,  comm.  (fr.  hosti-pet-s, 
hosti  fr.  R.  ghas,  to  injure,  hos,  hos- 
ti-s,  and  pet-  fr.  R.  pa,  protect,  pat, 
pe-t),  one  who  protects  a  stranger,  or  is 
protected  by  a  stranger,  a  guest,  a  host, 
stranger. 

hospita,  ae,  f.,  see  hospes. 

hostis,  is,  comm.  (R.  ghas,  injure), 
one  that  injures,  a  stranger,  enemy, 
enemy  (to  the  state). 


hue,  adv.  (hjc),  hither. 

hfimamis,  a,  um,  adj.  (hom6),  of 
man,  human. 

humilis,  e,  adj.  (humus),  what  lies 
on  the  ground,  low,  humble. 

humus,  I,  f.  (R.  giiama,  earth), 
earth,  ground,  soil. 

Hyacinthia,  Orum,  n.,  festival  in 
honor  of  Hyacinthus  ;  Met.  10,  219. 

Hyacinthus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Amyclas  ; 
Met.  10,  162. 

hydra,  (vSpa),  ae,  f.,  water-serpent, 
hydra. 

hydras,  T,  m.  (v&pos),  a  water-ser- 
pent, snake. 

Hymen,  enis  {vfirjv),  or  Hymenacus, 
god  of  marriage,  Hymen. 

Hypaepa,  Orum,  n.,  a  city  in 
Lydia. 


Iambus,  I,  m.  (!a/x/3o?)  ;  Trist.  4,  10, 

Iapetus,  I,  m.,  father  of  Prometheus. 

las  on,  onis,  son  of  Aeson,  the  king 
of  Iolcos. 

ibl,  adv.,  R.  i  (pron.  stem  3d  pers.)  + 
bi  (local  ending),  i-bl,  in  that  place,  there. 

Icarus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Daedalus. 

Icelos,  T,  m.,  a  god  of  dreams,  son 
of  Somnus. 

ico,  IcT,  ictum,  3  (R.  ik,  strike),  to 
strike,  hit. 

ictus,  fls,  m.  (IcO),  a  stroke,  blow. 

Ida,  ae,  Ide",  Cs.  f.,  Mt.  Ida  in  Phry- 
gia. 

idcirco,  adv.  (id-circa),  on  that  ac- 
count. 

idem,  eadem,  idem  (i  +  idem,  the 
former  a  pronom.  stem,  the  latter  the 
demonstr.  suffix  dem  from  da),  the  same. 

ideo,  adv.  (id  and  eo),  for  that  rea- 
son, therefore. 

Idmon,  Onis,  m.,  the  father  of  Arach- 
ne. 

Idmonius,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Idmon,  Idmonian. 

igitur,  adv.  (the  pron.  stem  i  +  (the 
particle)  ge,  =  je,  +  (the  suffix),  tus,  i- 
ge-tus,  i-gi-tur),  therefore,  accordingly. 

ignarus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in  and  gnarus), 
not  knowing,  ignorant,  unacquainted 
with. 


Ignavus  (in  and  gnavus),  a,  um,  adj., 
not  active,  inactive,  lazy. 

Ignis,  is,  m.  (R.  ag,  drive,  ig-),  fre, 
flash,  glow,  heat,  splendor. 

Tgnifer,  a,  um,  adj.,  f  re-bearing. 

Tgnobilitas,  atis,  f.  (in  and  nobili- 
tas),  low  birth. 

Ignorantia,  ae,  f.  (ignOrans),  igno- 
rance. 

ignoro,  1  (i(n)gnOra-re),  (R.  gna, 
know,  gna-ru-s  (gnO-ru-s),  gnOra-re),  not 
to  know,  be  ignorant  of. 

IgnoscS,  nOvi,  nOtum,  3  (in-gnOscO, 
same  R.  as  ignOrO),  to  take  no  knowl- 
edge of,  to  pardon. 

ignotus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unknown. 

ilex,  icis,  f.,  the  holm-oak,  scarlet- 
oak,  ilex. 

Ilia,  ium,  n.  pi.,  the  lower  part  of  the 
abdomen,  the  groin. 

Ilion,  T,  n.,  and  Ilios,  I,  f.,  poetic 
name  of  Troy,  Ilium. 

Ilioneus,  ei,  m.,  son  of  Niobe. 

iliac,  adv.  (ille,  wh.  see,  and  -ce,  fr. 
pron.  stem  ki,  cei,  -ci,  -ce,  ille-ce),  in 
that  way,  on  that  side,  there. 

ille,  a,  ud,  pron.  dem.  3d  pers.  (fr. 
pron.  stem  ana,  ana-la,  ono-lo,  on-lo, 
ol-lo,  ollu-8,  illu-s,  ille),  that,  that  (one) 
there,  that  well-known  ;  he,  she,  it. 

illlc,  adv.  (see  iliac  and  ille),  in  that 
place,  there. 


274 


ILLINO 


IMPORTUNUS 


illino  (in,  lino),  illeyl,  illitum,  3,  to 
smear,  spread,  over. 

illudo,  in,  lildO,  illflsl,  illflsum,  3,  to 
play  at,  make  sport  of,  jeer  at. 

ill ust ris,  e,  adj.  (lux,  il-lus-tri-s), 
light,  lustrous,  illustrious. 

Illyricus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  lllyria, 
Illyrian. 

imago,  inis,  f.  (R.  ik,  be  like  (ima- 
re),  imi-ta-ri.  ima-go),  an  image,  copy, 
form,  conception,  thought. 

imbellis,  e,  adj.  (in,  bellum),  un- 
warlike. 

imber,  bris,  m.  (R.  abh,  ambu,  to 
sivell,  break  forth,  imb-,  imb-e-r),  pour- 
ing forth,  rain,  rain-storm. 

imbuo,  ul,  Gtum,  3  (in,  and  R.  pa, 
drink,  po,  pu,  bu  (bu-a,  a  drink),  im- 
bu-ere),  to  wet,  moisten  ;  imbue. 

imitamen,  inis,  n.  (imitor),  imita- 
tion, resemblance. 

imitator,  Oris,  m.  (imitor),  imita- 
tor. 

imitor,  Sri,  v.  dep.  (see  imago),  to 
imitate,  resemble. 

im-madesco,  madul,  3  (in,  inades- 
co),  to  grow  moist  or  wet. 

immanis,  e,  adj.  (in  and  manis,  fr. 
manus,  old  Latin  for  bonus,  and  fr.  R. 
ma,  to  measure),  (measureless),  im- 
mense, monstrous,  violent,  fierce. 

immedicabilis,  e,  adj.  (in,  medica- 
bilis),  incurable. 

immemor,  oris,  adj.  (in,  memor), 
unmindful. 

immensus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  metior), 
unmeasured,  immense,  boundless. 

immeritus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in  mcritus), 
undeserving,  innocent ;  undeserved. 

im-mineo,  Sre  (in  and  mineO,  f r.  R. 
man,j«<  out,  min,  min-ere),  to  project 
over,  lean  toward,  hang  over,  to  be  close 
to,  to  strive  for. 

im-mftis,  e,  adj.  (in,  mltis),  not 
mild,  unmerciful,  cruel. 

im-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3  (in,  mit- 
to),  to  send  in,  let  loose  upon  or  in,  let 
loose,  hasten  ;  part.,  immissus,  hanging 
down,  loose. 

im-mo,  adv.  (fr.  pron.  stem  ana,  en, 
in,  in-mo,  im-mo,  superl.  abl.),  in  in- 
most, by  no  means,  no  indeed. 

immobiiis,  e,  adj.,  immovable. 

im-morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  3, 


v.  dep.,  to  die  in,  or  upon,  or  over,  die 
aivay. 

im-motus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  moveo), 
unmoved,  immovable,  calm. 

immunis,  e,  adj.  (in  and  mQnis,  fr. 
R.  mu,  bind),  not  bound,  free  from 
service,  exempt  from. 

im-miinitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  munio, 
4),  unfortified. 

im-murmuro,  1,  to  murmur,  or 
whisper  in  or  upon. 

impar,  paris,  adj.  (in,  par),  un- 
equal. 

im-patiens,  ntis,  adj.  (in,  patiens), 
not  able  to  bear,  or  suffer,  impatient. 

impedio,  4  (in  and  pes),  (in-foot,  get 
the  foot  in),  impede,  hinder,  obstruct, 
stop. 

im-pell5,  pull,  pulsum,  3  (in,  pello), 
to  set  in  motion,  drive  on  or  in,  impell, 
strike. 

impense,  adv.  (in  and  pendO),  at  or 
with  expense,  richly ;  eagerly. 

im-perfectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  per- 
flciO),  incomplete,  imperfect,  undevel- 
oped. 

imperium,  T,  n.  (im-per5,  -parO), 
command,  dominion,  dominions,  em- 
pire. 

im-pero,  1  (in,  parO,  prop,  to  bring 
or  get  into ;  e.  g.,  terrae  seges  irnpera- 
tur,  Tac.  Germ.  26),  to  enjoin,  command, 
govern. 

impetus,  us,  m.  (in,  petO),  a  press- 
ing, or  falling,  upon,  attack,  assault, 
press  ;  impulse  ;  impete,  old  abl. 

impiger,  gra,  gram,  adj.  (in,  piger), 
not  indolent,  active. 

impius,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  pius),  with- 
out a  sense  of  duty,  undutiful,  ungodly, 
ruthless. 

im-pleo,  plevT,  plgtum,  2  (in,  pleO), 
to  fill  in  or  up,  fill  full,  fill,  make  full, 
fulfill. 

im-plico,  uT,  itum,  or  avi,  atnm,  1 
(in,  plicO),  to  infold,  embrace,  clasp, 
twine  about. 

im-p5no,  posuT,  positum,  3  (in, 
pon5),  to  place  -upon,  or  into,  or  in,  set 
in,  lay  upon,  impose,  ascribe  to. 

importunus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in  and 
-portu-nu-s,  fr.  same  R.  (por)  as  por- 
tu-s,  not  op-portune,  inopportune,  unfit, 
grievous,  impudent,  importunate. 


IM-PPwIMO 


INDIGENA 


275 


im-primo,  pressl,  pressum,  3  (in, 
premO),  to  press  upon,  impress,  strike 
into. 

improbus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (in,  pro- 
bus),  not  good,  bad,  mischievous, 
wicked. 

im-priidens,  ntis,  adj.  (in,  prQdSns, 
not  foreseeing),  improvident,  impru- 
dent. 

impulsus,  Qs,  ra.  (impellO),  a  push- 
ing against,  thrust,  impulse. 

impune,  adv.  (impflnis),  without 
punishment,  with  impunity,  safely. 

impunis,  e,  adj.  (in  and  poena),  un- 
punished. 

im-puto,  1  (in,  puto),  to  reckon,  to 
impute,  ascribe. 

in,  prep.  (fr.  ana,  pron.  stem,  3d 
pers.,  en,  in),  with  ace.  —into,  to,  to- 
ward, till,  for,  according  to ;  with  abl., 
in,  among,  on,  under,  within. 

Inachides,  ae,  m.,  descendant  of 
Inachus,  Inachide ;  used  of  Epaphus, 
Met.  1.  753  ;  of  Perseus,  ib.  4,  720. 

in-aequalis,  c,  adj.,  unequal. 

in-amoenus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unlovely, 
disagreeable. 

inanis,  e,  adj.  (R.  ak,  to  reach  to, 
ac-na,  acn-ua,  a  measure  of  land,  in- 
acni-s,  in-ani-s),  empty,  void ;  lifeless, 
vain,  useless. 

in-aratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unplowed. 

in-ardesco,  arsl,  3,  to  burn,  kindle, 
glow. 

in-calesc5,  calul,  3,  to  grow  warm, 
to  glow,  kindle. 

in-cedo,  cessl,  cessum,  3,  to  step, 
march. 

incendium,  I,  n.  (incendO),  a  fire, 
conflagration. 

in-certus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uncertain, 
untrusticorthy  ;  undecided,  doubtful. 

incessus,  Us,  m.  (incedO),  a  step, 
gait,  walk,  manner  of  walking. 

in-cido,  cldl,  clsum,  3  (caedo),  to  cut 
into,  inscribe,  carve  on  or  in. 

in-cipio,  cSpI,  ceptum,  3  (capiO),  to 
take  in  hand,  to  begin  ;  subst.,  incep- 
tum,  beginning,  undertaking. 

inclitus,  or  inclutus,  a,  um,  adj. 
(clueO),  in  intensive,  very  much  heard 
of,  renowned. 

in-cludo,  clOsI,  clflsum,  3  (claudo), 
to  shut  in,  inclose,  shut,  close. 


in-cognitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cognOsco), 
unknown. 

incola,  ae,  in.  (colo),  an  inhabitant, 
dweller. 

in-commendatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un- 
recommended,  given  up,  abandoned. 

in-cGnsolabilis,  e,  adj.  (consolor), 
inconsolable,  incurable. 

incrementing  I,  adj.  (crSsco),  in- 
crement, increase. 

in-crep5,  ul,  itum,  1  (crepO),  to  let 
sound,  sound  ;  chide,  reprove. 

in-cresco,  crevl,  crgtum,  3,  to  grow 
upon,  increase. 

in-cub5,  ul,  itum,  1,  to  lie  upon  or  in. 

in-culpatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (culpo), 
unblamed,  blameless. 

in-cumbo,  cubul,  cubitum,  3  (cum- 
bo),  to  lay  one's  self  upon  or  in,  lean 
upon,  bend  to. 

in-cunabula,  Orum,  pi.  n.  (cflna), 
swaddling-clothes,  hence  cradle  ;  birth- 
place;  childhood. 

in-curro,  currl,  cursum,  3,  to  run 
into,    incurso,  1,  to  run  against. 

incursus,  Us,  m.  (curro),  an  incur- 
sion, assault. 

in-curvo,  1,  to  bend,  crook,  curve. 

incurvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  crooked,  bent.r 

iii-custortitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (custo- 
dio),  unwatched. 

indagS,  1  (indages),  (to  drive  in,  of 
game),  to  trace  out,  search  for. 

indago,  inis,  f.  (R.  ag,  drive,  ind- 
ag-o),  (an  in-driving  as  of  game  in  hunt- 
ing), an  incircling,  inclosing. 

inde,  adv.  (fr.  RR.  ana  (pron.  stem 
of  3d  pers.),  an,  in,  and  pron.  stem  da, 
the,  that  one),  from  there,  from  that 
place,  there  ;  from  that  time  ;  thence, 
in  consequence  of  that. 

in-defessus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unwearied. 

in-dejectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  cast 
down. 

in-deploratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unde- 
plored,  unwept. 

indicium,  T,  n.  (dico,  R.  da,  da-k, 
show,  teach),  a  showing,  discovery,  evi- 
dence, proof,     indieo,  1,  to  show. 

in-dlco,  dixl,  dictum,  3  (dico,  fr.  da, 
da-k,  dik,  deic,  dTc),  to  declare. 

indigena,  ae,  comm.  (indu  =  in  and 
gigno),  one  boi'ti  in  a  country,  native, 
indigenous ;  a  native. 


276      IN-DIGESTUS 


INNOCUUS 


in-dlgestus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (digerO),  un- 
digested, unarranged. 

in-dign5,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  consider  as 
unworthy,  to  be  indignant  at,  to  be 
angry. 

in-dignus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unworthy, 
undeserving,  undeserved. 

in-dolesco,  dolul,  3  (doleO),  to  feel 
pain,  be  grieved. 

in-duco,  duxl.  ductum,  3,  to  lead  or 
bring  in,  draw  over ;  part,  perf .,  spread 
over. 

indulged,  sT,  turn,  2,  etym.  unc,  to 
indulge,  be  indulgent  to,  yield  to. 

induo,  ui,  tltum,  3  (inde  and  u 
(ind-u),  fr.  R.  av,  clothe),  to  put  on, 
assume,  clothe  with,  invest. 

in-duresco,  ui  (dtirus),  to  grow 
hard,  harden. 

in-duro,  1  (durus),  to  make  hard, 
harden. 

Indus,  I,  Indian,  of  India. 

in-eo,  il,  itum,  4,  to  go  into,  enter ; 
begin,  enter  upon. 

inermis,  e,  adj.  (arma),  unarmed. 

iners,  ertis,  adj.  (ars),  unskilled,  in- 
active, idle,  dull. 

in-expugnabilis,  e,  adj.  (expugnO), 
^impregnable  ;  (of  gramen)  that  can  not 
be  rooted  out. 

infans,  ntis,  adj.  and  subst.  (in-for, 
fari),  one  that  can  not  talk,  infant, 
young  ;  an  infant. 

fnfaustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unfortunate, 
unpropitious,  unlucky. 

infectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (facio),  not 
done,  unfinished. 

in-felix,  icis,  not  happy,  unfortu- 
nate, unlucky. 

infernus,  a,  um,  adj.  (inferos),  that 
which  is  below,  of  the  lower  world,  in- 
fernal. 

In-fero,  tull,  illatum,  3,  to  carry, 
bring,  into  or  to. 

Inferus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pron.  stem  a  + 
dha  ;  adha  +  ra  (eompar.  suffix),  a-n- 
dhara,  i-n-feru-s),  the  lower,  that  which 
is  below,  of  the  lower  world  ;  comp.,  in- 
ferior, lower  (in  place)  than,  inferior  ; 
superl.,  Imus,  or  Inflmus,  lowest,  deep- 
est, innermost. 

in-festus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  in-fend- 
tu-s,  fend  the  same  root  as  in  de-f end-o, 
fr.  dhan-d,  to  strike),  hostile. 


in-ficio,  feci,  fectum,  3  (faciO),  to 
put  upon,  to  stain,  dye,  color ;  to  infect, 
taint. 

In-fitior,  1  (fateor),  not  to  confess, 
to  deny,  disown. 

fn-flectO,  exl,  exum,  3,  to  bend, 
curve. 

In-flo,  1,  to  blow  into  or  upon,  to 
inflate. 

infra,  adv.  (inferus),  abl.  sc.  parte  or 
via,  in  the  lower  part,  below  ;  comp., 
Inferius,  lower. 

in-fringo,  f regl,  f ractum,  3  (frango), 
to  break  in  or  off,  bruise. 

in-f  undo,  fudl,  f  usum,  3,  to  pour  in 
or  upon,  infuse. 

in-gemo,  ui,  3,  to  groan,  sigh  over. 

ingenium  (gigno,  gen),  what  is  in- 
born, natural  quality  of  mind  or  heart. 

ingens,  tis,  adj.,  great. 

in-gero,  gessl,  gestum,  3,  to  put 
into  or  upon,  throiv  or  heap  upon. 

in-gratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unpleasant, 
unthankful,  ungrateful. 

in-gredior,  gressus  sum,  3,  to  go 
into,  enter,  enter  upon. 

inguen,  inis,  n,  (R,  agh,  angh,  to 
narrow),  (narrowing),  the  groin. 

in-haereo,  haesl,  haesum,  2,  to  hang 
to  or  upon,  oleave,  adhere,  inhere. 

in-hibeo,  uT,  itum,  2  (habeo),  to 
have  in,  restrain,  check,  hinder. 

in-icio,  jCcI,  jectum,  3  (jaciO),  to 
throiv  upon  or  into,  to  lay  upon. 

inimicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (amicus),  un- 
friendly, inimical ;  subst.,  an  enemy,  a 
foe. 

iniquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aequus),  not 
even,  uneven ;  unfair,  unjust,  unfa- 
vorable: hostile. 

injuria,  ae,  f.  (injurius,  in-jus),  in- 
jury, wrong,  injustice. 

injuste,  adv.,  unjustly,  unfairly, 
wrongly. 

in -Justus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unjust, 
wrongful^  unjustly  gained. 

innabilis,  e,  adj.  (in-no),  that  can 
not  be  sivum  in. 

in-natus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in-nascor), 
born  in,  inborn,  innate. 

in-necto,  xul,  xum,  3,  to  tie  to  or 
upon,  to  bind,  encircle. 

innocuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (noceO),  harm- 
less, innocent. 


INNUBUS 


INTER-DUM        277 


innubus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in-nflbo),  'un- 
married. 

in-numerus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  unnum- 
bered, numberless. 

in-nuptus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nabo),  un- 
married. 

in -ops,  opis,  adj.  (in-(ops),  opis), 
without  help,  helpless,  poor,  needy, 
scanty,  weak. 

in-ornatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unadorned. 

inquam,  v.  defective,  (K.  syllable 
qua  (in-qua-m),  cognate  to  Sansc.  khjn, 
to  view,  Vanicek),  I  say,  say  I  (always 
used  after  one  or  more  words  in  a 
direct  quotation). 

inquiro,  qulslvl,  qnTsItum,  3  (quae- 
ro),  to  seek  after  or  into ;  to  inquire, 
examine,  into. 

In-sanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  sound, 
unsound  in  mind,  insane,  mad. 

Inscius,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  knowing, 
ignorant  of. 

In-scrib5,  psT,  ptum,  3,  to  write 
in  or  upon,  inscribe,  ascribe,  desig- 
nate. 

In-seco,  ul,  ctum,  1,  to  cut  into  or 
in ;  insecti,  notched. 

In-sequor,  secfltus  sum,  3,  to  follow 
after  or  upon,  follow,  pursue. 

In-ser5,  uT,  rtum,  3,  to  put  into,  in- 
sert, involve,  mingle. 

Insidiae,  f .  plural  (insideO),  (a  sitting 
in),  lying  in  wait,  ambush,  ambuscade, 
deceit,  plot,  snare. 

insignis,  e,  adj.  (slgnum),  distin- 
guished by  a  mark,  remarkable,  signal; 
subst.,  insigne,  a  sign,  badge  ;  (in  plu- 
ral), costume,  attire. 

Iii-silio,  silul,  4  (salio),  to  leap  into 
or  upon,  spring  upon. 

In-sisto,  stitl,  3,  to  step  upon,  tread; 
in  Met.  v,  558,  with  alarum-remis,  to 
hover,  poise,  the  oar-like  wings  keeping 
them  from  sinking. 

Iii-solitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (soleO),  un- 
wonted. 

In-somnis,  c,  adj.  (somnus),  sleep- 
less. 

in-sono,  uT,  itum,  1,  to  sound  in, 
sound  loudly,  resound. 

Tn-sopTtus,  a,  um,  adj.,  not  lulled  to 
sleep,  sleepless. 

in-spicio,  exT,  ectum,  3  (specie),  to 
look  into,  inspect,  examine. 


In-splrd,  1,  to  breathe  into,  blow  into, 
inspire. 

In-stabilis,  e,  adj.  (stO,  sta),  that 
does  not  stand  firm,  unsteady,  un- 
stable. 

Instar,  indecl.  (etym.  unc),  image, 
form  ;  ad  instar,  or  simply  instar  with 
gen.  after  the  image  of,  like,  as,  as 
good  as. 

InstigS,  1  (stig,  stig  ;  stigO,  not  used, 
to  be  sharp,  sharpen),  to  incite,  urge,  in- 
stigate. 

in-stituo,  ul,  titum,  3  (statuO),  to 
establish,  institute. 

In-sto,  stitl,  1,  to  stand  upon,  press 
upon  ;  draw  nigh,  impend  ;  press,  in- 
sist upon,  urge. 

lii-stringo,  nxl,  ctum,  3,  to  bind 
upon  or  around;  part.,  instrictus,  set 
(sc.  gemmis). 

In-struo,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  furnish,  pro- 
vide ;  instruct. 

In- suet  us,  a,  um,  adj.,  unaccustom- 
ed, unused. 

Insula,  ae,  f.,  island. 

insults,  1  (Insilio),  to  spring  at  or 
upon,  dance. 

In-sum,  f ui,  esse,  to  be  in  or  on,  or 
upon. 

in-super,  adv.,  over  and  above,  be- 
sides. 

In-surgo,  surrexl,  surrectum,  3,  to 
rise  upon  or  up  to. 

in-tabesco,  bul,  3,  to  waste  away, 
pine,  melt,  dissolve. 

in-tactus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tango),  un- 
touched, intact. 

intellego  (inter-legO),  exl,  ectum,  3, 
to  see  into,  understand. 

in-temptatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  untried. 

in-tendo,  dl,  turn,  3,  to  stretch  upon 
or  out,  extend,  stretch  out,  cover. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace,  pron.  stem  an 
+  tara,  comp.  suffix,  an-tara,  in-ter), 
between,  among,  in  the  midst  of,  during. 

inter-cido  (cadO),  idl,  3,  to  fall  be- 
tween, perish,  die. 

inter-cipio  (capiO),  cCpI,  ceptnm,  3, 
to  take  away  between,  seize  upon,  inter- 
cept, carry  away,  rob. 

inter-dico,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  speak  be- 
tween, interpose,  forbid,  interdict. 

inter-dum,  adv.,  now  and  then,  at 
times,  sometimes. 


278 


INTER-EA 


IS 


inter-ea,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
mean  while. 

inter-eo,  il,  itum,  Ire,  to  perish,  go 
to  ruin,  die. 

interior,  ius,  Oris,  adj.  comp.,  inner, 
interior  ;  superl.,  intimus,  a,  um,  inner- 
most. 

interius,  adv.,  within. 

inter-mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to 
leave  off,  intermit,  omit. 

inter-nodium,  ii,  n.  (nodus),  the 
space  between  two  knots  or  joints,  an 
internode  or  joint. 

in-territus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unterrified. 

inter-rump5,  rupl,  ruptum,  3,  to 
interrupt. 

inter-sero,  uT,  rtum,  3,  to  put  in  be- 
tween, interpose. 

inter-texo,  ul,  xtum,  3,  to  weave  in 
between,  interweave. 

inter-venio,  venl,  ventum,  4,  to 
come  in  between,  intervene,  interrupt. 

in-texo,  ul,  xtum,  3,  to  weave  into 
or  in,  inweave,  interweave. 

intibum,  i,  n.,  endive. 

in -ton  5,  ul,  1,  to  thunder. 

in-tonsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tondeo),  un- 
shorn. 

intra,  prep,  with  ace.  (for  R,  see 
inter),  abl.  intra-(d)  =  intera  parte,  with- 
in. 

in-tremo,  ul,  3,  to  tremble,  quake. 

in-tro,  avl,  atum  (R.  tar,  tra,  to 
move,  tra-re,  tra-n-s,  part,  pres.,  in- 
trare),  to  enter,  go  into,  tread. 

intror^hm,  adv.  (intrOversus),  to- 
tvard  the  inside,  inward. 

iiitus,  adv.  (in,  tus),  within,  into. 

in-utilis,  e,  adj.,  useless,  injurious. 

in-vado,  si,  sum,  3,  to  go  into,  fall 
upon,  invade. 

in-veho,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  carry  into 
or  to,  to  ride,  drive,  sail,  fly. 

in-venio,  venl,  ventum,  4,  to  come 
upon,  find,  meet  with,  find  out,  invent.  \ 

in-vergo,  ere,  to  turn,  incline  to, 
pour  upon. 

in-victus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vincO),  uncon- 
quered,  unconquerable. 

in-video,  vldl,  visum,  2,  to  look 
askance  at,  to  envy,  be  envious,  refuse, 
grudge. 

invidia,  ae,  f.,  envy,  hate,  dislike, 
odium. 


invidiosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  envious,  in- 
vidious, envied,  hated. 

i nvid us,  a,  um,  adj.,  envious,  unfa- 
vorable. 

invisus,  a,  um,  adj.  (invideO),  hated. 

invit5,  1  (R.  vak,  voc,  voc<3,  vocita- 
re,  invoci-tare,  invici-tare,  in-vic-tare, 
in-vi-tare,  to  call),  to  invite,  entertain. 

in vitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  vak,  to  will, 
vie,  in-vic-(i)tu-s,  in-vl-tus),  unwilling, 
reluctant,  contrary  to  one's  will. 

invius,  a,  um,  adj.  (in-via),  impassa- 
ble, impenetrable. 

in-voco,  1,  to  call  upon,  invoke,  call 
to  one's  assistance. 

lolciacus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Iolchos, 
lolchian. 

Iole,  Ss,  f.,  d.  of  Eurytus,  king  of 
Oechalia. 

ipse,  a,  um,  pron.  (RR.  i,  pron.  stem 
3dpers.  +  pse,  self,  fr.  pa-t,  po-t,  poti-s, 
one  who  is  able,  master),  he  himself,  in 
person,  the  very  one,'  then  with  pro- 
nouns of  other  persons,  and  all  genders, 
herself,  itself,  myself,  thyself. 

ira,  ae,  f .  (R.  ir,  to  be  angry,  injure), 
anger,  wrath,  angry  feeling,  assault  of 
anger. 

irascor,  i,  3  (for  R.  see  ira,  ira-sc-i), 
to  be  angry,  get  angry. 

Iratus,  a,  um,  adj,  (ira,  ira-tu-s),  an- 
gry, enraged. 

Iris,  is,  f .,  goddess  of  the  rainbow,  d. 
of  Thaumas,  messenger  of  Juno. 

ir-requietus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  re, 
quies,  quietus),  unquiet,  restless. 

ir-rideo,  si,  sum,  2,  to  laugh  at,  ridi- 
cule, laugh  to  scorn. 

irritamentum,  i,  n.  (irrlto),  an  in- 
citement. 

irrito,  1  (R.  ra,  rai,  to  sound,  ir-rl- 
re,  ir-rl-ta-re),  to  move  to  passion,  to  ex- 
cite, incite,  provoke,  irritate. 

irritus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  ratus),  not 
determined,  invalid,  void,  in  vain,  in- 
effectual. 

irr5ro,  1  (rOrO),  to  bedew,  moisten, 
sprinkle. 

irrumpo,  rupl,  ruptum,  3  (in,  rum- 
pO),  to  break  in  or  into,  or  upon. 

Irus,  I,  m.,  name  of  a  beggar  in 
Ithaca. 

is,  ea,  id,  demons,  pron.  (pron.  stem 
i),  he,  she,  it,  that,  this ;  such  an  one. 


ISMARIUS 


JURO 


279 


Ismarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Ismaros,  a 
mountain  in  Thrace,  Ismarian  ;  Thra- 
cian. 

Ismenos,  I,  m.,  1,  a  river  in  Boeotia, 
near  Thebes  ;  2,  son  of  Niobe. 

Isse,  Cs,  f.,  d.  of  the  Lesbian  Maca- 
reus. 

iste,  a,  ud,  fr.  i,  pron.  stem  +  TA  pron. 
stem  i-s  (is-tu-s),  is-te,  is-ta,  is-tu-d, 
demonstr.  pron.,  Mis,  that  (pointing  to 
the  2d  pers.),  that  one  of  yours,  that  one 
near  you. 

ita,  adv.,  fr.  i  +  ta,  ita,  so,  thus,  in 
this  icay. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  (fr.  i,  R.  of  eo,  i- 


tu-m,  it-es,  it-in-es,  it-er,  it-in-er-is), 
a  going,  a  way,  journey,  march,  road, 
street. 

iter<5,  1  (for  R.  see  itcrum),  to  do  a 
second  time,  repeat,  reach  again. 

iterum,  adv.  (fr.  pron.  stem  I  (is), 
with  comparative  as  adv.,  ace.  sing,  n., 
i-teru-m),  the  other,  a  second  time,  once 
more,  again. 

lulus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Aeneas,  also 
called  Ascanius. 

Ixion,  onis,  m.,  king  of  the  Lapithae 
in  Thessaly,  punished  in  Tartarus  by 
being  bound  fast  to  an  ever-revolving 
wheel. 


jaceo,  uT,  itum,  2  (for  R.  see  jaciO), 
(intrans.  of  jaciO,  to  be  thrown,  hence), 
to  lie  down,  recline,  rest,  lie  in  the  grave, 
lie  in  ruins. 

jacio,  jecl,  jactum,  3  (R.  ja,  ja-k,  to 
go,  cause  to  go),  to  throw,  lay,  throw 
out  (in  speaking). 

jactG,  1  (jacio),  freq.,  to  throw,  hurl, 
shake,  throw  out,  fling  out,  boast. 

j  act  fir  a,  ae,  f.,  a  throwing  away,  a 
loss,  damage. 

j  actus,  us,  m.  (jaciO),  a  throiv,  cast, 
throw  (of  dice). 

jaculatrix,  Tcis,  f.,she  that  throws, 
shoots  (of  Diana),  the  huntress. 

jaculor,  dep.,  1  (jaciO),  to  throw. 

jaculum,  I,  n.,  a  javelin. 

jam,  adv.  (R.  ja,  pron.  stem  3d  pers., 
jasmin,  ja-m,  locative),  now,  just  now, 
already ;  only  now. 

jam-dudum,  adv.  (jam,  du-dum,  fr. 
diu-dum,  see  dum),  now  fo?'  some  time, 
some  time  ago,  long  since. 

janua,  ae,  f .  (R.  ja,  ja,  to  go),  a  pas- 
sage-way, entrance,  door,  house-door. 

jecur  (jocur),  jecoris,  jecinoris,  jo- 
cinorie,  n.  (fr.  jak-an),  the  liver. 

jejunium,  i,  n.  (jejflnus,  etym. 
unc),  fasting,  hunger. 

juba,  ae,  f.  (etym.  unc),  the  mane  of 
a  horse,  Met.  v,  403. 

jubar,  aris,  n.  (R.  niv,  dju,  to  shine, 
ju-bar),  brightness,  radiance,  of  the  sun, 
of  a  star. 

jubeo,  jussl,  jussum,  2  (R.  ju,  ju-g, 
ju-dh,  ju-b,  to  bind,  make  binding),  to 
order,  bid,  command. 


judex,  icis,  m.  (jus-dex,  jus  same 
R.  as  jubeo,  dex  same  as  dlcO,  which 
see),  a  judge ;  an  umpire. 

judicium,  I,  n.  (judex),  a  judgment, 
judicial  sentence,  decision. 

jugalis,  e,  adj.  (jugum,  wh.  see),  of 
a  yoke  ;  of  a  marriage-union  ;  nuptial, 
matrimonial. 

jugerum,  I  (is),  n.  (same  R.  as  ju- 
gum),  a  piece  of  land,  240  feet  long  by 
120  wide,  a  juger;  acre  (though  much 
smaller  than  the  English  acre). 

jugulo,  1  (fr.  jugulum,  which  has 
same  R.  as  jugum),  to  cut  the  throat, 
slay,  murder. 

jugulum,  I,  n.,  the  throat. 

jugum,  I,  n.  (same  R.  as  jubeo, 
wh.  see),  a  yoke,  collar ;  a  team  ;  span  ; 
the  beam  of  a  weavers  loom  ;  a  moun- 
tain-ridge (or  yoke),  height. 

junctura,  ae,  f .,  a  ligament. 

j  uncus,  T,  m.,  a  rush,  a  bidrush. 

jungo,  nxl,  nctum,  3  (R.  ju,  ju-g, 
ju-n-g,  to  bind),  to  join,  unite,  yoke  ; 
unite  in  marriage,  wed,  marry. 

Junonius,  a,  um,  adj.  (JunO),  of 
Juno,  Junonian. 

Juppiter,  jovis,  m.  (R.  div,  dju, 
djau,  djav,  to  shine  ;  djov,  Jov-i-s  ;  Ju- 
piter (pater),  then  with  doubling  of  con- 
sonant, Ju-ppiter,  father  of  light  •  but 
Cic.  in  De  Nat.  D.  II,  25,  64,  derives 
from  juvo,  "juvans  pater "  ;  juva-re, 
however,  is  fr.  same  R.  div)  ;  Jupiter, 
or  Jove,  Gr.  Zev's,  son  of  Saturn  and 
Rhea,  chief  god  of  the  Romans. 

jurO,  1  (R.  ju,  to  bind,  ju-s,  ju-r-is, 


2S0 


JUS 


LANUGO 


jflra-re),  to  swear,  take  an  oath,  swear 
by  some  person  or  thing. 

jus,  jQris,  n.  (R.  ju,  to  bind,  ju-s, 
that  which  binds),  right,  law,  justice  ; 
duty  ;  justness;  power,  authority. 

juste  (Justus),  justly,  with  right. 

Justus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (jfis),just,  right- 
eous, rightful,  true,  lawful,  equitable, 
legitimate. 

juven&lis,  c,  adj.  (juvenis,  and  fr. 
same  R.  as  juvO),  youthful,  juvenile. 

juvenaliter,  adv.  (juvenalis),  youth- 
fully, after  manner  of  youth. 

juvenca,  ae,  f .  (juvencus,  contr.  fr. 


juvenicus,  fr.  juvenis),  a  young  cow, 
heifer. 

juvencus,  I,  m.  (juvenis),  a  young 
bullock,  bullock. 

juvenis,  is,  adj.  and  subst.  (fr.  same 
R.  as  juvO),  youthful,  young,  a  youth, 
a  young  man. 

juventa,  ae,  f.  (juvenis),  youth,  the 
goddess  of  youth. 

juventus,  fltis,  f.  (juvenis),  age  of 
youth  ;  youth,  young  persons. 

juvo,  javl,  jutum,  1  (R.  div,  dju, 
juv-),  to  help,  aid,  assist ;  to  delight, 
please,  rejoice. 


labefacio,  feci,  factum,  3  (labo,  fa- 
cio),  to  cause  to  fall,  shake,  weaken. 

labo,  1  (R.  rab,  to  hang  down,  fall, 
lab  (labi),  lab,  laba-re),  waver,  totter, 
give  way. 

labor,  lapsus  sum,  dep.,  3  (see  labo), 
to  slide,  slip,  glide,  fall,  sink. 

labor,  Oris,  m.  (labos),  (R.  rabh, 
rab,  lab,  to  seize,  undertake),  effort  to 
reach  anything,  labor,  exertion,  trouble. 

laboro,  1  (labor),  to  labor,  take  pains, 
be  in  trouble. 

lac,  ctis,  n.  (R.  galakt,  glakt,  lac), 
milk ;  milk  of  plants. 

lacer,  era,  erum,  adj.  (R.  var,  to 
draw,  tear,  var-k,  vlak,  lac-),  torn,  lace- 
rated, lacerating. 

lacerna,  ae,  f .  (see  lacer ;  f  r.  lacinia, 
apiece  of  cloth),  a  mantle  worn  over  the 
toga,  as  a  dress-robe,  or  worn  on  jour- 
neys, or  in  wet  or  cold  weather. 

lacero,  1  (lacer),  to  lacerate,  mangle  ; 
to  distress,  trouble. 

lacerta,  ae,  f .,  a  lizard. 

lacertosus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (lacertus), 
muscular,  powerful. 

lacertus,  I,  m.  (R.  lak,  to  bend), 
the  upper  arm,  from  the  elbow  to  the 
shoulder ;  the  arm  ;  lacerti,  the  claws 
of  the  scorpion  ;  the  arm  of  a  river. 

lacesso,  IvT,  Itum,  3  (laciO,  R.  lac, 
to  allure),  to  excite,  provoke,  attack. 

lacrima,  ae,  f .  (R.  dak  =  lac,  to 
bite,  Gr.  Sdicpv),  a  tear. 

lacrimo,  1  (lacrima),  to  shed  tears, 
weep. 

lacrimosus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (lacrima), 
tearful,  full  of  tears ;  lamentable. 


lacto,  1  (lac),  to  give  milk. 

lacus,  us,  m.  (R.  lac,  to  bend  ;  hol- 
low), a  hollowing  out,  deepening ;  a 
basin,  vessel,  tank ;  a  cooling-trough. 
Met.  ix,  171 ;  a  lake ;  pool. 

laedo,  si,  sum,  3  (R.  sridh,  to  in- 
jure, slidh,  lid,  laid,  laed-ere),  to  hurt, 
injure,  wound  ;  to  trouble,  annoy,  grieve. 

laetabilis,  c,  adj.  (laetus),  joyful, 
glad. 

laetor,  dep.,  1  (laetus),  to  rejoice,  be 
glad. 

laetus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  pri,  to  rejoice, 
prai,  plai,  plae,  lae-),  joyful,  glad,pleaS' 
ing,  delightful,    laetitia,  ae,  f.,joy. 

laevus,  a,  um,  adj.,  laiva,  laivo,  left; 
subst.  (manus  understood),  left  hand. 

lambo,  mbl,  bitum,  3  (R.  lap,  to 
lick,  lab,  la-m-b-),  to  lap,  lick  ;  reach. 

lamina,  ae,  f.,  a  thin  plate,  especial- 
ly of  metal  ;  also  of  wood  or  marble. 

L.ampetie,  6s,  f.,  one  of  the  Helia- 
des  ;  Met.  ii,  349. 

laria,  ae,  f.  (R.  lac,  to  bend,  lac-na, 
15-na),  wool. 

lancea,  ae,  f.  (R.  lanka),  a  lance. 

langueo,  Gre  (R.  lag,  to  be  soft, 
la-n-g),  to  be  faint,  inactive,  languid. 

languor,  Oris,  m.  (langueO),  faint- 
ness,  languor. 

lanificus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lana-faciO), 
'that  works  in  wool,  of  ivool-working. 

laniger,  gera,  gerum,  adj.  (lana- 
gerO),  toool-bearing,  fleecy. 

lanio,  1  (R.  same  as  lacer),  to  rend 
in  pieces,  lacerate,  to  tear. 

lanugo,  inis  (lana),  f.,  down  of  the 
beard. 


LAOMEDON 


LETIFER 


281 


IAomedon,  ontis,  m.,  king  of  Troy, 
son  of  II us,  father  of  Priam.  / 

lapidosus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (lapis),  st6n^f. 

lapillus,  I,  m.  (lapis),  a  little  stone. 

lapis,  idis,  m.  (B.  lap,  to  peel),  a 
(hare)  rock. 

lapsus,  As,  m.  (labor),  a  falling,  fall. 

laqueus,  I,  m.  (B.  same  as  laciO, 
lac,  to  allure),  a  noose,  snare. 

la*,  laris,  m.  (B.  ra,  la-la-s,  la-r,  to 
stop,  rest),  originally  a  place  of  rest, 
house,  home  ;  then  the  deity  of  the 
household,  tutelary  deity. 

largus,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  nnc, 
perhaps  from  same  B.  as  lasclvus), 
abundant,  rich,  large. 

lasclvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  same  as 
lar),  playful,  sportive. 

lasso,  1  (lassus),  to  weary,  fatigue, 
tire. 

lassus,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.imc), weary, 
tired. 

late,  adv.  (latus),  widely,  broadly,  to 
a  great  extent. 

latebra,  ae,  f .  (lateO),  a  hiding-place, 
retreat. 

lateo,  uT,  2  (B.  radh,  to  forsake, 
ladh,  lat-),  to  be  hidden,  hide  one's  self. 

lat  i  to,  1,  reg.,  to  hide. 

JLatlnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Latin. 

Latius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Latium, 
Latin. 

Latona,  ae,  f .,  d.  of  the  Titan  Coeus 
and  Phebe,  mother  of  Apollo  and 
Diana. 

LatSnigena,  ae,  comm.  in  pi., 
children  of  Latona,  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Latous,  T,  m.,  son  of  Latona,  Apollo. 

latro,  1  (B.  ra,  to  sound,  ra-t,  lat, 
latra-re),  to  bark. 

latro,  Onis,  m.  (B.  lu,  to  win,  plun- 
der, lau,  lav,  la-tr-o),  a  robber. 

latus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  star,  to 
strew,  spread,  stra,  stla,  la-tu-s),  out- 
spread, broad,  wide,  extended. 

latus,  eris,  n.  (B.  prat,  to  broaden, 
plat,  lat-),  breadth,  the  side,  flank,  of 
animals,  men,  things. 

laudo,  1  (laus),  to  praise,  count  hap- 
py- 

laurea,  ae,  f.  (laurus),  laurel-tree. 

laurus,  tis,  m.  (B.  du,  to  burn,  dau-, 
lau-ro),  laurel-tree,  laurel,  c?vwn,  vic- 
tory. 


laus,  dis,  f.  (B.  kru,  to  hear,  sound, 
klu,  clu-  (clu-ere),  lau-s),  praise,  renown, 
fame  ;  words,  deeds,  of  fame. 

Iav5,  lavl,  lotum,  lautum,  lavAtum,  1 
(B.  lu,  to  wash,  luv,  lau,  lav),  to  wash, 
bathe. 

lea,  ae,  f .  (leO),  a  lioness. 

leaena,  ae,  f .  (Ae'cu^a),  a  lioness. 

Lebinthus,  or  os,  I,  f.,  one  of  the 
Sporadic  isles,  S.  W.  of  Asia  Minor. 

lectus,  I,  m.  (B.  lagh,  to  lie  down, 
leg,  lec-tu-s),  a  couch,  bed  ;  a  bier ;  by 
meton.,  marriage. 

Leda,  ae,  f.,  d.  of  Thestius,  wife  of 
Tyndareus,  mother  of  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux. 

lego,  leg!,  lectum,  3  (B.  rag,  to 
gather,  read,  lag,  leg),  to  gather,  collect, 
read ;  choose. 

Lelex,  egis,  m.,  one  of  the  Calydoni- 
an  hunters  of  Naryx,  in  Locris. 

lena,  ae,  f .  (lenO,  B.  lag,  to  be  soft, 
leg,  leg-na,  lSna),  a  bawd,  procuress. 

Lenaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (kr^voi),  a  name 
of  Bacchus. 

lenimen,  inis,  n.  (leniO),  a  soothing 
remedy,  a  solace. 

lenis,  e,  adj.  (B.  lana,  soft,  lGni-s), 
mild,  soft,  gentle. 

lente,  adv.,  slowly. 

lentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as 
Ignis;  lan-ta,  len-tu-s),  pliant,  soft, 
tough  ;  insensible,  sluggish,  slow. 

Leo,  Onis,  m.  (R.  liv,  to  be  grayish- 
yellow,  laiv-an,  le-o(n)),  a  lion ;  the 
Lion  in  the  zodiac. 

lepus,  oris,  m.  (R.  lap,  to  be  bright, 
light,  lep-us,  the  light,  the  gray),  a 
hare. 

Lerna,  ae,  f.,  a  marsh  in  Argolis. 

Lesbos,  or  As,  I,  f.,  an  island  in  the 
Aegean. 

Lesbius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Lesbos,  Les- 
bian. 

IS  talis,  e,  adj.  (lgtum),  deadly. 

Lethaea,  ae,  f.,  wife  of  Olenos  ; 
changed  into  stone  on  Mt.  Ida. 

Lethaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (LethC),  of 
Lethe,  Lethean. 

LethS,  68,  f.  (same  B.  as  lateO,  Gr. 
\r)9y)),forgetfulness,  oblivion  ;  name  of 
a  river  in  the  lower  world. 

letifer,  era,  crum,  adj.,  death-bring- 
ing, deadly. 


282 


LETO 


LITUS 


leto,  1  (letum),  to  put  to  death. 

letum,  I,  n.  (B.  ri,  to  let  run,  dis- 
solve, li,  lS-tu-m),  death,  ruin. 

levis,  e,  adj.  (B.  ragh,  to  run, 
lagu-i,  legu-i,  legv-i,  levi-s),  light. 

levis,  e,  adj.,  smooth. 

levitas,  5tis,  f .  (levis),  lightness. 

leviter,  adv.,  lightly. 

levo,  1  (same  B.  as  levis),  to  make 
light,  lighten,  relieve,  lift  up,  soften, 
moderate. 

lex,  legis,  f .  (same  B.  as  lectus,  leg, 
leg-s,  lex,  what  is  laid  down),  a  law, 
rule,  order,  decision,  condition. 

liber,  HbrT,  m.  (B.  lap,  to  peel,  lib, 
lib-ro,  lib-er),  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

liber,  era,  erum,  adj.  (B.  lubh,  to 
desire,  please,  libh,  lib,  loub,  loib,  loeb, 
lib-er),  free,  frank,  open. 

Liber,  erl,  m.  (B.  ri,  to  let  run,  pour, 
lib,  lib-er),  originally  an  Italian  deity, 
who  presided  over  all  that  is  fruitful ; 
then  the  name  transferred  to  the  Gr. 
Bacchus. 

Hbero,  1  (liber,  free),  to  free,  libe- 
rate. 

libertas,  atis,  f.  (liber),  liberty ,  free- 
dom. 

libet,  uit,  impers.  v.  (fr.  same  B.  as 
liber,  free),  it  pleases,  is  agreeable  ; 
with  mihi,  Hike. 

libo,  1  (same  B.  as  Liber,  Bacchus), 
to  draw,  pour  out,  to  make  a  libation ; 
figuratively,  to  touch  lightly,  skim. 

libro,  1  (B.  kri,  to  lean,  bend,  cli, 
cle-bra,  li-bra,  libra-re),  to  balance, 
iveigh,  poise,  siving. 

libum,  I,  n.  (B.  kar,  to  cook,  mix, 
kri,  cli-,  cli-bu-m,  li-bu-m),  a  cake,  pan- 
cake. 

L.ibycus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Libyan. 

Iiibye,  es,  f.,  Libya;  Africa. 

licentia,  ae,  f.  (fr.  licere),  freedom, 
license. 

licet,  uit,  licitum  est,  2,  imp.  v.  (B. 
rik,  to  let,  let  go,  ric,  lie,  lic-ere,  it  is  for 
sale,  it  is  free),  it  is  allowed,  permitted, 
one  may  (or)  can. 

Licbas,  ae,  m.,  servant  of  Hercules. 

lignosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lignum), 
tvoody,  of  wood. 

lignum,  I,  n.  (B.  rag,  to  gather,  leg, 
lig,  lig-nu-m,  what  is  gathered),  wood, 
timber. 


ligo,  1  (B.  varg,  to  press,  confine, 
valg,  vilg,  vlig,  lig,  liga-re),  to  bind,  bind 
fast. 

ligo,  Onis,  m.  (B.  laghan,  ligon),  a 
spade. 

figures,  um,  the  Ligurians,  a  people 
in  northern  Italy. 

lilium,  I,  n.  (Gr.  \eipiov).  a  lily. 

Lilybaeon,  I,  n.,  the  western  prom- 
ontory of  Sicily. 

limbus,  I,  m.  (B.  rab,  to  hang 
down,  lamb,  limb-),  a  border,  edge, 
fringe. 

Hmen,  inis,  n.  (same  B.  as  limes),  a 
threshold ;  entrance,  door,  house. 

limes,  itis,  m.  (B.  lak,  to  bend,  turn, 
lie,  lic-mit,  limes),  a  cross-path,  path, 
limit,  boundary. 

limosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (limus),  slimy, 
muddy. 

limus,  I,  m.  (B.  ri,  to  let  run,  pour, 
li,  li-mu-s),  slime,  mud. 

lingua,  ae,  f .  (B.  dangua,  dingna, 
lingua,  tongue),  speech,  language,  utter- 
ance ;  tongue  of  land  ;  anther  of  a  lily, 
Met.  X,  191. 

linter,  tris,  f.  (B.  pru,  to  swim, 
float,  plu,  plun,  lun-,  lin-ter),  a  trough, 
vat ;  a  boat,  skiff. 

linteum,  I,  n.  (linum),  a  linen  cloth; 
a  sail. 

linum,  I,  n.  (B.  linum,  flax),  linen. 

liquefacio,  feci,  factum,  3,  to  make 
liquid,  to  dissolve,  melt. 

liqueo,  liqul,  2  (B.  ri,  to  pour  out, 
li,  lie,  liqu-),  to  be  liquid  or  fluid  ;  to  be 
clear,  distinct. 

liquesco,  licul,  3  (liqueo),  to  become 
liquid. 

liquid  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (liqueo),  fluid, 
liquid  ;  bright,  clear. 

liquor,  oris,  m.  (Y\qne6),  fluidity  ;  a 
fluid,  liquid  (clear)  water. 

liquor,  liqul  (liquet)),  to  be  fluid, 
liquid  ;  to  dissolve,  disappear. 

lis,  litis,  f .  (B.  star,  to  disturb,  stir, 
stri,  strei-ti,  stlei-ti,  stli-ti,  li-s),  a  dis- 
pute, quarrel ;  lawsuit. 

llttera,  ae,  f.  (B.  ri,  to  pour,  spread 
over,  11,  li-ttera),  (what  is  spread  over, 
marked),  a  letter  (of  the  alphabet),  a 
mark  or  sign  ;  collect.,  writing  ;  an  in- 
scription (as  writing  on  a  tomb). 

litus,  oris,  n.  (fr.  same  B.  as  littera), 


LIVEO 


LYCORMAS       283 


something  marked  out,  a  shore,  beach, 
shut  ikI. 

Ilve5,  Cre  (fr.  same  R.  as  leo),  to  be 
lead-colored,  bluish,  livid  ;  to  envy. 

llvor,  Oris,  m.  (liveO),  a  leaden  color, 
taint,  spot ;  envy. 

loco,  1  (locus),  to  place,  put,  set. 

locus,  I,  m.  (R,  star,  to  strew,  cover, 
stark,  stra-k,  stlo-c,  lo-c-u-s),  a  place, 
spot,  situation  ;  space  ;  room  ;  social 
position. 

lolium,  I,  n.,  darnel,  tares. 

longe,  adv.  (longus),  long,  in  length, 
far  ;  for  a  long  period. 

longus,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  unc), 
long  ;  tail ;  vast ;  long-continuing. 

loquax,  acis,  adj.  (loquor),  loqua- 
cious, talkative. 

loquor,  locfltus  sum,  dep.  v.,  3  (R. 
ra,  to  sound,  ra-k,  lak,  loqu-),  to  talk, 
speak,  say,  mention,  relate,  declare. 

lorica,  ae,  f.  (lorum),  a  leather 
cuirass,  coat  of  mail. 

lorum,  i,  n.  (R.  var,  to  wind,  turn, 
val,  vol,  vlo,  lo-ru-m),  a  thong,  strap, 
reins,  bridle. 

lotos,  I,  f.,  lotus-tree. 

liibricus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  gla,  to  be 
slippery,  glu,  glu-b,  lu-br-o,  lu-bri-cu-s), 
slippery. 

luceo,  x,  2  (for  R.  sec  lflx),  to  shine, 
gleam. 

lucidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lflx),  bright, 
shining,  clear. 

Lucifer,  erl,  m.  (lflx,  fero),  light- 
bringing,  the  morning-star. 

Liicretia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Calla- 
tinus  ;  Fasti,  II,  741. 

Lucretius,  I,  m.,  the  poet,  T.  Lucre- 
tius Carus,  author  of  the  poem  "De 
rerum  natura  ";  Am.  I,  15,  23. 

lucrum,  I,  n.  (R.  lu,  to  win,  gain, 
lou,  lu,  lu-cru-m),  gain,  lucre. 

luctor,  art,  1,  v.  d.  (R.  ru,  ru-g,  to 
break,  bend,  lug,  luc-tari),  to  wrestle, 
struggle,  take  pains. 

luctus,  tls,  m.  (lflgeO),  mourning, 
sorrow,  distress,  grief. 

lucus,  T,  m.  (lnx),  the  shining  as  in 
an  open  place  in  a  wood,  a  grove,  sacred 
to  some  deity,  a  wood. 

ludo,  sT,  sum,  3  (R.  krid,  to  play, 
crid,  croid,  cloid,  loid,  lfld),  to  play, 
sport,  mock,  play  off,  foil,  parry. 


lfulus,  T,  m.  (Ifldo),  a  game,  sport, 
play  ;  in  pi.,  public  games,  sports. 

lugeS,  xl.  2  (from  same  R.  as  luctor), 
to  mourn,  gHeve,  bewail ;  be  in  mourn- 
ing. 

lugubris,  e,  adj.  (lugeO,  fero,  luge- 
ferO,  lugu-ferO,  lug-u-bri-s),  belonging 
to  mourning,  mournful,  sad. 

lumen,  inis,  n.  (lflx),  a  light,  light, 
ray  of  light,  light  of  the  eyes  ;  by  me- 
ton.,  the  eye  ;  light  of  life. 

Luna,  ae,  f .  (R.  ruk,  to  shine,  luc, 
louc,  lflc,  luc-na,  luna),  the  moon  ;  the 
goddess  of  the  moon,  Diana. 

luo,  lul,  latum,  3  (R.  lu,  to  loose,  lu, 
lu-e-re),  to  wash,  loose  ;  atone  for,  expi- 
ate. 

lupa,  ae,  f.  (lupus),  a  she-wolf. 

Lupercus,  I,  m.  (RR.  ark  (and  see 
lupus),  to  keep  off  (arc-e-re)),  (one  that 
keeps  off  wolves),  the  Roman  name  of 
Pan,  a  priest  of  Pan. 

lupus,  T,  m.  (R.  var,  to  tear,  var-k, 
vlak,  vluk,  lup-u-s),  a  wolf. 

luridus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ghar,  to  be 
green  or  yellow,  ghvar,  var,  lfl-ri-dus), 
pale  yellow,  pale,  lurid. 

lusor,  Oris,  m.  (Ifldo),  one  who  plays, 
a  player ;  a  playful  writer,  Trist.  IV, 
10,1. 

lustro,  1  (lflstrum),  to  purify  by  an 
offering  ;  to  go  around  (as  the  priest,  in 
sacrifice,  went  around  the  object  sac- 
rificed), to  traverse  ;  to  review  (mili- 
tary). 

lustrum,  I,  n.  (R.  lu,  to  wash),  a 
marsh,  morass,  bog. 

lusus,  fls,  m.  (Ifldo),  playing,  sport. 

lutulentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lutum,  fr. 
lu,  to  wash),  muddy,  slimy. 

lux,  lflcis,  f .  (R.  ruk,  to  shine,  Ink, 
luc,  louk,  lflc,  luc-s,  lflx),  light,  day- 
light, day,  light  of  the  eye ;  life. 

luxurio,  1  (R.  rik,  to  let  go,  give 
up,  lflc,  luc-tu-s,  luxus,  luxur-ia.luxuria- 
re),  to  be  rank,  luxuriant,  to  swell, 
shine. 

Lyaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Avaios),  one 
that  loosens,  frees ;  epithet  of  Bac- 
chus. 

Lycia,  ae,  f .,  a  district  in  southern 
Asia  Minor. 

Lycius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Lycia),  a  Ly- 
cian. 


284 


LYCORIS 


MANO 


Lycormas,  ae,  m.,  a  river  in  Aetolia. 

Iiycoris,  idis,  f.  (also  called  Cythere), 
a  freedwoman,  mistress  of  Cornelius 
Gallus,  Am.  I,  15,  30. 

Lydia,  ae,  f.,  a  district  in  western 
Asia  Minor. 

Lydus,  a,  um  (Lydia),  Lydian. 


lympha,  ae,  f.  (R.  lap,  to  shine, 
lamp,  lump,  limp,  lymph-a),  clear  water, 
spring-water. 

lymphatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lympho, 
lympha),  frenzied. 

lyra,  ae,  f.  (Avpa),  a  lute,  lyre  ;  a 
strain,  tune. 


M 


Macareis,  idis,  f.,  daughter  of  the 
Lesbian  Macareus. 

Macer,  Aemilius,  name  of  a  poet ; 
Tr.  IV,  10,  44. 

macies,  6T,  f .  (R.  smak,  smik,  to  be 
small,  mac,  macia-re,  macie-s),  leanness, 
meagerness. 

macula,  ae,  f.  (R.  sma,  to  rw&, 
smear,  ma,  mac-),  a  stain,  spot. 

madefacio,  feci,  factum,  3  (madeo, 
facio),  to  make  wet,  moisten. 

madeo,  uT,  2  (R.  mad,  to  swell,  drop, 
drip,  mad-ere),  to  be  wet,  moist. 

madesco,  ul,  3  (madeO),  to  grow  wet, 
moist. 

madidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (madeO),  wet, 
moist. 

Maeandros,  I,  m.,  river  in  western 
Asia  Minor. 

Maeonia,  ae,  f.,  an  old  name  of 
Lydia. 

Maeonis,  idis,  f.,  the  Maeonian, 
Arachne. 

Maeonius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Maeonian. 

maereo,  ere  (R.  mi,  to  injure,  dis- 
turb, mi-s,  mais,  maer-ere),  to  mourn, 
lament,  be  sad. 

maestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
maereO),  mournful,  full  of  sorrow. 

magis,  adv.  (R.  mak,  mag,  to  be 
great  ;  comp.  (mag-ius),  mag-is),  more, 
rather,  in  greater  degree. 

magister,  trl  (same  R.  as  magis) ; 
double  comp.,  magis-ter,  the  higher, 
greater,  master,  teacher. 

magistra,  ae,  f .  (magis),  a  directress, 
school-mistress. 

m agnan imus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mSgnus, 
animus),  great-sovled,  magnanimous. 

magnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
magis),  great ;  major,  greater  (in  age), 
older,  maximus,  greatest  (in  age),  oldest; 
great  (of  persons),  powerful,  famous. 

male,  adv.  (malus),  ill,  badly. 


maledico,  xT,  ctum,  3  (male,  dlco), 
to  speak  ill,  slander. 

mallgnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (maligenus, 
fr.  male  and  g(e)n-o,  fr.  gen,  gan,  see 
gigno),  of  an  evil  disj)osition,  ill-dis- 
posed, malignant. 

malu,  maluT,  malle  (magis-volo),  to 
have  rather,  prefer. 

malum,  T,  n.  (R.  malo),  an  apple. 

malus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  "mar,  mal, 
to  rub,  rub  to  pieces,  grind  =  soil, 
blacken,"  Yanicek),  hateful,  ugly,  de- 
structive, bad,  evil;  unfortunate;  subst., 
malum,  T,  n.,  anything  evil  or  hurtful, 
evil,  mischief,  harm,  suffering,  misfor- 
tune. 

maiulo,  1  (manus,  do,  both  wh.  see), 
to  give  in  hand,  charge,  commend,  en- 
joy, instimct  ;  subst.,  mandatum,  I,  n., 
direction,  commission,  instruction,  or- 
der. 

man  do,  dT,  sum,  3  (R.  mad.  to  sir  ell, 
drip,  moisten,  man-d-0),  to  cheiv,  eat, 
bite. 

mane,  adv.  (R.  ma,  to  measure,  ma, 
ma-tu,  time,  matu-ru-s,  timely,  mane), 
early,  in  good  season,  at  early  morn- 
ing. 

maneo,  nsl,  nsum,  2  (R.  ma,  ma-n, 
to  think,  man-Sre  (like  Gr.  /uteV-w),  to 
bethink  one^s  self,  to  stop,  wait,  stay, 
remain  ;  await,  wait  for. 

manes,  ium,  m.  (same  R.  as  mtlne, 
ma,  to  measure,  form,  manus,  an  (old) 
adj.,  conformable,  good ;  mfines,  the 
souls  of  the  good),  the  souls  of  the 
departed,  the  manes  ;  the  deities  of  the 
lower  world  ;  the  lower  world. 

manifestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (manus  and 
festus,  fr.  R.  dhan-d,  to  strike,  seize, 
fend-,  f end-tu-s,  f ensu-s,  manu-  =  mani- 
festus, seized  ivith  the  hand),  manifest, 
palpable,  plain,  evident. 

mn.no,  1  (same  R.  as  madeO,  mad,  to 


MANTO 


MEMOR 


285 


drip,  mad-Ore  (mad-nu-s),  mS-na-re),  to 
Jloiv,  run,  drop,  trickle. 

Man  to,  fls,  f.,  a  Theban  prophetess, 
d.  of  Tiresias. 

manus,  fls,  f.  (B.  ma,  to  measure, 
form,  ma,  ma-nus,  that  which  measures, 
forms),  the  hand  ;  (hand- fight),  box- 
ing ;  ultima  manus,  the  last  touch. 

marcidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  withered. 

mare,  is,  n.  (B.  mar,  to  rub,  grind, 
ruin,  die,  mar-e,  Vanicek,  II,  708  ;  but 
others,  as  Curtius  and  Corssen,  refer  it, 
and  better,  in  meaning,  to  B.  mar,  to 
shine,  sparkle),  the  sea  (as  opposed  to 
the  land),  a  sea ;  sea-tvater. 

margo,  inis,  m.  (B.  marg,  to  touch, 
graze),  a  brink,  edge,  border,  margin. 

marltus,  I,  m.  (for  B.  see  mas, 
male),  a  married  man,  husband. 

marmor,  oris,  n.  (same  B.  as  mare, 
mar,  to  shine,  mar  +  mar,  mar-mor), 
marble,  a  marble,  marble  statue. 

in  armor  eus,  a,  um,  adj.  (marmor), 
of  marble,  like  marble,  marble-white. 

Mars,  rtis,  m.  (same  (B.  as  mar- 
mor ;  the  splendor-bringing  god  ;  also 
Mar-mar,  Mamers),  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Juno,  god  of  war;  by  meton.,  war, 
battle. 

Marsya  (or  -as),  ae,  m.  (fr.  the  Gr.), 
the  name  of  a  Satyr  ;  Metam.  VI,  382- 
400. 

Martius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Mars),  of 
Mars,  warlike,  martial. 

mas,  maris,  m.  (B.  ma,  ma-n,  to 
think,  man-s,  ma-s,  Eng.  man),  male, 
masculine,  manly,  man. 

massa,  ae,  f.  (B.  mak,  to  knead, 
mac,  fr.  Gr.  /xa£a,  dough),  a  lump,  mass, 
mass  of  gold,  of  marble,  of  milk  ;  used 
of  Chaos,  Metam  .1.  70, 

mater,  tris,  f .  (B.  ma,  to  measure, 
to  form,  ma-ter,  like  genetrix  in  mean- 
ing), a  mother,  of  men,  of  animals  ;  also 
used  of  the  earth,  as  producing  all 
things  ;  of  fountains,  as  the  source  of 
waters  ;  of  Cybele,  as  the  mother  of  the 
gods. 

materia,  ae,  and  materiSs,  Ci,  f .  (fr. 
same  B.  as  mater,  as  that  of  which  any- 
thing is  formed),  matter,  materials, 
stuff;  object. 

mater  nus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mater),  of  a 
mother,  maternal,  motherly. 


matrona,  ae,  f .  (mater),  a  married 
woman,  wife,  matron. 

matiiresco,  tflrul  (matflrus),  v.  inch., 
to  grow  ripe,  ripen. 

maturus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ripe. 

matutlnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  same 
B.  as  matflrus,  mane,  and  Matfl-ta,  the 
goddess  of  the  morning),  of  the  morn- 
ing, morning. 

Mavors,  ortis,  m.  (BB.  magii,  mah, 
to  cut  (Gr.  fjiax-i?),  and  vor-t-ere,  vertere, 
the  battle-turner),  an  old  name  of  Mars  ; 
by  meton.,  war,  battle. 

Medea,  ae,  f.  (Mijficia,  wise  woman, 
fr.  B.  ma),  Medea. 

medeor,  5ri,  v.  dep.  (B.  ma,  to  think, 
ma-dh,  to  learn,  to  be  wise,  Gr.  fiaOe, 
mede-ri),  to  help,  heal,  cure. 

medicamen,  inis,  n.  (medicor,  me- 
deor), a  remedy,  a  drug,  means  of  sor- 
cery. 

medicina,  ae,  f.  (medicor),  medi- 
cine; art  of  healing . 

mediocris,  e,  adj.  (medius),  mid- 
dling, moderate,  ordinary. 

meditor,  1  (v.  dep.,  fr.  same  B.  as 
medeor,  which  see),  to  think  of,  reflect 
upon,  meditate. 

medius,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  madhja, 
the  middle),  that  is  in  the  midst  or  the 
middle,  middle;  subst.,  medium,  t/ie 
middle  ;  tlie  midst  of  all,  the  public. 

medulla,  ae,  f.  (medius),  the  (mid- 
dle) or  interior  of  bones,  or  of  plants, 
marrow,  pith. 

Medusaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Medusa 
(one  of  the  Gorgons),  Medusan. 

Megareius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Mega- 
reus  (Hippomenes),  Megareian. 

mel,  mellis,  n.,  1  (B.  mar,  to  rub, 
mal,  to  be  soft),  honey. 

Melanth5,  fls,  d.  of  Deucalion. 

Melas,  anis,  m.,  a  river  in  Thrace. 

membrum,  I,  n.  (B.  ma,  mi,  to  les- 
sen, mi-n,  mi-nu,  min-bro,  mem-bru-m), 
(a  small  thing),  a  limb,  member,  part, 
of  animals,  then  of  things  generally. 

meminl,  isse  (same  B.  as  mCns,  \vh. 
see),  to  bear  in  mind,  remember. 

Memnon,  onis,  m.,  son  of  Tithonus 
and  Aurora. 

memor,  oris,  adj.  (B.  smar,  to  mark, 
think,  mar,  mor,  me-mor-ia,  memor), 
mindful,  remembering. 


286 


MEMORO 


MINUO 


memoro,  1  (same  K.  as  memor),  to 
bring  to  remembrance,  commemorate, 
to  speak,  remark. 

Menandros,  or-er,  I,  m.  ;  see  note 
on  Amores,  I,  15,  18. 

mendacium,  I,  n.  (mendax),  a  lie. 

mend&x,  acis,  adj.  (same  K.  as 
mSns,  men-ti-ri,  mendax),  lying,  menda- 
cious, false,  hypocritical. 

mens,  ntis,  f .  (B.  ma,  to  think,  ma-n, 
men,  men-ti,  mens),  the  mind,  disposi- 
tion, soul,  heart,  feeling,  sentiment ; 
thought,  reason,  presence  of  mind ;  pur- 
pose. 

mensa,  ae,  f.  (R.  ma,  to  measure, 
form,  ma,  ma-n,  men-sa),  something 
measured  off,  a  table ;  by  meton.,  a 
meal,  feast,  course. 

mensis,  is,  m.  (same  B.  as  mensa), 
me-n-s-I-s,  measure  of  time,  a  month, 

mensor,  Oris,  m.,  a  measurer. 

mensura,  ae,  f .  (same  K.  as  mensa), 
a  measure. 

menta,  ae,  f .  (B.  mat,  to  turn),  mint 
(the  plant  so  called). 

mentior,  4,  v.  dep.  (see  mendax),  to 
lie,  deceive,  impose  upon. 

mentum,  T,  n.  (B.  man,  to  jut,  pro- 
ject, men,  men-tu-m),  the  chin. 

Mercurius,  T,  m.  (merx,  it.  B.  smar, 
mer,  mer-ere),  Gr.  Hermes,  son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Maia,  Mercury. 

mereo,  2  (B.  smar,  mer,  to  mark, 
share),  to  merit,  deserve,  earn,  get. 

meretrlx,  Icis,  f.  (mereO),  one  that 
earns  money,  a  harlot. 

mergo,  sT,  sum,  3  (B.  masg,  merg-, 
to  sink),  to  dip,  plunge,  sink,  im- 
merse. 

mergus,  I,  m.  (mergo),  a  diver,  name 
of  a  water-fowl. 

meritum,  I,  n.  (mereO),  a  service, 
benefit ;  reward. 

merits,  adv.  (mereO),  deservedly, 
justly. 

Merops,  opis,  m.,  king  of  Aethiopia. 

inerus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (B.  mar,  to  shine), 
mer,  mer-u-s,  bright,  clear,  pure,  un- 
mixed, mere. 

merum,  T,  n.  (merus),  unmixed 
wine;  wine. 

messis,  is,  f .  (metO),  the  harvest. 

meta,  ae,  f.  (B.  mi,  to  sink  in  the 
earth,  set  up),  mai-ta,  meta,  the  conical 


pillar  set  up  at  either  end  of  the  spina 
of  the  race-course,  the  mark,  goal; 
limit,  boundary. 

Methymnaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Me- 
thymna,  Methymnean. 

metior,  me"nsus  sum,  4,  v.  dep.  (B. 
ma,  to  measure,  me,  m5-ti,  me-tl-rl),  to 
measure,  to  pass  over,  traverse. 

metuo,  ul,  3  (metus),  to  fear,  be  in 
fear  of,  revere  ;  part.,  metuendus,  a, 
um, fearful;  metuens, fearing. 

metus,  us,  m.  (B.  ma,  to  think,  me, 
me-tu-s),/<?ar,  dread,  apprehension;  by 
meton.,  what  creates  fear,  a  terror. 

meus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pron.  stem,  1st 
pers.,  ma,  me),  mine,  my  own. 

mic5,  ul,  1  (etym.  unc),  to  quiver, 
glitter,  flash  forth. 

Midas,  ae,  m.,  a  Phrygian  king,  son 
of  Cybele. 

miles,  itis,  m.  (B.  mil,  to  join,  come 
together,  meile-t,  meile-s,  miles),  soldier, 
warrior ;  (collective)  soldiery. 

militia,  ae,  f.  (miles),  military  ser- 
vice, war. 

mille,  num.  adj.  (B.  mil,  as  of 
miles),  a  thousand  ;  subs,  plural,  milia, 
thousands. 

Mimas,  antis,  m.,  a  promontory  in 
Ionia. 

minae,  arum,  f.  (B.  man,  to  put 
forth,  project,  min),  threats,  menaces. 

minax,  acis,  adj.  (minae),  threaten- 
ing, menacing. 

Minerva,  ae,  f.  (B.  ma,  to  think, 
men,  min,  Min-er-va),  the  goddess  of 
wisdom,  d.  of  Jupiter,  Minerva. 

minister,  strl,  m.  (B.  ma,  mi,  to 
minish,  diminish,  mi-n,  mi-nu,  (min- 
or, min-us,  less),  min-ius-tro,  double 
comp.  suff.,  min-is-ter),  the  lesser,  ser- 
vant, subordinate,  minister. 

ministerium,  I,  n.  (minister),  ser- 
vice, ministry. 

ministra,  ae,  f.  (minister),  a  servant. 

ministro,  1,  to  serve,  wait  upon, 
hand. 

minitor,  1,  v.  dep.  (minae),  to  threat- 
en. 

minor,  1,  v.  dep.  (minae),  to  threaten. 

Minos,  Ois,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Europa. 

minuo,  ul,  3  (same  B.  as  minister), 
to  diminish,  impair,  weaken. 


MINUS 


MORDEO 


287 


minus,  adv.  (see  minister  for  B.), 
less. 

Minyae,  5rum,  m.,  the  Minyans,  so 
called  from  Minyas,  a  king  in  Thessaly. 

mirabilis,  e,  adj.  (mlror),  wonder- 
ful, admirable. 

miraculum,  I,  n.  (mlror),  a  wonder- 
ful thing,  marvel,  miracle. 

mlror,  1,  v.  dep.  (for  K.  see  mlrus), 
to  wonder  at,  admire. 

mlrus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  smi,  to  laugh, 
wonder,  smai-ro,  smi-ro,  mi-ru-s),  won- 
derful, strange,  marvellous. 

misceo,  ul,  mixtum,  mistum,  2  (B. 
mik,  to  mix,  mic-sc-,  mi-sc-ere),  to  mix, 
mingle,  unite. 

miser,  era,  um,  adj.  (B.  mi,  to  dis- 
turb, mis,  mis-er),  miserable,  wretched, 
unhappy. 

miserabilis,  e,  adj.  (miser),  miser- 
able, pitiable. 

misereor,  itus,  sum,  v.  dep.,  1  (mi- 
ser), to  pity. 

miseror,  v.  dep.,  1  (miser),  to  lament, 
bewail. 

mltis,  e,  adj.  (etym.  unc.),  mild, 
gentle,  friendly. 

mitto,  mlsl,  missum,  3  (B.  mat,  to 
turn,  set  in  motion,  mit,  mit-t-ere),  to 
send,  let  go,  throw,  hurl. 

Mnemosyne,  es,  f.,  mother  of  the 
nine  Muses. 

moderamen,  inis,  n.  (modus),  a 
means,  of  ruling,  of  guiding ;  direction, 
management. 

moderate,  adv.  (modus),  with  mod- 
eration, moderately. 

moderator,  Oris,  m.  (modus),  one 
who  directs,  manager,  ruler,  governor. 

moderatus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(modus),  moderated,  governed  ;  mod- 
erate. 

moderor,  1,  v.  dep.  (modus),  to  mod- 
erate, direct,  govern,  rule. 

modestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (modus), 
modest,  kind. 

modicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (modus),  mod- 
erate, measured. 

modo,  adv.  (modus),  only,  if  only ; 
just  now  ;  now— now. 

modulor,  1,  v.  dep.  (modus),  to  sing 
and  play  with  due  measure,  to  modulate, 
tune. 

modus,  T,  m.  (B.  ma,  to  measure, 


mo,  mod-),  measure ;  melody,  harmo- 
ny, tune ;  way,  manner. 

moenia,  ium,  n.  pi.  (B.  mu,  to  bind, 
make  firm,  mun-,  moe-ni,  old  sing., 
moe-ne,  moe-ni-a),  walls,  defenses,  forti- 
fications ;  by  meton.,  a  city,  town. 

molaris,  e,  m.  (fr.  mola,  B.  mar,  to 
rub,  crush,  mal,  mol,  mol-a),  of  a  mill, 
a  millstone,  stone. 

moles,  is,  m.  (B.  mak,  makh,  mag, 
magh,  mah,  to  be  great,  mah-li,  mo-li, 
mo-le-s),  a  great  mass,  weight ;  a  mas- 
sive building,  pile  ;  a  dam,  pier,  mole  ; 
fig.,  labor,  trouble. 

molimen,  inis,  n.  (molior),  a  great 
effort,  exertion. 

molior,  4,  v.  dep.  (B.  same  as  mole's), 
to  set  in  motion  something  heavy,  to 
hurl,  to  exert  one's  self,  strive,  toil. 

mollis,  4  (mollis),  to  make  soft,  soft- 
en, tame,  check. 

mollis,  e,  adj.  (B.  mar,  to  rub,  make 
soft,  mal,  mal-d,  moll-),  soft,  mild; 
weak. 

moneo,  uT,  itum,  2  (B.  ma,  ma-n, 
men,  mon-,  mon-ere,  causal  of  men),  to 
remind,  admonish,  advise,  warn. 

monimentum,  I,  n.  (moneO),  a 
monument,  memorial. 

monitum,  I,  n.,  an  admonition,  ad- 
vice, counsel. 

monitus,  Us,  m.,  a  reminding, 
warning,  admonition. 

mons,  tis,  m.  (B.  man,  to  project, 
jut  out,  men,  min,  mon,  mon-s),  a 
mountain,  range  of  mountains ;  by 
meton.,  the  god  of  a  mountain. 

mon  strum,  I,  n.  (same  B.  as  moneO, 
mOn-s-tru-m  =  quod  nos  monet),  an  evil 
omen,  portent  ;  a  wonder,  marvel ;  a 
monster. 

m on t anus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mons),  of  a 
mountain,  mountainous. 

monticola,  ae,  m.  (mOns,  colO),  in- 
habitant of  a  mountain. 

mora,  ae,  f.  (B.  smar,  to  7nark,  be- 
think, mar,  mor,  mor-a),  bethinking, 
stopping,  a  delay,  hindrance. 

moratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mOs),  of  man- 
ners, mannered,  constituted,  condi- 
tioned. 

mordeo,  momordT,  morsum,  2  (B. 
smard,  to  hurt,  mard,  mord,  mord-Cre), 
to  bite,    morsus,  Cs,  m.,  a  bite. 


288       MOEIBUNDUS 


NAMQUE 


moribundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (morior), 


morior,  morl,  mortuus  sum,  3  (B. 
mar,  to  rub,  mor,  vex  one's  self,  mor-i), 
to  die.    moror,  1,  dep.,  to  delay. 

mors,  tis,  f .  (morior),  death ;  by 
meton.,  the  dead. 

mortalis,  e,  adj.  (mors),  mortal, 
liable  to  die ;  human  ;  subst.,  mortal,  a 
man. 

mo  rum,  I,  n.  (fiS>pov),  a  mulberry. 

morus,  T,   f.,  a  mulberry -tree. 

m5s,  mOris,  m.  (B.  ma,  measure, 
form,  mo,  mO-s),  a  custom,  manner, 
usage,  habit ;  in  pi.,  manners,  habits, 
character. 

motus,  tis,  m.  (moveo),  a  moving, 
movement ;  emotion. 

move5,  mOvI,  mOtum,  2  (B.  mu,  to 
push,  move,  mav,  mov,  mov-6re),  to  set 
in  motion,  move,  remove ;  break  up ; 
excite,  cause  ;  arouse. 

mox,  adv.  (B.  probably  same  as  of 
magnus),  soon,  presently,  soon  after, 
then. 

mucro,  Onis,  m.  (B.  muk,  to  prick, 
muc-r-o),  the  point  of  a  sword ;  by 
meton.,  sword. 

miigltus,  us,  m.  (mugiO),  (R.  ma, 
mi,  to  sound),  a  lowing,  bellowing. 

Hiulceo,  mulsT,  mulsum,  2  (B.  mark, 
to  touch,  mule-),  to  touch  lightly,  stroke ; 
soften,  soothe,  quiet. 

mulciber,  eris  or  erT,  m.  (mulceO, 
and  perhaps  ferrum  (a  molliendo  ferro, 
Paul  D.,  p.  144  ;  or  fr.  bhar,  fer,  fer-o), 
a  name  of  Vulcan  ;  by  meton.,  fire. 

mult  if  id  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (muitus,  fin- 
do),  cleft  into  many  parts,  many-cleft. 

multo,  adv.  (muitus),  by  much,  much. 

uiultum,  adv.  (muitus),  much,  very. 

muitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  managha, 
much,  monogo-s,  mologo-s,  molgo-s, 
mulgu-s,  mulgl-re,  then  the  part.  pass, 
perf .,  mulgl-tus,  mul-tu-s),  much,  many, 
great,  wide  ;  comp.  plus,  more;  superl., 
plurimus,  most,  very  many. 


mundus,  I,  m.  (B.  mand,  to  adorn, 
mund),  order  (cf .  kootaos),  beauty  ;  the 
universe,  world. 

uiunio,  4  (mtlnus),  to  make  firm, 
strong,  to  fortify. 

munus,  eris,  n.  (B.  mu,  to  bind, 
strengthen,  mil,  moi,  moe),  something 
which  binds,  service,  office,  function ; 
favor,  gift,  reward,  offering. 

miirex,  icis,  m.  (B.  sma,  to  tvipe, 
smear,  sma-r,  mur,  mur-o,  muri-co, 
muri-c),  the  purple  {shell-)  fish,  purple 
dye,  purple. 

murmur,  uris,  n.  (B.  marmara,  mur- 
mur, murmuring,  whispering ;  roaring, 
growling ;  rushing  sound. 

murmuro,  1  (murmur),  to  murmur, 
rustle. 

murra,  ae,  f .  (perhaps  f  r.  same  B.  as 
miirex),  myrrh-tree,  myrrh. 

miirus,  I,  m.  (same  B.  as  miinus),  a 
wall ;  by  meton.,  city,  town. 

musa,  ae,  f.  (fr.  the  Gr.),  a,  the, 
Muse  ;  pi.,  the  (nine)  Muses. 

muscus,  I,  m.  (B.  musa,  mus-cu-s), 
moss. 

mustum,  I.  n.  (B.  mud,  fresh,  young, 
mud-to,  mus-tu-s),  new  wine,  must  ;  by 
meton.,  vintage. 

mutabilis,  e,  adj.  (mutO),  mutable, 
changeable. 

invito,  1  (B.  mu,  to  set  in  mo- 
tion, mav,  mov,  mov-ta-re,  mu-ta-re), 
to  move  away  from,  change,  alter ;  ex- 
change. 

mutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  mu,  as  of 
munus,  to  bind,  close  (the  mouth)),  mute, 
dumb,  silent. 

miituus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mutO),  changed, 
borrowed,  lent;  mutual,  reciprocal. 

Mycale,  e"s,  f.,  1,  name  of  a  promon- 
tory in  Ionia  ;  2,  name  of  a  Thessalian 
sorceress. 

Mygdonis,  idis,  adj.,  o/^ Mygdonia  = 
Lydia ;  Mygdonian,  Lydian. 

myrtus,  I  and  tis,  f.,  a  myrtle,  myr- 
tle-tree. 


N 


Naias,  adis,  f .  =  Nais,  idis  (from  no, 
to  swim),  a  Naiad ;  in  pi.,  the  Naiads. 

nam,  conj.  (B.  gan,  gna,  to  know, 
na-man,    na-ma,   na-me    (nomen),  ace. 


sing,  fern.,  na-m  ;  or  (Corssen)  fr.  pron. 
stem,  na),  namely,  for,  indeed,  certainly. 
namque,  conj.  (nam,  a  strengthened 
nam),  for,  verily,  indeed. 


NANCISOOR 


NEX 


289 


nanciscor,  v.  dep.,  nactns  sum,  3 
(R.  nak,  to  reach,  get,  nac-ni-sc-i,  na- 
nci-sc-i),  to  reach,  attain,  get,  find. 

naris,  is,  f.  (R.  sna,  snu,  to  flow, 
swim,  na-s,  na-s-i,  na-r-i-s),  a  nostril; 
the  nose  ;  in  pi.,  the  nostrils. 

narratus,  us,  m.  (narrO),  narration, 
relation. 

narro,  1  (R.  gna,  to  know,  gna-ru-s, 
narrO-re),  to  make  known,  narrate,  re- 
late. 

nascor,  natus  sum,  v.  dcp.,  3  (R.  ga, 
ga-n,  to  beget,  produce,  gna,  na-sc-o-r), 
to  be  born,  begotten ;  to  spring  forth, 
arise,  grow ;  part.,  natus,  born ;  and 
subst.,  one  born,  a  son  ;  and  nata,  a 
daughter. 

natalis,  e,  adj.  (nascor),  relating  to 
birth,  natal,  native  ;  sc.  dies,  birthday. 

nato,  1  (fr.  no,  nare),  to  swim. 

natura,  ae,  f .  (nascor),  nature  ;  be- 
ing, creature  ;  element ;  natural  quality 
or  disposition. 

naufragus,  a,  um,  adj.  (navis,  f ran- 
ge), shipwrecked  ;  wrecked,  ruined  ; 
subst.,  a  shipwrecked  person. 

navigium,  i,  n.  (navis,  -agium,  fr. 
ago,  nav-ig-iu-m),  a  sailing,  navigation  ; 
a  ship,  boat,  vessel. 

navigo,  1  (navis,  ago),  to  sail,  go  by 
sea ;  sail  over,  navigate. 

navis,  is,  f.  (R.  sna,  to  flow,  swim, 
na-vi-s),  a  ship. 

na  vita,  nauta,  ae,  m.  (navis),  a  sailor, 
seaman. 

navo,  1  (R.  gan,  gna,  to  know,  gna, 
na  (g-)na-vu-s,  nava-re),  to  perform  in- 
telligently, accomplish. 

ne,  encl.  interrog.  particle  (R.  na, 
negative  particle),  (but  weaker  than  ne) ; 
enclitic  to  other  interrogatives  for  em- 
phasis. 

ne,  neg.  adv.  (R.  same  as  ne),  that 
not,  in  order  that  not ;  not,  with  imper. ; 
only  not,  in  order  not  to. 

ne,  inter j.  (R.  na,  pron.  stem,  nae, 
nG),  truly,  vei'Hy,  indeed. 

nebula,  ae,  f.  (R.  nabii,  to  swell, 
break  forth,  neb,  neb-ula),  mist-cloud, 
mist,  fog,  vapor. 

nee,  see  neque. 

neco,  1  (nex),  to  put  to  death,  kill. 

nectar,  aris,  n.,  drink  of  the  gods, 
nectar  ;  by  meton.,  wine,  milk. 

u 


nefas,  n,  indecl.  (ne  and  fas,  wh. 
see),  not  right,  wrong,  sin,  crime,  a 
wicked  deed. 

neg5,  1  (RR.  ne,  neg.  part.,  and 
agii,  ag,  a-j-o  =  ag-i-o,  aio,  to  say),  to 
Bay  no,  to  deny,  refuse,  decline. 

Nemeaeus,  a,  um,  adj,,  of  Nemea  in 
Argolis  ;  Nemean. 

Nemesis,  is  and  ios,  f.  (Ne'/meats),  the 
avenging  goddess  of  justice,  Nemesis. 

nemo,  neminjs,  comm.  (nS-homo), 
no  man,  no  one,  nobody. 

nemorosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nemus), 
woody,  full  of  woods. 

nempe,  conj.  (nam,  wh.  see,  nem  + 
pe  =  que,  wh.  see),  namely,  truly,  surely, 
certainly. 

nemus,  oris,  n.  (R.  nam,  to  allot, 
jx>ssess ;  to  pasture,  nem,  nem-us),  a 
wood  with  places  in  it  for  pasture-land, 
a  ivood,  grove. 

neo,  2,  nevi,  netum  (R.  san,  sna,  to 
spin,  (s)ne-),  to  spin  ;  to  weave. 

nepos,  Otis,  m.  (R.  napat,  son, 
grandson,  nepOt-),  grandson  ;  nephew; 
descendant. 

Neptunius,  a,  um,  adj.,©/ Neptune, 
Neptunian. 

Neptunus,  T,  m.  (R.  same  as  of 
nebula,  neb,  Nep-),  the  god  of  water, 
the  sea,  the  clouds,  son  of  Saturn,  Nep- 
tune. 

neque,  and  nee,  conj.  (ne,  que),  and 
not,  also  not,  neque  (nee)— neque  (nee), 
neither— nor,  not  only  not— but  also,  and 
besides,  and  indeed. 

nequeO,  4  (ne,  queO),  not  to  be  able, 
to  be  unable,  I  can  not. 

nequiquam,  nOquTcquam,  nGquid- 
quam,  adv.,  to  no])urpose,  in  vain. 

nervus,  I,  m.  (R.  snar,  to  turn, 
weave,  ner-,  ner-vu-s),  a  sinew,  nerve ; 
bow-string  ;  string  of  the  lyre  or  simi- 
lar musical  instrument  ;  in  pi.,  the 
stnngs. 

nescio,  4  (ne,  scio),  not  to  knoio,  to 
be  ignorant  of;  nescio  quis,  I  know  not 
who,  somebody  or  other. 

nescius,  a,  um,  adj.  (nescio),  not 
knowing,  ignorant  of,  unable. 

neu,  see  neve. 

nS-ve,  conj.  =  et  ne,  and  not,  nor, 
and  that  not,  and  lest. 

nex,  necis,  f.  (R.  nak,  to  disappear, 


290 


KEXILIS 


NOX 


destroy,  nee,  nec-is),  a  violent  death, 
murder  ;  death. 

nexilis,  e,  adj.  (necto),  tied  together. 

nexus,  us,  m.  (necto),  a  fastening, 
clasping  ;  in  pi.,  coils,  folds. 

111,  conj.  and  adv.  (same  R.  as  ne, 
ne),  unless,  if  not. 

nidus,  I,  m.  (R.  nas,  to  go,  dwell, 
nis,  nis-do,  nl-du-s),  a  nest. 

niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  adj.  (same  R. 
as  nex,  nox,  nic-ro),  of  night,  dark, 
black. 

nihil,  nihilum,  nllum,  nil,  n.  indeel- 
(ne,  hilum ;  hilum  (fr.  R.  ghar,  to 
bend),  a  thread,  something  of  no  con- 
sequence), not  a  thread,  nothing,  not  the 
least  thing. 

Nilus,  I,  m.,  the  Nile,  a  river  in 
Egypt. 

nimbus,  I,  m.  (same  R.  as  nebula, 
ne-m-b,  ni-m-bu-s),  a  violent  rain,  rain- 
stoiym ;  rain-cloud,  storm-cloud,  cloud. 

nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  very  (fr. 
nimius). 

nimium,  adv.  (nimius),  by  far,  too 
much,  exceedingly. 

nimius,  a,  um,  adj.  (RR.  ne,  ni,  and 
ma,  to  measure),  not  in  measure,  beyond 
measure,  too  great,  too  much. 

Ninus,  I,  name  of  an  Assyrian  king, 
Ninus. 

Niobe,  es,  f.,  d.  of  Tantalus  and 
Dione,  Niobe. 

nisi,  conj.  (ni,  si),  if  not,  unless  ;  ex- 
cept, only,  save,  except  that. 

niteo,  2  (R.  ski,  to  shine,  skint, 
knit,  cnit,  nit-Sre),  to  shine,  glitter, 
glisten. 

nitidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (niteo),  shining, 
glittering,  brilliant. 

nitor,  Oris,  m.  (niteo),  splendor. 

nltor,  nlsus,  nlxus,  3,  to  strive  ;  lean. 

niveus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nix),  snowy, 
snow-white. 

nix,  nivis,  f.  (R.  snig,  snigh,  to 
wash,  rinse,  nigh-v,  nigh-s,  nih-s,  nix), 
snow,  snowflake. 

no,  1  (R.  same  as  navis),  to  swim. 

nobilis,  e,  adj.  (nosco),  known,  well 
known,  famous  ;  of  noble  origin  ;  no- 
ble. 

nobilitas,  atis,  f.  (nobilis),  noble 
origin,  nobility,  noble  rank  ;  nobleness. 

noceo,  ui,  2  (R.  same  as  nex,  nak, 


nee,  noc),  to  injure,  do  harm  to,  be  a 
hindrance  to ;  part.,  nocSns,  hurtful, 
guilty. 

nocturnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nox),  night- 
ly, by  night,  nocturnal. 

nodus,  I,  m.  (R.  ghadh,  to  seize, 
hold,  hed,  he-n-d ;  ghand,  ghnad, 
gnOd-o,  nOd-u-s),  a  knot,  girdle  ;  circle 
(of  the  equator) ;  knob,  fold  ;  a  knotty 
point. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolul  (non,  volo),  not  to 
Willi  to  be  unwilling. 

nomen,  inis,  n.  (nOscO),  a  name ; 
title,  fame. 

nomiiiG,  1  (nOmen),  to  name,  call  by 
name. 

non,  adv.  (fr.  na,  neg.  part,  ne,  and 
pron.  st.  3d  pers.,  i,  ai,  ai-na,  oi-no-s, 
u-nu-s,  ne  oenu-m,  noenum,  nOn),  not. 

nondum,  adv.  (non,  dum),  not  yet. 

nonne,  non,  ne  (interr.  part.),  not  ? 
(expecting  the  answer,  yes). 

nosco,  nOvI,  nOtum,  3  (R.  gan,  gna, 
to  know,  gnO,  nO-sc-0),  to  come  to  know, 
to  become  acquainted  with,  get  a  knowl- 
edge of  (so  the  perf.,  novi,  I  have  come 
to  know  =  I  know) ;  to  recognize,  under- 
stand. 

noster,  stra,  strum,  pron.  poss.  (nOs), 
our,  our  own,  of  us. 

nota,  ae,  f.  (nosco),  something  which 
makes  known,  a  mark,  sign,  character. 

notitia,  ae,  f .,  acquaintance. 

no  to,  1  (nosco),  to  make  known,  a 
mark,  indicate,  note,  censure,  brand. 

notus,  I,  m.  (votos),  (same  R.  as  no, 
nare),  the  rain-bringing  wind,  the  south 
wind. 

novem,  num.  adj.  (R.  navan),  nine. 

noverca,  ae,  f .  (same  R.  as  novus), 
a  step-mother. 

novies  (noviens),  num.  adv.  (novem), 
nine  times. 

novitas,  atis,  f.  (novus),  newness, 
novelty,  news. 

novo,  1  (novus),  to  make  new,  renew, 
find  out  anew,  change,  alter. 

novus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  pron.  st.  nit, 
nom,  nu-n-c,  nava,  novu-s),  new,  fresh, 
recent,  strange,  unusual ;  superl.,  novis- 
simus,  the  newest,  the  last ;  the  lowest. 

nox,  ctis,  f.  (R.  same  as  nex),  nak, 
nee,  noc,  noc-ti,  nocti-s,  nox),  night ; 
darkness,  blindness. 


NUBES 


OBLIVIUM 


291 


niibes,  is,  f .  (R.  nabh,  to  swell,  nub, 
nub-e-s),  a  cloud. 

nubifer,  fera,  f crura,  adj.  (niibes, 
fero),  cloud-bearing. 

nubilus,  a,  um,  adj.  (nflbSs),  cloudy, 
lowering,  clouded,  darkened. 

nubilutn,  T,  n.  (niibes),  a  cloud. 

nubo,  nupsT,  nuptum,  3  (same  R.  as 
niibes),  to  cover,  veil  ;  to  marry  (of  the 
bride,  to  veil  herself),  be  married;  part., 
nupta  (veiled),  a  married  woman,  bride. 

nudo,  1  (nudus),  to  make  naked  or 
bare ;  strip,  uncover. 

nudus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  nag,  naked, 
nag,  irag-du-s,  nudus),  naked,  bare,  un~ 
covered,  exposed. 

nullus,  a,  um,  adj. ;  gen.,  Tus  ;  dat.,  i 
(ne,  ullus),  not  any,  no  one,  none,  nobody. 

num,  an  interr.  part.  (fr.  pron.  stem 
nu,  now,  nu-m,  originally  of  time,  now), 
expecting  the  answer,  no  ;  in  ind.  ques- 
tion, whether. 

numen,  inis,  n.  (nuo),  a  nodding, 
nod  •  will,  divine  will ;  by  meton., 
deity,  divinity. 

numer5,  1  (numerus),  to  number, 
count ;  reckon. 

numerosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (numerus), 
numerous  ;  harmonious,  melodious. 

numerus,  I,  m.  (R.  nam,  to  allot, 
count,  num,  num-e-ru-s),  a  counting, 
count,  number ;  multitude,  crowd ; 
numbers  (of  song). 

Numitor,  Oris,  m.  (Noma,  R.  nam, 
as  of  numerus),  son  of  the  Alban  king 
Proca  :  Numitor. 


nunquam,  adv.  (ne,  unquam),  not 
ever,  never. 

nunc,  adv.  (fr.  pron.  stem  nu,  nu  + 
demonst.  ce,  nu-n-ce,  nu-nc),  now,  at 
present. 

nuntia,  ac,  f.  (same  R.  as  nunc, 
novus,  nove-nt-io,  nov-nt-io,  nou-nt- 
iu-s,  ntintius),  one  that  brings  news, 
messenger,  reporter. 

nuper,  adv.  (fr.  nu  (pron.  stem  as  in 
novus)  +  per,  fr.  par,  irapa),  newly,  late- 
ly, recently,  in  recent  times. 

nurus,  us,  f.  (R.  su,  to  beget,  bear, 
sunu-sa,  snu-sa,  snu-ra,  then  by  tran- 
sition to  the  u  decl.,  nu-ru-s),  a  daugh- 
ter-in-law ;  a  young  woman,  married 
woman. 

nusquam,  adv.  (ne,  usquam),  not 
anyicliere,  nowhere. 

nuto,  1  (nuo),  to  nod  with  the  head, 
command  with  a  nod  ;  waver,  hesi- 
tate. 

nutrio,  4  (same  R.  as  no,  nare,  sna, 
snu,  to  flow,  nu,  nu-t-rl-re  (fr.  the  flow 
of  milk)),  to  suckle,  nourish,  feed,  bring 
up. 

nutrlx,  Tcis,  f.  (nutrio),  a  (wet) 
nurse,  nurse.  . 

nutus,  us,  m.  (nuo),  a  nodding,  nod, 
sign. 

nux,  nucis,  f.  (R.  knu,  knuk,  to 
scrape),  a  nut. 

Nycteis,  idis,  f.,  daughter  of  Nyc- 
teus  ;  Antiope. 

Nympha,  ae,  f.,  -e,  es,  a  nymph, 
Nymph. 


O,  interj.,  O  !  oh  ! 

ob,  prep,  with  ace.  (R.  apa,  prep., 
op,  ob).  to,  toward  ;  on  account  of. 

ob-duco,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  draw,  or 
cover  over;  part.,  obductus,  clouded, 
darkened ;  contracted. 

ob-eo,  il,  itum,  4,  to  go  to  ;  go  around, 
draw  around,  spread  over. 

ob-icio,  jecT,  jectum,  3  (jacio),  to 
throw  before  or  toward,  bring  before  ; 
throw  out  against,  to  reproach  icith ; 
lay  to  one's  charge  ;  object. 

obitus,  us,  m.  (obeO),  a  going  down, 
setting ;  death. 

ob-ject5,  1  (jacto),  to  reproach  with 
or  for. 


oblectamina,  um,  n.  pi.  (oblecto), 
delights  ;  sources  of  consolation. 

oblenimina,  um,  n.  pi.  (lenio), 
means  of  soothing,  remedies. 

ob-ligo,  1,  to  bind  to,  oblige. 

ob-lino,  levl,  litum,  3,  to  smear  over, 
besmear. 

obliquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ob  and  liquus, 
fr.  R.  lak,  to  bend,  lie,  lic-u-us),  side- 
long, slanting,  oblique  ;  crooked,  curved. 

ob-liviscor,  oblltus  sum,  3  (ob  and 
R.  i.iv,  to  be  grayish-yellow,  lai-va,  liva 
(lividus),  ob-liv-i-sc-i),  to  grow  pale  ;  to 
forget,  be  forgetful. 

oblivium,  I,  n.  (same  R.  as  obllvis* 
cor),  forgetfulness,  oblivion. 


292       OB-NOXIUS 


OMNIPOTENS 


ob-noxius,  a,  urn,  adj.,  subject  to, 
liable  to,  obnoxious. 

ob-orior,  ortus  sum,  4,  v.  dep.,  to 
arise,  spring  up,  break  forth. 

ob-ruo,  rul,  rutuin,  3,  to  overthrow, 
cover  over,  bury,  sink, 

obscurus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  ob  and 
R.  sku,  to  cover,  scu,  ob-scil-ru-s),  cov- 
ered, dark,  gloomy,  obscure. 

ob-sequor,  secutus  sum,  3,  to  com- 
ply. 

ob-servo,  1,  to  observe,  give  atten- 
tion to,  watch,  tend. 
[obsidio,  5nis,  f .  (  obsideO),  a  siege. 

ob-sisto,  stitl,  stitum,  3,  to  set  one's 
self  before  or  against,  oppose. 

©b-situs,  a,  um,  part.,  sown,  covered. 

ob-stipesco,  stipul,  3,  to  be  stupefied, 
amazed,  astonished,  confused. 

ob-sto,  stitl,  statuni,  1,  to  stand 
against  or  in  the  way  of  ;  oppose,  hin- 
der, withstand. 

ob-strepo,  uT,  itum,  3,  to  make  a 
noise  at,  shout  against  or  at. 

ob-strusus,  a,  um,  adj.  (obstrudo, 
obtrudo),  veiled,  bordered. 

obtusus,  a,um,  adj.  (tundo),  blunt, 
dull,  obtuse. 

ob-verto,  vcrtl,  versum,  3,  to  turn 
toivard  or  against,  to  direct. 

obvius,  a,  um,  adj.  (via),  in  the  way 
of,  meeting  ;  with  ire  or  venire,  go  or 
come  to  meet ;  obvious. 

occasus,  us,  m.  (ob,  cado),  the  going 
down  or  setting  of  the  sun  ;  the  land  of 
the  setting  sun,  the  west. 

oc-cido,  cidl,  casum,  3,  to  fall  or  go 
down,  sink  in  death  ;  fall,  die,  perish. 

occiduus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cado),  going 
down,  failing,  decaying. 

occulo,  ul,  turn,  3  (ob  and  culo,  fr. 
R.  skal,  kal,  to  cover,  hide,  cal,  ob-cal- 
ere,  oc-cul-ere),  to  hide,  conceal. 

occupo,  1  (ob,  capio),  to  take  posses- 
sion of,  lay  hold  of,  occupy ;  fall  upon  ; 
surprise  ;  get  the  start  of,  anticipate  in 
doing  a  thing. 

oc-curr5,  currl,  cursum,  3,  to  run 
to  meet,  meet. 

ocellus,  I,  m.  (oculus),  a  little  eye, 
eyelet ;  (dear)  eyes. 

ocior,  us,  adj.  comp.  (R.  ak,  to  be 
sharp,  sivift,  oc,  oc-ior),  swifter,  quick- 
er, sooner. 


ocius,  adv.  (ocior),  quicker,  sooner, 
swifter. 

oculus,  T,  m.  (R.  ak,  to  be  sharp,  to 
see,  oc-u-lu-s),  an  eye ;  sight ;  a  lumi- 
nary, world-eye,  god  of  the  sun,  an  eye 
(of  a  plant). 

odi,  isse,  praet.  def.  v.  (R.  vadh,  to 
strike,  thrust,  vad,  od-,  od-io ;  perf., 
Od-T),  to  be  vexed  at,  not  like,  hate. 

odium,  I,  n.  (OdT),  hate,  odium. 

odor,  Oris,  m.  (R.  ad,  to  smell,  od-, 
od-or),  smell,  odor,  fragrant  odor;  a 
bad  smell. 

odoro,  1  (odor),  to  fill  with  fra- 
grance ;  part.,  odoratus,  sweet-smelling, 
fragrant. 

odorus,  a,  um.  adj.  (odor),  sweet- 
smelling,  odorous. 

Oeagrius,  a,  am,  adj.,  of  (the  Thra- 
cian  king)  Oeagrus. 

Oeclialia,  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Euboea. 

Oetaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Oeta,  Oe- 
tean. 

Oete,  5s,  f.,  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Thessaly. 

of-fendo,  di,  sum,  3,  to  strike 
against ;  to  hit  upon  ;  to  stumble  ;  to 
offend,  injure. 

omcium,  T,  n.  (opificium,  fr.  opus 
and  facio),  (a  work-making),  a  service, 
favor,  a  service  of  love  ;  ceremony,  of- 
fice ;  obligation,  duty. 

olea,  ae,  f.,  an  olive  ;  olive-tree. 

O I onos,  I,  m.,  Met.  X,  69. 

olens,  ntis,  part.,  fr.  oleO,  smelling, 
fragrant ;  foul,  rank. 

olim,  adv.  (fr.  pron.  stem  ana,  3d 
pers.,  ana-la,  ono-lo,  on-lo,  ol-lo  ;  illu-s, 
ille  ;  oli-m),  at  that  time,  once,  former- 
ly ;  at  times,  sometimes. 

olTva,  ae,  f.,  the  olive,  olive-tree ; 
olive-berry. 

ollvum,  T,  n.,  poetic  =  oleum,  oil. 

olorinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the  swan, 
swanlike. 

Olympus,  T,  m.,  1,  mountain  in 
northern  Thessaly,  the  seat  of  the  gods, 
Olympus;  by  meton.,  heaven;  2,  a 
pupil  and  friend  of  Marsyas. 

omen,  inis,  n.  (R.  av,  to  observe, 
mark,  au,  au-d,  aus,  os-men,  o-men),  a 
sign,  token,  omen. 

omnipotens,  ntis,  adj.  (omnis,  po- 
tens),  all-powerful,  omnipotent. 


OMNIS 


OSTENDO 


293 


omnis,  c,  adj.  (B.  AMBn,  to  hold  to- 
gether, ambi,  amb-,  an,  om-ni-s),  all, 
every ;  omnes,  all  men ;  omnia,  all 
things. 

Onchestius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Onches- 
tus,  a  city  in  Boeotia. 

onerS,  1  (onus),  to  load,  lade,  burden. 

onerosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (onus),  burden- 
some, heavy,  onerous. 

onus,  eris,  n.  (B.  an,  to  breathe, 
sigh,  on-,  on-us  (whereby  one  sighs)),  a 
burden,  weight  ;  trouble,  pains. 

opticus,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  unc), 
shady,  shaded  ;  dark,  darkened. 

operio,  ul,  pertum,  4  (B.  par,  to 
Jill,  share,  prepare,  par-i,  ob-par-i,  o-per- 
i-re),  {to  prepare  for),  cover,  shut. 

operosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (opus),  full  of 
work,  pains  taking,  laborious,  difficult ; 
effective. 

opifer,  era,  erum,  adj.  (ops-ferO), 
aid-bringing,  helpful. 

opifex,  icis,  m.  (opus,  faciO),  work- 
maker,  worker,  maker,  artisan,  artist. 

opperior,  Ttus  and  pertus  sum,  4,  v. 
dep.  (ob  and  -perior),  to  wait,  wait  for, 
await. 

oppidum,  T,  n.  (B.  pad,  to  tread, 
ped  (pes,  pedis),  pedu-m,  what  is  trod- 
den, the  soil,  op-pedum,  oppidum,  what 
lies  on  the  soil),  town,  city. 

op-pono,  posuT,  positum,  3  (ob, 
pono),  to  set  or  place  befwe  or  against, 
oppose,  hold  before. 

op-primo,  pressl,  pressum,  3  (ob, 
premo),  to  press  under  or  doivn,o])press, 
overcome. 

opprobrium,  i,  n.  (ob,  probrum),  a 
reproach,  scandal,  opprobrium  ;  shame, 
disgrace. 

op-pugno,  1  (ob,  pugnO),  to  fight 
against,  storm. 

ops  (in  sing,  only,  opis,  opem,  ope,  pi. 
entire),  f .  (B.  ap,  to  bind,  possess),  op, 
op-s,  help,  might,  power  ;  means  of  any 
kind,  property ;  helper. 

op  to,  1  (B.  same  as  ops),  to  choose, 
wish,  desire. 

opus,  eris,  n.  (B.  ap,  to  work,  op-, 
op-us),  a  work,  labor,  work  of  art, 
workmanship;  deed. 

opus,  indecl.,  adj.  (same  B.  as  opus, 
work),  need,  necessity,  needful,  want- 
ing ;  it  is  (est)  needful,  there  is  need  of. 


ora,  ae,  f.  (B.  as,  to  breathe,  live,  bet 
Os,  Os-Gris,  Ora),  the  lip,  edge,  brim, 
border,  margin,  coast,  land,  district. 

oraculum,  I,  n.,  onlclum  (OrO), 
oracle. 

orbis,  is,  m.  (etym.  unc),  a  circle, 
disk,  orbit,  ring,  circle  of  tlie  world,  orb, 
the  earth  ;  wheel. 

orbo,  1  (orbus),  to  deprive,  bereave. 

orbus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  arbii,  to  give 
over,  deprive,  orb-u-s),  bereft,  deprived, 
fatherless,  childless  ;  orphaned. 

ordior,  orsus  sum,  4  (B.  ar,  to  lift 
up,  arise,  begin,  or,  ol,  ord-I-ri),  to  begin. 

ordo,  inis,  m.  (same  B.  as  ordior),  a 
beginning,  row,  order,  line,  regular 
order,  regularity. 

orgia,  Orum,  n.,  noisy  feasts  of  Bac- 
chus, orgies. 

origo,  inis,  f.  (same  B.  as  ordo,  ar, 
ol,  or,  or-ig-o),  a  beginning,  origin,  de- 
scent ;  by  meton.,  author,  ancestor. 

orior,  ortus  sum,  4  (same  R.  as  or- 
dior), to  rise,  go  up,  go  forth,  descend 
from ;  originate ;  oriens,  sc.  sol,  the 
rising  sun,  the  east,  Orient. 

orno,  1  (B.  var,  to  cover,  surround, 
orna-re),  to  fit  out,  furnish;  adorn, 
deck. 

or5,  1  (Os),  to  speak,  beg,  entreat, 
plead,  pray. 

Orontes,  is  and  ae,  m.,  a  river  in 
Syria. 

Orpheus,  el,  m.,  a  Thracian  singer, 
son  of  Apollo  and  the  Muse  Calliope. 

Orpheus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Orpheus, 
Orphean. 

Orphne,  Os,  f.  (op^nj,  darkness),  a 
nymph  of  the  lower  world. 

ortus,  tis,  m.  (orior),  a  rising,  sun- 
rise, east ;  origin,  beginning. 

os,  Oris,  n.  (B.  as,  to  breathe,  live,  be, 
Os),  the  mouth,  tJie  lips ;  bits ;  jaws  ; 
beak;  by  meton.,  speech ; face,  coun- 
tenance ;  head. 

os,  ossis,  n.  (B.  as,  to  throw  away, 
os,  something  thrown  away),  a  bone ; 
in  pi.,  bones,  body  ;  bones  of  the  dead. 

osculum,  I,  n.  (Os),  a  little  mouth,  a 
kiss. 

Ossa,  ae,  f.,  a  mountain  in  Thessaly. 

ostendo,  dl,  sum,  and  turn,  3  (ob, 
tendo),  to  show,  stretch  out. 

ostentum,  I,  n.,  a  sign,  prodigy. 


294 


OSTIUM 


PAPAVER 


ostium,  T,  n.  (<3s),  mouth  of  a  river. 

os t rum,  I,  n.,  the  juice,  blood  of  the 
sea-snail,  purple. 

Othrys,  yos,  m.}  a  mountain  in 
Thessaly. 

otium,  I,  n.  (R.  av,  to  be  glad,  to 
protect,  au,  au-tio,  o-tio,  o-tiu-m),  pro- 
tection, security,  peace,  leisure. 


ovlle,  is,  n.  (ovis),  a  sheepfold. 

ovis,  is,  f .  (R.  same  as  otium,  av,  ov, 
ov-i-s,  prop.,  one  that  is  protected),  a 
sheep. 

ovum,  I,  n.  (R.  av,  to  blow,  au  ;  au- 
ra, av-er,  a-er,  air  ;  av-i,  avi-s,  a  bird  ; 
Ovu-m  (as  coming  from  a  bird)),  an 
egg. 


pabulum,  T,  n.  (ptlsco),  food,  nour- 
ishment, fodder  ;  grass. 

pa.ca.lis,  e,  adj.  (pax),  peaceful. 

paciscor,  pactus,  sum,  v.  dep.,  3  (R. 
pak,  to  make  strong,  put  together,  pac, 
pac-i-sc-i),  to  make  a  contract,  agree, 
stipulate ;  part.,  pactus,  agreed  upon, 
settled. 

paco,  1  (pax),  to  bring  to  quietness, 
to  peace,  pacify. 

Pactolis,  idis,  adj.,  of  Pactolus,  Pac- 
tolian. 

Pactolos,  or  us,  I,  m.,  a  river  in 
Lydia. 

pactum,  I,  n.  (paciscor),  an  agree- 
ment, covenant,  compact. 

Padus,  I,  m.,  the  Po,  a  river  in  Upper 
Italy. 

Paean,  Snis,  m.,  Paean,  a  name  of 
Apollo  ;  the  song  to  his  honor,  paean. 

paelex,  pelex,  icis  (R.  palavaka,  a 
maiden,  pellex,  paelex),  a  mistress,  con- 
cubine ;  rival. 

paenc,  adv.  (etym.  unc),  almost, 
nearly. 

paenitet,  uit,  2,  v.  impers.  (R.  ki, 
to  seek,  pay,  punish,  kvi,  pi,  poi,  pae, 
paenit-ere,  to  repent  —feel  pain,  pun- 
ishment), it  repents  one  ;  (I,  you,  etc.) 
repent,  grieve,  rue  ;  one  is  discontented, 
dissatisfied. 

Paeones,  um,  m.,  the  Paeonians  ;  a 
people  in  Macedonia. 

Paeonis,  idis,  a  woman  of  Paeonia. 

palam,  adv.  (R.par,  to  pass  through, 
bring  forward,  para,  before,  pala-m, 
adverb,  ace),  before  the  peojrte,  openly, 
publicly. 

Palatium,  T  (iT),  n.  (R.  pa,  to  nour- 
ish, guard,  pa-1,  pal-at-iu-m)*  the  first, 
in  time,  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome,  the 
site  of  the  earliest  Rome  ;  then,  as  Au- 
gustus had  there  his  residence,  the  im- 
perial residence,  palace. 


palatum,  T,  n.  (etym.  unc,  perhaps 
fr.  same  R.  as  palatium,  pasco,  pater), 
the  palate. 

palear,  aris,  n.  (etym.  unc),  the 
skin  that  hangs  from  the  neck  of  an 
ox,  the  dew-lap. 

Palici,  orum,  m.,  twin  sons  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Thalia. 

Pales,  is,  f .  (R.  pa,  to  feed,  pa-1, 
pali),  the  guardian  deity  of  shepherds 
and  flocks,  Pales. 

palla,  ae,  f.  (R.  spa,  spa-n,  to  spin, 
weave,  pann-,  pann-u-s,  panu-la,  palla), 
the  long  upper  garment  of  Roman  wo- 
men, the  palla,  robe,  mantle. 

Pallas,  adis,  f.,  the  Greek  name  of 
Minerva,  Pallas. 

palleo,  ul,  2  (R.  pala,  gray,  pal-va, 
pal-lu-s,  pal-le-rc),  to  be  pale,  sallow  ; 
part.,  pallens,  pale  ;  dark-colored ;  dis- 
colored. 

pallesco,  ul,  3  (palleo),  to  grow  pale, 
pale. 

pallidas,  a,  um,  adj.,  pale,  sallow. 

pallor,  Oris,  m.  (palleo),  paleness, 
pallor. 

palma,  ae,  f.  (R.  palma,  the  open 
hand),  1,  palm  of  the  hand  ;  hand  ;  2, 
a  palm-tree,  palm  ;  a  palm-wreath  ;  by 
meton.,  wctory,  palm  ;  a  date,  dates. 

palmes,  itis,  m.  (palma,  2),  a  palm- 
shoot,  vine-shoot. 

pal  lis,  fidis,  f.,  a  marsh. 

paluster,  stris,  marshy. 

Pan,  Panis,  m.,  the  god  of  shepherds 
and  woods  ;  of  nature  ;  Pan. 

pando,  ndl,  passum,  3  (R.  pat,  to 
spread  out,  pa-n-t,  pa-n-d,  pand-e-re),  to 
spread  out,  expand,  unfold;  passae 
comae,  disheveled  hair. 

Panope,  6s,  f.,  an  ancient  city  in 
Phocis,  Panope. 

papaver,  eris,  n.  (R.  pap,  pamp,  to 
swell  up,  pap-a-ver),  the  poppy. 


PAR 


PAUCUS 


295 


par,  paris,  adj.  (R.  par,  to  come  to, 
be  like,  pari,  par),  equal ;  substantively, 
a  iratch  for  ;  a  pair. 

Parcae,  arum,  f.  (R.  park,  to  weave, 
spin,  Parc-a,  Parc-ae,  spinner,  spinners 
(spinsters  ?)  of  the  thread  of  fate),  the 
Fates  (three),  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and 
Atropos. 

pared,  pepercT,  parcitum,  and  par- 
sum,  3  (parens,  to  spare,  be  sparing  of; 
refrain  from ;  guard. 

parous,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  spar,  to 
refuse,  shrink  from,  spar-u-s,  paru-m  ; 
ace.  as  adv.,  too  little,  parcu-s),  sparing, 
frugal,  thrifty. 

parens,  ntis,  comm.  (pario),  afatJier 
or  mother,  parent. 

parentalis,  e,  adj.  (parens),  of  par- 
ents, parental. 

pareo,  ul,  itum,  2  (R.  par,  to  allot, 
f  11,  prepare,  be  ready,  parS-re),  to  be 
at  hand  or  appear,  to  obey,  sub?nit  to, 
comply  with. 

paries,  etis,  m.  (R.  i,  to  go,  and  par, 
per,  around  or  through,  something  that 
goes  around),  a  wall,  yartition-waU. 

parilis,  e,  adj.  (par),  {poetic),  equal, 
like. 

pario,  peperi,  partum,  3  (R.  par,  to 
bring,  bHng  forth,  par-i-O),  to  bear, 
bring  forth,  beget ;  produce. 

pariter,  adv.  (par),  equally,  in  like 
manner,  alike,  together,  at  the  same 
time. 

ParnSses,  idis,  adj.,  Parnassian,  of 
Parnassus. 

Parnasus,  I,  m.,  Parnassus,  a  moun- 
tain in  Phocis,  sacred  to  the  Muses 
and  Apollo. 

parO,  1  (R.  par,  to  allot,  prepare),  to 
get  ready,  prepare,  provide. 

Paros,  I,  f.,  one  of  the  Cycladcs  in 
the  Aegean  ;  Paros. 

Parrhasis,  idis,  f.,  Parrhasis,  Par- 
rhasia ;  Arcadia. 

pars,  rtis,  f .  (R.  par,  to  allot,  share, 
par-ti,  par-s),  apart  of  a  whole,  portion, 
share  ;  a  party,  faction  ;  a  place,  re- 
gion, part ;  a  task,  duty,  part. 

Parth&on,  onis,  m.,  king  of  Caly- 
don,  Parthaon. 

Parthenium  nemus,  Parthenius, 
I,  m.,  a  mountain  between  Arcadia  and 
Argolis. 


parti m,  adv.,  ace.  of  pars,  in  part, 
partly. 

partus,  as,  m.  (pariS),  a  bringing 
forth,  birth  ;  offspring,  child. 

pnrum,  adv.  (R.  spar,  to  refuse, 
spar-u-s,  paru-m),  too  little,  not. 

parvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  pava,  little, 
small,  pau,  pau-ru-s,  par-vu-s),  (minor, 
minimus),  small,  young ;  little,  low, 
mean,  weak. 

pasco,  pavl,  pastum,  3  (R.  pa,  to 
feed,  pa-sc-ere),  to  feed,  pasture,  nour- 
ish ;  maintain ;  feast ;  gratify,  feast 
one's  self. 

pascuum,  I,  n.,  a  pasture. 

passim,  adv.  (pando),  everywhere. 

passus,  Us,  m.  (pandO),  a  step,  pace, 
foot-step,  track. 

pastor,  Oris,  m.  (p&scO),  a  shepherd. 

Patareus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Pat ar a. 

patefacio,  feci,  factum,  3  (pateO, 
faciO),  to  make  or  lay  open,  open. 

pateo,  ul,  2  (R.  pat,  widen),  to  be 
open. 

pater,  patrls,  m.  (R.  pa,  to  feed,  sup- 
pori),  father ;  pi.,  fathers  of  the  state, 
patricians,  senators ;  elders. 

patera,  ae,  f.  (pateO),  an  open  dish 
or  saucer,  used  in  libations  ;  a  pa- 
tera. 

paternus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pater),  of  a 
father,  paternal. 

patientia,  ae,  f.  (patior),  patience, 
endurance. 

patior,  passus  sum,  v.  dep.  (R.  spa, 
spa-n,  to  strain,  exert  one's  self,  spa-ti, 
pa-ti,  pa-ti-o-r),  to  suffer,  endure,  bear, 
hold  out ;  allow,  permit. 

patria,  ae,  f.  (pater),  fatherland, 
country,  home. 

patrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a  father, 
fatherly,  of  the  fathers  ;  of  the  father- 
land, of  home ;  old,  ancient. 

patruelis,  e,  adj.  (patruus),  of  or 
from  a  father's  brother ;  subst.,s<w  of 
a  father's  brother,  cousin. 

patruus,  T,  m.  (pater),  a  father's 
brother,  paternal  uncle. 

patulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pateO),  stand- 
ing open,  open ;  broad,  wide,  wide- 
spread. 

paucus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as  par- 
vus, pava),  little,  few  ;  in  pi.,  a  few, 
few,  few  things,  little. 


296 


PAULATIM 


PER-CURRO 


paulatim,  adv.  (same  R.  as  pau- 
luin),  by  degrees,  gradually. 

pauiuiii,  adv.  (R.  pava,  little,  pau, 
pau-1-lu-s),  a  little,  a  short  time. 

pauper,  eris,  adj.  (BR.  pava,  little, 
and  par,  to  bring,  get,  pava-par(o),  pav- 
per,  pau-per,  one  that  brings,  gets  little), 
poor ;  subst ,  a  poor  man,  a  pauper. 

paveo,  pavl,  2  (R.  pu,  to  strike,  pav, 
pave-re,  to  be  struck  down,  be  anxious), 
to  be  struck  with  fear,  to  tremble,  quake, 
be  afraid. 

p  avid  us,  a,  urn,  adj.,  fearful. 

pavo,  Onis,  m.,  a  peacock. 

pavor,  Oris,  m.  (paveo),  a  trembling, 
anxiety,  fear,  panic. 

pax,  pads,  f.  (R.  same  as  paciscor, 
pak,  pac,  pax),  reconciliation,  tranquil- 
lity, peace,  quiet. 

pecco,  1  (R.  pad,  to  step,  tread,  ped, 
pes,  foot,  pedi-cus,  pec-cu-s,  pecca-re), 
to  step  over,  transgress,  to  do  amiss,  to 
commit  a  fault,  to  sin. 

pecten,  inis,  m.  (R.  pak,  to  comb, 
pec,  pec-t-en),  a  comb. 

pecto,  pexl,  pexum,  3,  to  comb. 

pectus,  oris,  n.  (Vanicek  gives  R. 
same  as  pecus),  the  breast,  heart,  feel- 
ings, spirit,  soul,  sense. 

pecus,  oris,  n.  (same  R.  as  paciscor  ; 
Vanicek),  cattle,  herd,  flock. 

pecus,  ndis,  f.,  a  single  head  of  cat- 
tle, one  of  a  herd  or  flock. 

pedes,  itis,  m.  (pes),  one  that  goes 
on  foot ;  afoot-soldier. 

Pegasides,  um,  f.  pi.,  of  Pegasus  ; 
the  Muses. 

pelagus,  T,  n.  (n-e'Aayos,  fr.  R.  PAR, 
to  strike,  ir\a-y),  the  sea,  the  open  sea. 

Pelasgl,  Oram,  m.,  a  people,  living 
in  early  times  in  Greece  ;  so,  poetic  for 
the  Greeks;  adj.,  Pelasgus,  a,  um,  Pelas- 
gian. 

Pelignus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the  Peligni, 
Pelignian. 

pellis,  is,  m.  (R.  par,  to  fill,  cover, 
pel,  pel-ni,  pellis),  a  skin,  hide. 

pello,  pepull,  pulsum,  3  (R.  spar, 
to  hinder,  drive,  spal,  pel  (pol,  pul),  pel- 
je-re,  pel-le-re),  to  beat,  strike,  thrust, 
drive,  drive  away,  expel. 

penates,  ium,  m.  (R.  pa,  to  nourish, 
pa-n,  pen,  pen-u-s,  pantry,  Pen-at-es), 
the  guardian  deities  of  the  household ; 


of  the  state ;  by  meton.,  house,  dwell- 
ing. 

pendeo,  pependl,  2  (R,  spad,  spand, 
to  move  one^s  self  violently,  pend,  pend-e, 
intrans.  to  pendo),  to  hang,  hang  doivn, 
be  hung  or  suspended ;  to  hover,  float, 
in  the  air  ;  to  toaver,  be  uncertain. 

pendo,  pependl,  pensum,  3  (transi- 
tive to  pendeo,  wb.  see),  to  cause  or 
make  to  hang,  to  weigh  ;  to  pay. 

pendulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pendeo), 
hanging  down,  pendent. 

Peneis,  idis,  f.  adj.,  1,  of  Peneus, 
Penean ;  2,  a  nymph,  daughter  of  the 
river-god  Peneus. 

Peneius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Penean. 

penetralis,  e  (penetro),  penetrating; 
inward,  interior;  pi.,  penetralia,  the 
inner  rooms,  penetralia  ;  a  sanctuary. 

penetro,  1  (R.  pa,  pa-n,  pen-u-s, 
pantry,  penes,  within,  +  R.  tra,  to 
move),  to  press,  tra-re  (in-tra-re),  to  press 
within,  penetrate,  enter,  reach. 

Peneus  (os),  I,  m.,  a  river  in  Thes- 
saly. 

penitus,  adv.  (same  R.  as  penus), 
within,  deep  within,  inwardly. 

penna,  ae,  f .  (R.  pat,  to  move  quick- 
ly, pet,  pet-na,  pes-na,  pen-na),  a  feath- 
er ;  wing. 

penso,  1  (pendo),  to  weigh,  weigh 
carefully  ;  make  good,  compensate. 

pensum,  T,  n.  (pendo),  something 
weighed  out  for  spinning  or  weaving  ; 
a  task  ;  a  work  ;  lesson. 

per,  prep,  with  ace.  (R.  par,  to  press 
through  or  over,  para,  per),  through, 
over,  throughout,  during,  by  means  of. 

per-ago,  egl,  actum,  3,  to  carry 
through,  to  finish,  complete,  go  through 
with. 

per-aro,  1,  to  plow  through ;  to 
scratch  over ;  to  write  carefully,  fr. 
scratching  with  the  stilus  on  the  waxen 
tablets. 

per-bibo,  bibT,  3,  to  drink  up. 

per-censeo,  ul,  2,  to  count  up,  enu  ■ 
merate  ;  survey,  travel  over,  traverse. 

per-cipi5,  cSpT,  ceptum,  3,  to  take 
up  or  through  ;  to  receive,  obtain,  get  ; 
receive,  feel,  perceive. 

per-curro,  cucurrl  and  currl,  cur- 
sum,  3,  to  run  through  or  over,  hasten 
over. 


PERCUTIO 


PHILOCTETES      297 


percutiS,  cussl,  cussum,  3  (quatiO), 
to  strike  through,  thrust  through,  pierce. 

Perdlx,  Icis,  comm.,  1,  a  bird,  (per- 
haps) partridge ;  2,  the  nephew  of 
Daedalus,  turned  into  a  bird,  Perclix. 

per-do,  didl,  ditum,  3  (to  put 
through),  to  ruin,  destroy,  throw  away, 
waste,  lose. 

per-dom5,  uT,  itum,  1,  to  subdue 
thoroughly,  overcome. 

peregrlnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (per,  ager, 
peregre),  that  comes  from  abroad,  for- 
eign, strange ;  subst.,  a  foreigner,  stran- 
ger. 

perennis,  e,  adj.  (per,  annus),  that 
continues  through  the  year,  perpetual, 
perennial. 

per-eo,  iT,  itum,  4,  to  go  or  run 
through,  perish,  go  to  ruin  ;  die. 

per-erro,  1,  to  wander  or  roam 
through. 

per-fero,  tulT,  latum,  3,  to  carry 
through,  bring,  bear,  suffer,  endure,  to 
the  end. 

per-fundo,  f  adl,  f dsum,  3,  to  pour 
over  ;  drench  ;  scatter  over ;  flood. 

Fergus,  T,  m.,  a  lake  in  Sicily. 

per-liorresco,  nil,  3,  to  tremble. 

periculum,  T,  n.  (B.  par,  to  go 
through,  per,  peri-ri,  ireipav,  perl-tus, 
perl-cu-lum),  a  trial,  test  ;  peril,  danger. 

Perilla,  ae,  f.,  name  of  Ovid's 
daughter. 

perimo,  3,  eml,  emptum  (per,  emO), 
to  take  atvay,  destroy,  put  to  death. 

per-luceO,  luxT,  2,  to  shine  through, 
illumine  ;  to  be  transparent. 

per-maneo,  nsl,  nsum,  2,  to  stay 
through,  hold  out,  to  remain. 

per-matiiresco,  turul,  3,  to  become 
fully  ripe,  mature. 

per-mitto,  mlsT,  missnm,  3,  to  let 
go,  cast,  hurl ;  allow,  permit. 

per-mulceo,  si,  sum,  2,  to  stroke 
gently  ;  soften  ;  charm. 

perosus  (per-Odl),  a,  um,  adj.  and 
part.,  haling  greatly,  full  of  hate  ;  tired 
of;  hateful. 

per-petior,  pessus  sum,  3,  v.  dep. 
(patior),  to  bear  steadfastly,  endure,  suf- 
fer, allow. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  pat,  to 
go,  pat,  per-pe-s,  per-pet-is),  going 
through,  continuous,  perpetual. 


Perseis,  idis,  daughter  of  the  Titan 
Perses. 

PerseplionC,  es,  f.,  the  Greek  name 
for  Proserpine. 

per-sequor,  sectltus  sum,  3,  to  fol- 
low through  or  after,  to  follow  further, 
pursue  ;  to  report  fully. 

Persis,  idis,  f.,  Persia. 

per-spicio,  spexT,  spectum,  3,  to  see 
through,  look  into,  examine;  observe 
carefully. 

per-sto,  stitT,  statum,  1,  to  continue 
standing,  to  remain  unchanged,  hold 
out,  endure. 

per-terreo,  uT,  itum,  2,  to  frighten, 
terrify,  very  much  or  thoroughly. 

per-ur5,  ussT,  ustum,  3,  to  burn 
through  and  through,  consume. 

per-venio,  venl,  ventum,  4,  to  come 
(through)  to,  arrive  at,  reach. 

per-vigilo,  1,  toivatch,  or  be  awake, 
all  night ;  keep  watch. 

pervigil,  ilis,  adj.,  ever  watching, 
watching  through  the  night. 

pervius,  a,  um,  adj.,  having  a  pas- 
sage through,  passable. 

pgs,  pedis,  m.  (JR.  pad,  to  tread,  step, 
ped,  ped-is),  afoot,  of  man  or  of  beast. 

pestifer,  era,  erum,  adj.,  bringing 
ruin,  baneful,  pestiferous. 

pestis,  is,  f.  (fr.  per-de-re,  per-d-ti, 
per-s-ti,  pes-ti-s,  something  that  de- 
stroys), a  plague,  pest,  pestilence. 

peto,  TvT  and  il,  Itum,  3  (B.  pat,  to 
move  swiftly,  fall  upon,  pet,  pet-ere),  to 
fall  upon,  attack,  strive  for ;  go  to, 
reach  ;  desire,  request,  ask  for. 

Pliaeacius,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Phaeacia,  the  island  of  Scheria,  in  the 
Aegean ;  a  Phaeacian. 

Phaethon,  ontis,  m.,  son  of  Phoe- 
bus and  Clymene,  Phaethon. 

Phaethusa,  ae,  f.,  one  of  the  Helia- 
des,  sister  of  Phaethon. 

Pliant asos,  I,  m.,  the  dream-god, 
Phantasvs. 

pliaretra,  ae,  f.,  <f>aperpa  (B.  bhar, 
to  ca?Ty),  something  that  carries,  a 
quiver. 

pnar^tratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  quivered. 

Phasis,  idis  and  idos,  m.,  a  river  in 
Colchis. 

PhiloctStSs,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Poeas, 
Met.  IX,  243. 


298 


PHINEUS 


PLAUDO 


Phineus,  el,  m.,  1,  brother  of  Ce- 
pheus,  king  of  Aethiopia ;  2,  king  of 
Salmydessus  in  Thrace. 

Phlegethontis,  idis,  adj.  f.,  of 
Phlegethon. 

Phlegyae,  arum,  m.,  a  people  of 
Thessaly  or  Thrace,  who  plundered  the 
temple  of  Delphi. 

Phobetor,  oris,  m.  (<f>oj8>jTa>p),  the 
frightener,  the  dream-god,  son  of  Mor- 
pheus. 

phoca,  ae,  and  phoce,  es,  f.,  a  seal, 
sea-calf. 

Phocaicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Phocis, 
Pkocaean. 

Phocis,  idis,  f .,  a  country  in  Central 
Greece. 

Phoebe,  Os,  f.,  sister  of  Phoebus  ; 
Diana  ;  also  goddess  of  the  moon,  Luna. 

Phoebeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Phoebus, 
Phoebean. 

Phoebus,  i,  m.  (<£oZ/3os,  the  bright- 
shining)^  Gr.  name  of  Apollo. 

Phoenix,  Icis,  m.,  Phoenlcas.  ncc. 
pi.,  a  Phoenician. 

Phrixeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Phrixus, 
Phrixean. 

Phryges,  um,  m.  pi.,  the  inhabitants 
of  Phrygia ;  Phrygians. 

Phrygia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  in  Asia 
Minor. 

Phrygius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Phrygia, 
Phrygian. 

piceus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pix,  fr.  pi,  to 
swell,  pik,  pix),  of  pitch,  pitch-black. 

Pierides,  um,  the  daughters  of 
Pierus  ;  the  Muses  ;  the  Pierides. 

Pierius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Pieria,  Pie- 
rian.   See  n.  Am.  Ill,  926. 

pietas,  atis,  f.  (pius),  dutifulness, 
dutiful  conduct ;  sense  of  duty  ;  piety  ; 
filial  piety  ;  truth,  mercy. 

piger,  ra,  mm,  adj.  (R.  par,  to 
make  firm,  hinder,  pig,  pig-er,  hinder- 
ed), heavy,  dull,  sluggish  ;  unwilling. 

piget,  uit,  2,  v.  impers.  (R.  pi,  pi-k, 
to  grieve),  it  grieves,  is  irksome. 

pignus,  oris  and  eris  (R.  pak,  to 
make  firm,  pig,  pign-u-s,  what  is  made 
firm),  a  security,  pledge  ;  token,  proof. 

pigre,  adv.  (piger),  slowly,  reluc- 
tantly. 

Pindus,  T,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Thes- 
saly. 


ping5,  plnxl,  pictum,  3  (R.  pik,  to 
pierce,  adorn,  pi-n-g-efe),  to  represent 
in  art,  to  paint,  embroider,  embellish. 

pinguis,  e,  adj.  (R.  same  as  of  pa- 
ciscor,  iraxvs,  fat),  fat,  rich,  heavy, 
coarse. 

pinna,  ae,  f.  (R.  spa-n,  to  draw, 
sharpen,  spi,  pi-t-na,  pi-n-na),  a  feather, 
wing,  pinion  ;  point. 

pinus,  (is  and  I,  f .  (R.  pi,  to  swell, 
pi-nu-s),  a  pine,  pine-tree ;  anything 
made  of  pine,  a  ship. 

Pfsa,  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Elis. 

PIrSnis,  idis,  adj.,  of  Pirene. 

Pfsaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Pisa,  Pisae- 
an. 

piscis,  is,  m.  (R.  paska,  a  fish),  a 
fish  ;  in  pi.,  pisces,  the  name  of  a  con- 
stellation. 

Pittheus,  el,  m.,  son  of  Pelops, 
grandfather  of  Theseus. 

pius,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ki,  to  s&ek, 
honor,  kvi,  pi,  pai,  paio,  pio,  piu-s), 
dutiful  in  sentiment  and  conduct,  pious, 
affectionate,  loyal. 

placeo,  uT,  Hum,  3  (R.  park,  to  ask, 
seek,  beg,  plak,  plac-ere),  to  please ; 
placet,  impers.,  it  is  agreeable,  seems 
good. 

placidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (placcO),  pleas- 
ing, gentle,  mild,  agreeable,  peaceful, 
quiet. 

placo,  1  (R.  same  as  placeo),  to  quiet, 
soften,  reconcile,  appease. 

plaga,  ae,  f.  (R.  park,  to  weave, 
fold,  plak,  plag),  a  net,  toil,  snare ;  a 
tract,  region,  quarter. 

plaga,  ae,  f .  (R.  par,  to  strike,  pra-k, 
pla-g,  plag-a),  a  blow,  stroke,  cut,  thrust. 

plango,  nxl,  nctum,  3  (R.  same  as 
plaga,  pla,  pla-n-g-ere),  to  strike,  beat ; 
to  beat  one's  head,  breast,  in  grief  ;  to 
lament,  bewail. 

plangor,  Oris,  m.  (plangO),  a  noisy 
striking,  beating,  loud  mourning,  wail- 
ing. 

planta,  ae,  f.  (R.  prat,  to  spread 
out,  plat,  pla-n-t-a),  anything  spread 
out,  a  plant,  sprout,  shoot,  sucker ;  sole 
of  the  foot. 

planus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
plaga,  pla-k,  fiat),  level,  plane. 

platanus,  I,  f.,  a  plane-tree. 

plaudo,  si,  sum,  3  (etym.  unc),  to 


PLAUSTRUM 


POPULOR 


299 


clap,  strike  ;  to  clap  the  hands,  to  ap- 
plaud, approve. 

plaustrum,  I,  n.  (B.  pru,  flu,  to 
swim,  sail,  flow  ;  rain,  plav,  plov,  plo- 
s-tru-m,  plau-s-tru-m,  fr.  the  idea  of 
traveling  by  water  (sail),  to  the  more 
general  one  of  conveyance  in  any  way 
by  land),  a  vehicle,  carriage,  wagon  ; 
the  name  of  a  constellation,  the  Wagon, 
Charles's  Wain. 

Plausus,  us,  m.  (plaudo),  clapping 
of  hands,  applause. 

plebs,  plebis,  f .  (B.  par,  to  Jill,  pal, 
pla,  ple\  ple-b-s  or  ple-be-s,  a  multitude), 
a  crowd  of  people,  the  common  people, 
the  commons,  the  plebeians. 

plectrum,  I,  n.  (B.  par,  to  strike, 
pra,  pra-k,  wAo-y,  7tAt}k-,  plec-tru-m, 
something  to  strike  with),  a  quill,  boiv, 
plectrum  (to  strike  the  strings  of  a 
musical  instrument). 

Pleias,  adis,  a  daughter  of  Atlas 
and  Pleione,  a  Pleiad. 

planus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as 
plebs),  full,  filled,  complete. 

ploro,  1  (B.  pru,  plu,  to  swim, 
rain,  flow,  plav,  plov,  plov-ero,  ploro, 
to  cause  to  flow  (tears)),  to  weep,  cry, 
cry  out,  wail,  lament,  deplore. 

pluma,  ae,  f.  (same  B.  as  ploro, 
plov-ma,  plou-ma,  plfl-ma),  a  soft  feath- 
er, down,  feathers,  plumage. 

plumbum,  I,  n.  (B.  mluva,  lead, 
mlu-m-vo,  plu-m-vo,  plu-m-bo,  plum- 
bu-m),  lead,  a  bullet  of  lead. 

plumeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (plflma),  full 
of  down,  downy. 

pluvius,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  pluo,  B. 
pru,  plu,  to  rain),  of  rain,  rainy,  rain- 
bringing. 

poculum,  T,  n.  (B.  pa,  pi,  to  drink, 
po,  po-to,  po-culu-m),  a  drinking '-vessel, 
cup,  goblet. 

Poeas,  antis,  m.,  father  of  Philoc- 
tetes. 

poena,  ae,  f.  (B.  ki,  to  seek,  pay, 
punish,  kvi,  pi,  poi,  poe-na),  penalty, 
punishment,  vengeance. 

Poeniceus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Panicus), 
Punic ;  red,  purple-colored. 

polenta,  ae,  f.,  barley,  peeled  barley. 

pollens,  ntis  (part.  fr.  polleO,  fr.  B. 
pa,  to  protect,  guard,  pa-1,  polle-re), 
powerful. 


pollex,    ids,    m.    (polliceor),    the 
thumb. 
polliceor,  pollicitus  sum,  v.  dcp.,  2 

(BB.  PAR,  PRATI,  PORTI,    por-,  pol-,  tO- 

ward,  forth,  and  rik,  to  give  over,  al- 
low, lik,  lie  (lie-Ore),  pol-liceor),  to  hold 
forth,  promise,  offer. 

polluo,  ul,  Gtum,  3  (1st  pt.  of  the 
B.  same  as  in  polliceor,  pol-,  2d  pt.  lu, 
to  wash,  pol-luo),  to  pollute,  soil,  defile ; 
desecrate,  violate. 

polus,  I,  m.,  ir6Ao9  (fr.  B.  kar,  to 
move,  turn,  that  about  wh.  something 
turns),  the  pole,  axis ;  the  globe,  earth, 
the  heavens. 

Polyphemus,  T,  m.,  a  Cyclops. 

pompa,  ae,  f.,  nofjurrj,  a  procession. 

pomum,  T,  n.  (B.  pu,  to  produce, 
pau,  pav,  pov,  pov-mo,  po-mO),  fruit 
(of  trees),  apples,  nuts,  berries,  etc. 

pondus,  eris,  n.  (B.  spad,  spand,  to 
move  violently,  swing,  pand,  pend-ere, 
pond-us),  a  weight,  weight,  heaviness, 
a  burden  ;  weight,  importance. 

pond,  posuT,  positum,  3  (fr.  porti, 
por-t,  por-,  pol-,  po  (prep.),  before,  to- 
ward, and  B.  sa,  to  plant,  set,  lay,  si, 
si-n-ere,  po-sino,  pos-no,  pOnO),  to  put, 
place,  set,  lay,  arrange,  build,  plant ; 
set  away,  put  aside. 

Ponticus,  I,  m.,  name  of  a  poet ; 
Trist.  IV,  10,  47. 

Pontus,  I,  m.  (kovtos,  fr.  B.  pat,  to 
go,  originally  a  path,  then  the  open  sea), 
1,  the  sea,  the  deep ;  a  wave ;  2,  the 
Black  Sea  ;  3,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor, 
Pontus. 

poples,  itis,  m.  (B.  spar,  to  move 
tremulously,  move,  spal  +  spol,  po-pol, 
po-pol-o,  pO-pl-o,  pO-pli-to,  po-pli-t,  po- 
ples, a  part  of  the  body  much  moved), 
the  ham  of  the  knee,  ham-string ;  the 
knee. 

populabilis,  e,  adj.  (populor),  that 
may  be  laid  waste,  destructible. 

popularis,  e,  adj.  (populus),  of  the 
people,  of  the  same  people,  belonging  to 
the  people,  for  the  people  ;  popular  ; 
subst.,  a  fellow-countryman  ;  a  popular 
man,  a  people's  man  ;  a  democrat,  dem- 
agogue. 

populifer,  era,  eram  (pOpulus,  f.,  fr. 
same  B.  as  poples),  poplar-bearing. 

populor,  1,  v.  dep.  (B.  skar,  to  cut. 


300 


POPULUS 


PRAESAEPE 


hurt,  skal,  spal,  spol,  spo-spul,  po-pul- 
ari),  to  lay  waste,  destroy. 

populus,  T,  m.  (R.  par,  to  Jill,  pal, 
pol,  pul,  po-polo,  po-pulu-s),  a  multi- 
tude, people,  crowd,  population;  the 
people ;  populace. 

porrigo,  rexl,  rectum,  3  (fr.  porti, 
pro,  por,  po,  and  regO,  pro-regO),  to 
stretch  forth  or  out,  extend,  spread  out, 
reach,  offer,  lengthen. 

porta,  ae,  f .  (R.  par,  to  go  through, 
por,  por-ta),  a  gate,  door,  a  city-gate, 
entrance. 

porto,  1  (R.  par,  to  Jill,  bring,  pro- 
duce, por,  por-ta-re),  to  carry,  bring, 
convey,  bear. 

portus,  us,  m.  (R.  same  as  porto), 
a  place  to  bring  to,  a  harbor,  haven, 
port. 

posed,  poposcT,  3  (R.  park,  parsk, 
to  ask,  demand,  porsc-,  pose-),  to  de- 
mand, request,  beg,  challenge. 

Possideo,  sedl,  sessum,  2  (fr.  porti, 
por-t,  pro,  por,  pol,  pos-  (as  in  porrigo), 
and  sedeo,  to  sit),  to  be  in  j)Ossession, 
possess,  have. 

possidd,  sedl,  sessum,  3  (fr.  pos- 
(as  in  possideo)  and  sldo,  to  set),  to 
take  in  ])ossession,  possess  one's  self  of. 

possum,  potul,  posse,  v.  irreg.  (fr. 
potis  and  sum,  potis-sum,  pos-sum),  to 
be  able,  have  power,  influence,  capacity  ; 
to  be  powerful ;  possum,  I  can,  and  so 
in  the  other  persons. 

post  (B,.  pas,  behind,  pos,  pos-t),  1, 
prep,  with  ace,  behind,  after,  of  place, 
and  of  time ;  also  of  rank,  next  after, 
inferior  to ;  2,  adv.,  back,  backwards ; 
after,  afterward. 

posterities,  atis,  f.  (posterus),  after- 
comers,  posterity. 

posterus,  a,  um,  adj.  (post),  coming 
after,  following,  future. 

postis,  is,  m.  (etym.  unc,  but  per- 
haps fr.  post),  a  post,  door-post ;  by 
me  ton.,  door. 

post-modo,  adv.,  afterward,  soon 
after. 

post-pond,  posul,  positum,  3,  to  put 
after,  place  after. 

postquam,  conj.,  after  that,  after, 
as  soon  as. 

potens,  adj.  and  part.  (R.  pa,  to  pro- 
tect, pa-t,  po-t,  pote-ns),  having  power 


over,  ruling  over,  master  of;  powerful, 
mighty. 

potentia,  ae,  f.  (potens),  power, 
might,  authority,  dominion  ;  effect. 

potior,  4  (same  R.  as  potens),  to 
have  power  over,  to  become  master  of ; 
to  get,  obtain;  possess,  be  in  possession  of. 

potd,  avT,  atum  and  potum,  1  (R. 
pa,  pi,  to  drink,  po,  po-to),  to  drink. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.  (R.  par,  para, 
pra,  pro,  prae,  before),  before,  in  front 
of,  in  comparison  with. 

praeacutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (acuO), 
sharpened  before,  at  the  end,  sharpened, 
pointed. 

praebeo,  uT,  itum,  2  (prae-habe5),  to 
reach  out,  offer,  afford;  grant,  give, 
render. 

prae-cedo,  cessT,  cessum,  3,  to  go 
before,  precede. 

praeceps,  cipitis,  adj.  (prae  and 
caput),  head  first,  headlong  ;  steep. 

praeceptum,  I,  n.,  a  rule. 

praecipitd,  1  (praeceps),  to  throw 
headlong,  precipitate  ;  to  fall  headlong, 
destroy  one's  self 

praecordia,  Drum,  n.  pi.  (prae-cor), 
the  breast,  heart. 

praeda,  ae,  f .  (R.  ghadii,  to  seize, 
hed,  he-n-d,  prae-hed-a,  praed-a),  plun- 
der, booty,  spoils. 

prae-de-lasso,  1,  to  weary  out  be- 
forehand. 

prae-dives,  itis,  adj.,  very  rich. 

praedd,  Onis  (praeda),  a  robber \ 
plunderer. 

prae-ferd,  tull,  latum,  3,  to  carry 
before,  to  prefer. 

prae-figd,  xT,  xum,  3,  to  fix  or  set  up 
in  front ;  to  point,  tip. 

praemium,  I,  n.  (R.  am,  to  take, 
em-e-re,  prae-im-iu-m,  praem-iu-m), 
something  taken  away  from,  profit,  ad- 
vantage, reward,  prize,  premium. 

praepes,  etis,  adj.  and  subst.  (R. 
pat,  to  move  swiftly,  fly,  pet,  pet-is, 
prae-pe-s),  very  swift,  swift  of  flight, 
fleet ;  a  bird. 

prae-pono,  posul,  positum,  3,  to 
place  before,  prefer. 

praesaepe,  praesepe,  is,  n.  (R.  sak, 
sag,  to  make  strong,  stop,  suak,  sek-i, 
sep-i,  saep-e-s,  prae-saep-e),  an  inclos- 
ure,  stall,  fold,  hut,  hovel. 


PRAESAGIUM 


PROCELLA 


301 


praesagium,  T,  n.  (R.  same  as  prae- 
saepe,  sak,  sag,  to  seek  after,  sag-ire, 
sagium,  praesagium),  a  presentiment, 
foreboding,  presage. 

praesagus,  a,  um,  adj.  (praesagium), 
foretelling,  divining,  prophetic. 

praescius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sciO),  know- 
ing beforehand,  foreknowing,  prescient. 

praesens,  ntis  (part.  fr.  praesum), 
one  who  is  before  or  at  hand,  present, 
at  hand,  in  person ;  efficient,  able. 

praeses,  idis,  adj.  and  subst.  (prae, 
sedeO,  one  who  sits  before),  presiding, 
protecting ;  a  protector,  defender,  ruler, 
chief,  president. 

praesignis,  e,  adj.  (slgnum),  distin- 
guished before  others,  excellent. 

prae-sto,  stitl,  staturus,  1,  to  stand 
before  or  in  front,  be  supeHor,  excel ;  to 
answer  for,  be  good  for  ;  part.,  prae- 
stans,  antis,  superior,  distinguished. 

prae-suo,  ul,  titum,  3,  to  sew  in 
front,  to  sew  over  or  up  ;  cover  over. 

prae-tempto,  1,  to  try  beforehand. 

prae- ten  do,  dl,  turn,  3,  to  stretch 
before  or  forth;  to  pretend. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace.  (compara- 
tive of  prae,  prae-ter),  past,  beyond, 
above,  more  ;  except,  save. 

praeter,  eo,  il,  itum,  4,  to  go  by  or 
beyond,  or  past ;  in  trans,  sense,  to  over- 
take ;  pass  by,  omit,  mention  of. 

praetinctus,  a,  um,  part,  of  prae- 
tingo,  dipped  in  or  moistened  before- 
hand. 

prae-uro,  ussT,  ustum,  3,  to  bum  at 
the  edge  or  end,  singe,  scorch. 

prae-vius,  a,  um,  adj.,  going  before, 
leading  the  way. 

pratum,  T,  n.  (R.  prat,  to  become 
wet,  prat-u-m,  the  wet),  meadow,  mead- 
ow-land. 

precarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (prex,  precis), 
gained  by  prayers  or  entreaties,  precari- 
ous. 

precor,  v.  dep.,  1  (prex),  to  pray, 
beg,  entreat,  implore. 

pre-hend5,  prendO,  dT,  sum,  3  (R. 
ghadh,  to  seize,  hed,  he-n-d,  pre(prae)- 
he-n-d-ere,  prehendere,  prendere),  to 
seize,  lay  hold  of,  catch. 

prem5,  press!,  pressum,  3  (R.  pram, 
to  press,  prem-),  to  press,  press  down  ; 
burden,  oppress,  press  together  or  to,  or 


into  ;  impress  ;  to  stop ;  pursue,  press 
close,  insist  upon. 

pretiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pretium),  pre- 
cious, costly. 

pretium,  T,  n.  (R.  par,  to  exchange, 
buy,  trade,  per,  pre,  pre-tiu-m),  worth, 
price,  value  ;  wages,  reward. 

prex,  precis,  f.,  nom.  and  gen.  not 
in  use  (R.  park,  parsk,  prak,  prec-s, 
prex*,  a  prayer,  entreaty,  request,  good 
wish. 

primo,  adv.  (primus),  at  first,  at  the 
beginning. 

prlmum,  adv.  (primus),  at  first,  at 
the  first  time,  in  the  first  place. 

primus,  a,  um,  adj.  superl.  (for  R. 
see  prior),  the  first,  first,  foremost,  ear- 
liest, chief. 

princeps,  cipis,  adj.  and  subst.  (pri- 
mus and  capio),  first,  in  order  or  in 
time;  the  first,  chief;  as  subst.,  the 
first  man,  the  chief,  the  head  ;  prince. 

principium,  I,  n.  (princeps),  the 
beginning,  origin. 

prior,  us,  adj.  comp.  (R.  par,  para, 
pra,  pro,  prae,  before,  pra-ior,  pr-ior), 
former,  pnor ;  first ;  subst.,  priores, 
predecessors,  forefathers,  ancestors. 

priscus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
prior,  pra-ius,  prius-,  pris-,  pris-cu-s), 
olden,  ancient,  of  former  or  ancient 
times. 

pristinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
prior  and  priscus,  pris-tinus),  former, 
original,  pristine. 

prius,  adv.  (prior),  before,  earlier, 
sooner,  previously. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.  (R.  par,  para, 
pra,  pro,  before),  before,  in  front  of,  for, 
instead  of,  in  behalf  of,  according  to,  in 
proportion  to. 

pr5  (proh),  interj.,  Of  ah!  alas! 
alas  for  ! 

proavus,  I,  m.  (pro,  avus), forefather, 
ancestor. 

probo,  1  (etym.  unc),  to  prove,  judge 
of,  approve,  praise,  recommend,  make 
acceptable  or  credible,  show,  represent, 
demonstrate,  accredit. 

pro-ced5,  cessl,  cessum,  3,  to  go 
forth  or  forward,  proceed. 

procella,  ae,  f.  (fr.  pro,  before,  and 
cello,  fr.  R.  kar,  to  move  quickly,  cal, 
eel,  cello,  pro-cella,  as  storm-wind,  as 


302 


PROCER 


PROPERO 


one  driving  forward),  a  violent  wind, 
storm,  tempest. 

procer,  eris,  m.,  chiefly  in  pi.,  pro- 
<;eres,  um  (f  r.  pro  and  R.  kar,  to  jut 
forth,  be  prominent,  cer,  pro-cer-es), 
those  who  are  prominent,  chiefs,  princes, 
leaders,  heads  of  the  state. 

procerus,  a,  um,  adj,  (from  pro 
and  R.  kar,  to  make,  create,  cer,  pro- 
cerus, made,  grown  up),  highball, 
slender. 

procul,  adv.  (same  BB.  as  procella, 
eel,  cul),  pro-cul  (forward  driven),  far, 
at  a  distance,  at  some  distance,  far 
away,  from  afar. 

Proculus,  I,  m.,  a  Roman,  to  whom 
Romulus  is  said  to  have  appeared  ;  Fas- 
ti, II,  499. 

pro-cumbo,  cubuT,  cubitum,  3,  to 
fall  forward,  fall  down,  sink  down. 

procus,  I,  m.  (R.  park,  parsk,  to 
ask,  prak,  proc-u-s),  one  who  asks,  a 
wooer,  suitor. 

prod-eo,  il,  itum,  4  (pro-eO),  to  go 
forth,  come  forth,  appear. 

prodigium,  i,  n.  (fr.  pro  and  R. 
agh,  to  say,  ag,  ag-i-o,  S-j-o,  aio,  ag- 
iu-m,  prod-ig-iu-m,  something  said  be- 
forehand, foretold),  a  prophetic  token, 
omen,  wonder,  prodigy. 

prodigus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  pro  and 
ag,  to  lead,  drive,  ag-a,  ag-0,  prod-igu-s, 
driving  away),  wasteful,  lavish,  prodi- 
gal. 

proditio,  onis,  f.  (prOdO),  betrayal, 
treason. 

pro-do,  didT,  ditum,  3,  to  put  forth 
or  out,  disclose,  betray,  surrender. 

pro-duco,  xT,  ctum,  3,  to  bring  or 
lead  forward,  bring  to ;  produce. 

profano,  1  (prof anus),  to  profane. 

profanus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pro  and  f5- 
num,  that  ivhich  is  before  or  outside  the 
fane  or  temple),  profane,  unholy,  not 
sacred  ;  unconsecrated ;  impious,  god- 
less ;  ill-omened,  of  ill  omen. 

profectus,  us,  m.  (proflciO),  ad- 
vance, progress,  gain,  success. 

pro-fero,  tulT,  latum,  3,  to  bring 
forward,  carry  forth  or  out,  stretch  out, 
extend,  widen. 

pro-ficio,  feci,  fectum,  3  (pro,  faciO), 
to  go  or  come  forward,  advance,  make 
progress;  to  profit. 


proflciscor,  fectus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(proflciO),  to  make  forward  or  forth,  set 
out,  depart. 

profugus,  a,  um,  adj.  (profugio),  one 
that  flees  or  has  fled,  fugitive,  escaped 
from,  banished,  exiled. 

pr5-fundo,  ffidl,  f usum,  3,  to  pour 
forth  or  out,  shed  profusely. 

profundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fundus), 
deep,  profound ;  subst.,  the  deep,  the 
deep  sea. 

progenies,  ei,  f.  (pro-gignO),  race, 
family,  offspring,  progeny  ;  a  descend- 
ant. 

prohibeo,  uT,  itum,  2  (pro,  habeO), 
to  hold  before,  to  hold  or  keep  back,  pro- 
hibit, hinder,  prevent. 

pro-icio,  jeel,  jectum,  3,  to  cast  or 
throw  forth,  throw  away,  drive  away. 

proles,  is,  f.  (fr.  pro  and  olesco), 
that  which  grows  forth,  progeny,  off- 
spring, child  ;  son,  daughter  ;  race  ; 
generation,  age. 

Promethiades,  and  PromSthldes, 
ae,  m.,  son  of  Prometheus  ;  Deucalion. 

pro-mitt5,  mlsl,  missum,  3,  to  send 
forth,  let  grow,  grow,  spread  forth  ; 
promise. 

promo,  mpsl,  mptum,  3  (pro-emo), 
to  take  or  draw  forth,  produce;  part, 
and  adj.,  promptus,  a,  um,  drawn  forth, 
ready,  at  hand,  prompt,  evident,  clear. 

promptus,  us,  m.  (promo),  the  being 
visible,  in  readiness  ;  in  promptu  est,  it 
is  clear,  plain,  easy. 

pr  on  epos,  Otis,  m.,  a  great-grand- 
son. 

pronus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  par,  para, 
pra,  pro,  before,  pra-va-na,  pro-vo-no, 
pro-v->no,  pro-nu-s),  inclined  forward  or 
downivard,  leaning  down,  running  for- 
ward;  easy,  prone. 

propago,  inis,  f .  (R.  pak,  to  make 
firm,  join,  pag,  pag-o,  pro-pag-o),  a 
layer  of  a  plant,  slip,  shoot ;  then  gen- 
erally, a  descendant,  child  ;  offspring. 

prope,  adv.  (R.  park,  to  braid,  bind, 
proc-,  prop-,  prope),  near,  near  by, 
nearly,  almost  ;  prep,  with  ace,  near  to, 
near  by,  hard  by,  near. 

propere,  adv.  (properO),  hastily,  in 
haste. 

propero,  1  (R.  par,  por,  to  bring, 
make,  get,  per,  peru-s,  pro-peru-s,  get- 


PROPERTIUS 


PULVIS 


303 


ting  forward),  to  hasten,  get  ready 
quick,  make  haste. 

Propertius,  T,  m.,  Sextus  Aurclius, 
name  of  a  Roman  elegiac  poet. 

proplnquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R. 
as  prope,  propi-n-co,  propi-n-quu-s), 
near,  neighboring. 

propior,  us,  adj.  compar.  (prope), 
nearer  ;  later  ;  more  like  ;  more  inti- 
mate ;  prOximus,  a,  um,  superl.,  nearest, 
next. 

prO-pCnS,  posul,  positum,  3,  to  put 
forth,  set  out  or  fo?*th,  exhibit ;  propose 
to  one's  self,  undertake,  propose. 

proprius,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  unc., 
perhaps  fr.  prope),  one's  own,  special, 
peculiar ;  proper. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace.  (prope, 
propi-ter,  propter),  near  by,  at  hand, 
close  by  ;  also  adv.  with  same  meaning. 

pro-scind5,  scidl,  scissum,  3,  to  tear 
vp,  cleave. 

Proserpina,  ae,  f.,  daughter  of  Ju- 
piter and  Ceres ;  Proserpine. 

pro-silio,  uT,  4  (saliO),  to  leap  forth, 
spring  up. 

pro-spicio,  spexT,  spectum,  3  (spe- 
cie), to  look  forth  or  forward,  to  look  at, 
look,  survey. 

pro-stern5,  striivT,  stratum,  3,  to 
cast  or  strew  in  front  of,  to  throw  down, 
p?%ostrate. 

prostituo,  stituT,  stitfltum,  3  (stat- 
us), to  place  before,  expose  publicly, 
prostitute. 

pro-sum,  pro-fuT,  prod-esse,  v.  n., 
to  be  of  use  or  profit,  do  goody  benefit, 
profit. 

pro-tendo,  tend!,  tentum,  3,  to 
stretch  forth  or  forward. 

pro-tero,  trlvT,  trltum,  3,  to  drive 
forth,  tread  down. 

Proteus,  eT,  m.,  a  sea-god,  who 
changed  readily  his  form  ;  Proteus. 

protinus,  adv.  (pro,  tenus),  before 
one's  self,  forward,  forthwith,  on  the 
spot. 

pro-turbo,  1,  to  drive  forward,  to 
thrust  away. 

pruinSsus,  a,  um  (pruTna,  of  unc. 
etym.,  perhaps  fr.  R.  par,  to  sprinkle, 
pru,  pru-s,  prus-ina,  pru-Tna,  prop,  cold 
sprinkling),  full  of  hoar-frost,  frosty. 

prunum,  T,  n.,  a  plum  ;  fr.  the  Gr. 


pfibSs,  is,  f.  (B.  pu,  to  beget,  pu- 
be-s),  signs  of  manhood,  puberty ; 
grown-up  males,  youth,  young  men ; 
men. 

publicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  populus  ; 
populicus,  poplicus,  publicus),  belong- 
ing to  the  people,  or  state,  or  commu/rif un- 
common to  all,  public. 

pudet,  uit,  2,  v.  impcrs.  (B.  ru,  to 
strike,  strike  down,  be  dejected),  it 
strikes  down,  makes  ashamed,  is  or 
feels  ashamed,  shames;  one  is  ashamed 
of. 

pudlcus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pudet),  bashful, 
modest,  chaste. 

pudor,  Oris,  m.  (pudet),  shame,  sense 
of  shame,  modesty,  chastity,  innocence  ; 
shame,  disgrace. 

puella,  ae,  f .  (puer,  puerula,  puella), 
a  girl,  maiden, 

puellaris,  e,  adj.  (puella),  of  a 
maiden,  maidenly. 

puer,  erl,  m.  (B.  ru,  to  beget),  a 
child  ;  a  male  child,  boy,  lad,  youth. 

puerilis,  e,  adj.  (puer),  of  a  child  or 
boy,  childish,  boyish  ;  youthful. 

puerpera,  ae,  f.  (puer,  pario),  a 
woman  that  brings  forth  ;  a  woman  in 
child-bed. 

pugna,  ae,  f .  (B.  pak,  to  strengthen, 
join,  puk,  pug,  pug-nu-s,  a  fist,  pug-na, 
prop.,  a  fist-fight),  a  fight,  battle. 

piigno,  1  (pflgna  and  piignus),  to 
fight  with  the  fist,  to  fight,  contend,  do 
battle  ;  to  strive,  struggle. 

pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,  adj. 
(B.  spark,  to  sprinkle,  scatter,  sparg, 
palk,  polc-ro,  pulch-er),  bright,  fair, 
beautiful  ;  noble,  fine,  glorious. 

pullus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  pala,  gray, 
dark  gray,  pal-va,  pul-vu-s,  pul-lu-s), 
dark-colored. 

pulmo,  onis,  m.  (B.  pu,  to  pu- 
rify, to  blow,  plea,  plu,  pul-mo),  the 
lungs. 

pulso,  1  (pellO),  to  strike  violently, 
beat,  stamp  ;  knock  ;  drive. 

pulvereus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pulvis), 
dusty. 

pulverulentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pulvis), 
full  of  dust. 

pulvis,  eris,  m.  (B.  spar,  spal,  pel, 
pul,  to  swing,  to  shake,  pul-vi-s),  dust  ,* 
by  meton.,  the  race-course. 


304 


PtJMEX 


-QUE 


pumex,  icis,  m.  (R.  spju,  to  spit, 
foam,  spu  (spu-ma,/oam),  pu,  pu-me-x), 
a  pumice-stone. 

puniceus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Panicus),  red, 
purple-red. 

puppis,  is,  f.  (etym.  unc),  the 
hinder  part  of  a  ship,  the  stern. 

purgo,  1  (R.  pu  x  ag,  pur-ig-o),  to 
clean. 

purpura,  ae,  f .  (nop-<f>vp-a),  the  pur- 
ple-fish ;  purple  color  ;  purple  ;  by  me- 
ton.,  purple  wool. 

purpureus,  a,  um,  adj.  (purpura),  of 
purple,  red ;  shining  ;  clad  in  purple. 

purus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  pit,  to  cleanse, 
purify),  clean,  pure,  unstained,  stain- 
less ;  free. 

puto,  1  (R.   ru,  to  cleanse,  make 


right),  to  reckon,  consider,  value;  be- 
lieve,  think. 

Pygmaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (irvy/ut^), 
Pygmaean;  Pygmaei  (Fistlings,  Tom 
Thumbs),  the  Pygmies. 

pyra,  ae,  f.,  a  funeral-pile,  pyre. 

Pyramus,  T,  m.,  Pyramus. 

Pyrols,  entis,  m.  (Ilvpdeis),  the  fiery; 
Pyrois. 

pyr5pus,  I,  m.,  a  mixture  of  bronze 
and  gold,  gold-bronze,  gold. 

Pyrrha,  ae,  f.,  daughter  of  Epime- 
theus,  and  wife  of  Deucalion. 

Pythia,  Orum,  n.,  pi.,  the  games  in 
honor  of  the  Pythian  Apollo;  the  Pythi- 
an games. 

Python,  Onis,  m.,  a  dragon  killed  by 
Apollo  on  Parnassus  ;  Python. 


qua  (abl.  fem.  of  qui,  wh.  see),  sc. 
parte,  via,  where,  by  which  way ;  so  far 
as,  anywhere, 

quadrijugus,  a,  um,  adj.,  quadru-s, 
jugum  (BR.  quadro,  ju,  ju-g,  quadri- 
jug-u-s),  of  or  belonging  to  a  team  of 
four  ;  with  four  ho?*ses,  sc.  currus  ; 
quadrijugi,  sc.  equi,  a  team  of  four 
horses. 

quadrupes,  edis,  adj.,  quadru-s, 
pes  tKR.  quadro  and  pad,  to  tread, 
ped,  pes),  four-footed. 

quaere,  quaeslvl,  quaesltum,  3  (R. 
ki,  to  seek,  kvi,  kvai,  kvai-s,  quae-s, 
quaer-ere),  to  seek,  miss,  desire,  reach, 
attain,  strive  after,  inquire. 

qualis,  e,  pron.  relative  (R.  ka,  as 
of  qui,  wh.  see,  ka-li,  qua-li-s),  how 
made,  of  what  quality,  kind,  what. 

qualis-cumque,  pron.  rel.,  of  what 
quality  soever,  of  whatever  kind. 

quam,  adv.  (ace.  fem.  of  qui,  wh. 
see),  how,  how  much,  than,  as. 

quam-libet,  adv.,  as  it  pleases,  how 
much  soever,  ever  so  much. 

quam-prlmum,   adv.,  as  soon  as 


quam  -  quam,  adv.,  though,  al- 
though. 

quam- vis,  1,  adv.,  as  you  will,  ever 
so  much,  very  much  ;  2,  conj.  conces- 
sive, although. 

quando,  adv.,  indef.  (fr.  qua-m  and 


R.  di,  div,  fr.  wh.  dies  ;  thus  :  dju, 
djau,  djav,  dio,  abl.  =  do,  quan-do,  on 
what  day),  when,  at  any  time  ;  also 
adv.  interr.,  when? 

quando-cumque,  adv.  indef.,  at 
some  time  or  other. 

quantus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  qui,  R.  ka, 
ka-nta,  qua-ntu-s),  how  great ;  with 
tantus,  tantus-quantus,  so  great— as  ; 
neut.,  quantum,  how  much,  as  much, 
as  much — as ;  adv.,  as  much  as,  so 
much  as  ;  abl.,  quanto,  by  how  much 
as,  according  as. 

quantulus-cumque,  a,  um,  adj. 
(quantus),  however  small. 

quare  (qua  rG),  adv.  relat.  and  of 
indirect  question,  uherefore,  on  what 
account,  why. 

quartus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  (R.  kat- 
var,  katur,  four,  quatur-tu-s,  quatr- 
tu-s,  quar-tu-s),  the  fourth. 

quasi  (qua,  si),  as  if,  as  it  were. 

quater,  adv.  (same  R.  as  quartus, 
quatur-iens,  quatr-iens,  quatr-ies,  quatr- 
is,  quatr-s,  quater-s,  quater),  four 
times. 

quatio,  quassl,  quassum  (R.  skju, 
sku,  sku-t,  quat-io,  to  cause  to  move, 
stir),  to  shake,  shatter,  swing. 

quattuor,  adv.  (R.  katvar,  katur), 
four. 

-que,  conj.  enclitic  (fr.  qui,  R.  ka, 
=  re),    joining   things   in   themselves 


QUEO 


QUONIAM 


305 


closely  connected,  and,  and  indeed, 
and  in  general,  and  yet,  yet  ;  que— que, 
partly— partly,  not  only— but  also,  and 
at  the  same  time. 

queo,  qulvl,  quitum,  4  (R.  kit,  kvi, 
kva-n,  to  be  strong,  qiii-o,  queO),  to  be 
able. 

quercus,  tls,  f .  (R.  kar,  to  be  hard), 
an  oak,  oak-tree  ;  by  meton.,  wreath  of 
oak. 

querela  (-clla),  (queror),  ae,  f.,  a 
plaint,  complaint. 

queror,  questus  sum,  3,  v.  dep.  (R. 
kvas,  kus,  to  sigh,  ques-tu-s),  to  com- 
plain, bewail ;  with  talia,  to  make  such 
complaints. 

querulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (queror),  com- 
plaining, plaintive. 

questus,  us,  m.  (queror),  a  com- 
plaint, plaint. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  1,  pron.  rel.  (R.  ka, 
pronom.  stem,  fr.  the  indef.  meaning 
all,  every ;  originally  demonst.,  kva, 
qua,  quo,  quo-i,  qua-i,  qui),  who,  which, 
that,  what ;  after  idem,=a#  ,*  in  joining 
sentences,  =  a  demonstr.  with  and,  but, 
now,  then ;  also  demonstratively  used 
in  clauses  of  purpose  or  of  result ;  2,  in- 
terrogative, both  as  substantive  and  as 
adjective,  who?  which?  what?  what 
kind  of? 

quia,  conj.  (nnc,  but  perhaps  from 
qui,  abl.  sing.  +  jam,  as  explained  by 
Corssen,  II,  850  ;  B.  503),  because. 

qui-cumque,  quae-cumque,  quod- 
cumque,  pron.  indef.  rel.,  whoever, 
whatever,  every  one  who,  all  who. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  (and 
subst.  quiddam),  (RR.  ka  (qui)  and 
da,  pronom.  stem,  3d  pers.,  de,  da-m, 
ace,  qui-da-m),  pron.  indef.,  a  certain 
one,  some  one,  somebody,  something. 

quidem,  adv.  (qui  and  da,  de,  de-m, 
see  quidam),  indeed,  truly,  too,  also ; 
used  concessively,  e.  g.,  ille  quidem,  to 
be  sure,  it  is  true. 

quies,  etis,  f.  (R.  ki,  to  lie  down, 
kia,  quie-sc-ere,  quie-s),  rest,  quiet,  re- 
pose  ;  sleep ;  place  of  repose. 

quiescS,  CvT,  Gtum,  3  (for  R.  see 
quies),  to  rest,  repose,  keep  quiet. 

quietus,  a,  um,  adj.  (quiescO),  quiet, 
calm,  at  rest. 

qui  -  libet,    quae-libet,    quod-libet, 


and  subst.,  quid-libct,  every  one  you 
please,  who  you  please,  every  one,  who- 
ever, ivhatever. 

quin,  conj.  (same  R.  as  qui,  ka, 
qul-n,  fr.  qui  +  ne,  how  not),  1,  inter- 
rog.,  how  not?  why  not?  nay,  nay 
even  ;  2,  rel.,  so  that  not,  but  that,  that  ; 
from— after  verbs  of  hindering. 

quliil,  ac,  a,  num.  adj.,  distrib.  (for 
R.  see  quinque,  quinc-nl,  qul-nl),  Jive 
each. 

quinque,  num.  adj.  (R.  tanka-n, 
penque,  quenque,  quinque),  five. 

quintus,  a,  um,  adj.  (see  quinque, 
quin(c)tu-s,  quin-tu-s),  the  fifth. 

quippe,  adv.  (qui-ppe,  pe=que,  then 
quippe  instead  of  qulpe),  indeed,  truly, 
doubtless ;  forsooth,  for. 

Quirlnus  (Curltis,  Cures),  name  of 
Romulus,  as  deified. 

Quiris,  Itis,  m.  (Curgs),  of  Cures, 
usiially  in  pi.  the  Quirites. 

quis  (qui),  quae,  quid,  pron.  (R.  ki, 
weaker  form  for  ka,  R.  of  qui,  ki,  kvi, 
qui-s),  1,  interrog.,  who?  what?  what 
sort  of?  neut.,  quid,  what?  why?  2, 
indef.,  any  one,  anything,  some  one, 
something. 

quisquam,  quaequam,  quicquam  or 
quidquam,  pron.  indef.,  any  one,  any- 
thing. 

quisque,  quaeque,  quidquc  or  quod- 
que,  pron.  indef.,  each  one,  every  one, 
every,  everything;  used  of  several, 
while  uterque  is  used  of  only  two. 

quisquis,  quidquid  (quicquid),  pron. 
rel.  indef.,  whoever,  ivhatever. 

qui- vis,  quae-vls,  quod- vis,  quid- vis, 
pron.  indef.,  who  you  please,  any  one 
you  please,  any  one. 

quo  (qui),  adv.,  old  dat.  for  quo-i, 
whither;  for  what  purpose,  to  what 
end. 

quod  (qui),  (fr.  ace),  1,  adv.,  as  to 
which,  as  to  that,  that,  and  so  if,  and 
so  ;  2,  conj.,  because,  that,  in  that. 

quondam,  adv.  (fr.  qui,  quo-m, 
quon,  and  dam,  old  ace.  fr.  de,  da,  a 
pronom.  stem),  (at  a  certain  time),  once, 
formerly  ;  one  day,  by  and  by,  some- 
times. 

quoniam,  fr.  quom,=cum.  and  jam 
(iam),  conj.,  when  now,  now  that,  since, 
inasmuch  as. 


306 


QUOQUE 


RECTOR 


quoque  (qui,  que),  conj.,  also,  as 
well,  even. 

quot,  num.  adj.  (R.  ka,  ka-ti,  quo-t), 
how  many. 

quotiens,  num.  adv.  (same  R.  as 


quot,    gns),    how  many   times,    how 
often. 

quotus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
quot,  kati-ta,  quoti-to,  quotu-s),  of  what 
number,  how  many. 


R 


rabidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rabies),  raving, 
raging,  furious. 

rabies,  em,  e,  f.  (R.  rabii,  to  seize, 
rage,  rab,  rab-ere,  rab-ie-s),  rage,  mad- 
ness, fury,  savageness. 

radio,  1  (see  radius),  to  shine,  be  ra- 
diant. 

radius,  I,  m.  (R,  vardh,  vard,  vrad, 
rad,  to  heighten,  grow),  a  staff,  rod  ; 
spoke  (of  a  wheel)  ;  a  shuttle  (in  weav- 
ing) ;  a  ray,  beam,  in  pi.  the  rays. 

radix,  Icis,  f .  (same  R.  as  radius),  a 
root  ;  the  lowest,  as  the  foundation,  the 
foot  (of  a  mountain) ;  radish. 

rado,  rasl,  rasum,  3  (R.  ead,  to 
scratch,  rad-ere,  rad-si,  rftsl),  to  scrape, 
scratch  ;  to  graze  (radere  freta). 

ramale,  is,  n.  (ramus),  a  branch, 
shoot ;  gen.  pi.  shoots,  brushivood. 

ramosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ramus),  full 
of  branches,  branching. 

ramus,  T,  m.  (same  R.  as  radius,  rad, 
rad-mo,  ramo),  a  branch,  bough,  twig. 

rana,  ae,  f.  (R.  ra,  to  sound,  ra-k, 
rac-na,  rana),  a  frog. 

rapax,  acis,  adj.  (rapio),  grasping, 
greedy  of  plunder,  rapacious,  tearing. 

rapidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mp\6),  seizing, 
tearing,  fierce  ;  rapid,  swift. 

rapina,  ae,  f.  (rapiO),  plunder,  ra- 
pine. 

rapio,  rapuT,  raptum,  3  (R.  rap,  to 
seize,  rob),  to  seize,  snatch,  tear  away, 
hurry  of,  rob,  tear  to  pieces. 

rapto,  1  (rapio),  to  seize  with  violence, 
drag  aivay,  carry  off. 

raptor,  oris,  m.  (rapio),  a  plunderer, 
plundering. 

rarus,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  unc),  loose, 
thin,  scattered  ;  rare  (of  endowments) ; 
rarely. 

rastrum,  T,  n.  (same  R.  as  riidO, 
rad-tru-m,  ras-tru-m),  a  heavy  hoe,  mat- 
tock ;  pi.,  rastri. 

ratio,  Onis,  f.  (R.  ra,  to  reckon, 
think,  ra-tu-s,  ra-ti-0),  a  reckoning  ;  re- 


lation, account,  method,  plan,  means; 
intelligence,  reason. 

ratis,  is,  f.  (R.  ar,  to  ploio  (of  the 
sea),  to  row,  by  metathesis,  ra,  ra-ti-s), 
afloat,  raft ;  a  boat,  ship. 

raucus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ru,  to  sound, 
rau,  rau-cu-s),  deep-sounding,  hoarse, 
harsh,  roaring. 

re-bell5,  1  (same  R.  as  bellum,  dvi, 
duT,  due,  dbcllu-m,  bellu-m),  to  make 
war  again ;  to  rebel. 

re-candesco,  duT,  3  (candeO),  to 
grow  white  again  ;  (with  unda),  to  grow 
while  with  foam  ;  to  grow  hot  again, 
glow. 

re-cedo,  cessT,  ccssum,  3,  to  move 
back,  retire,  withdraw,  recede,  retreat. 

recens,  tis,  adj.  (R.  ran,  to  begin, 
participial  form,  beginning),  new,  fresh, 
recent,  newly  arisen,  just  made. 

receptus,  us,  m.  (capio),  a  retreat. 

recessus,  us,  m.  (cedo),  a  withdraw- 
ing, retreat ;  a  retired  spot,  a  retreat, 
recess. 

re-cido,  reccidi,  reciisurus,  3  (cadO), 
to  fall  back,  retire,  relapse ;  to  fall  upon, 
reach. 

re-cido,  cldT,  cTsum,  3  (caedo),  to 
cut  off,  cut  away,  cut  down. 

re-cingo,  cinctum  (no  perfect),  to 
ungird,  unbind,  loosen. 

re-cipio  (capio),  cCpT,  ceptum,  3,  to 
take  back,  lake  again,  receive,  recover, 
retake  ;  with  se,  to  retire,  withdraw. 

recito,  1  (R.  ki,  to  sharpen,  arouse, 
excite,  ci-jo,  ci-e-re,  citus,  re-citO),  to 
read  in  public,  read  out ;  recite. 

re-cludo  (claudo),  sT,  sum,  to  un- 
close, open,  lay  bare,  disclose  ;  pierce. 

re-cognosco,  nOvT,  nitum,  3  (nOsco), 
to  review,  examine  ;  recognize. 

re-condo,  didi,  ditum,  3,  to  put 
away,  hide,  hide  away  ;  of  the  eyes,  to 
close  again ;  to  conceal. 

rector,  Oris,  m.  (regO),  a  leader, 
ruler,  director ;  a  pilot,  steersman. 


RECTUS 


RE-MITTO 


307 


rectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (regO),  direct, 
straight ;  subst.,  right. 

re-cubo,  1,  no  pcrf.  or  supine,  to  fall 
back,  lie  down,  lie  on  the  back. 

re-cumb5,  cubuT,  cubitum,  3,  to  lie 
down,  sink  down,  recline. 

re-curro,  currl,  cursuni,  3,  to  run 
back,  hasten  back. 

recursus,  us,  m.  (rc-currO),  a  return. 

re-curvo,  1,  to  bend  back ;  part. 
with  undae,  many-winding. 

recurvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (re-curvo), 
bent  backward,  curved  backward. 

recus5,  1  (causa,  causor),  to  make  ob- 
jection, excuse  one's  self,  refuse,  decline. 

red-do,  dere,  did!,  ditum,  3,  to  give 
back,  restwe,  return,  render,  give  in 
return  ;  bestow. 

red-eo,  il,  itum,  4,  to  go  back,  return, 
come  back,  come  again. 

red-igo,  egl,  actum,  3  (re,  ago),  to 
bring  back,  reduce. 

rcdimio,  il,  Itum,  4  (etym.  unc),  to 
bind  around,  encircle,  wreathe. 

red-imo,  eml,  emptuin,  3,  to  buy 
back,  redeem,  ransom,  rescue. 

reditus,  tls,  m.  (redeO),  a  return. 

red-oleo,  olui  (no  supine),  to  be  fra- 
grant, redolent. 

re-duco,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  bring,  lead, 
back,  draw  back,  reduce. 

redux,  ucis,  adj.,  returning;  re- 
turned. 

re-fello,  fell!  (no  supine),  (re-fallO), 
to  refute,  answer. 

re-fero,  tull  (rettull),  latum,  3,  to 
bear  back,  carry  back,  turn  again,  re- 
store, repeat ;  give  in  return  ;  answer  ; 
relate. 

rS-fert,  rStulit,  rCferre  (re's  and  fert), 
it  concerns,  it  matters,  it  is  important. 

re-flecto,  flexl,  flectum,  3,  to  bend 
back,  turn  back ;  reflexive,  bend  itself 
back  ;  longos  reflectitur  ungues,  bends 
itself  back  into  long  claws,  i.  e.,  gets 
its  nails  lengthened  into  claws. 

re-foveo,  fovl,  fotum,  3,  to  warm 
again,  revive,  restore. 

refring5  (re  and  f rangO),  fregT,  frac- 
tum,  3,  to  break  open  ;  tear  open. 

re-fugio,  fflgl  (no  supine),  to  flee 
back,  withdraw,  give  way ;  avoid,  shun. 

re-fundo,  f adl,  fasum,  3,  to  pour 
back,  pour  out. 


regalis,  e,  adj.  (rCx,  regO),  kingly, 
regal,  royal,  princely. 

regaliter  (regalis),  adv.,  like  a  king, 
regally  ;  tyrannically. 

re-gero,  gcssl,  gestum,  3,  to  bring 
back,  throw  back. 

regimen,  inis,  n.,  the  rule,  direction, 
guidance  ;  a  rudder. 

regina,  ae,  f.,  a  queen,  princess. 

regio,  onis, 
region,  distnct. 

regius,  a,  um,  adj.  (reg,  rug,  rex), 
regal,  royal,  princely,  queenly. 

regno,  1  (reg,  rSg-s  (rex),  regn-arc), 
to  reign ;  part.,  regnatus,  reigned  over, 
ruled. 

regnum,  I,  n.  (rCgno),  regal  rule, 
reign  ;  power,  might ;  kingdom,  realm. 

rego,  rexl,  rectum,  3  (R.  kao,  to 
direct,  reg,  reg-cre),  to  lead,  direct,  rule, 
govern. 

re-icio  (reiicio),  jecT,  jcctum,  3  (ja- 
cio),  to  throw  or  hurl  back,  throw  off ; 
reject,  despise. 

re-labor,  lapsus  sum,  3,  v.  dep.,  to 
glide  back,  sink  back. 

re-Ianguesco,  languT,  3,  to  grow 
weary,  sink  fainting. 

re-laxo,  1,  to  stretch  out  or  widen 
again  ;  to  loosen,  open. 

re-lego,  legl,  lectum,  3,  to  run 
through  again,  review,  repeat. 

re-levo,  1,  to  lift  up  again,  relieve, 
lessen. 

re-ligo,  1,  to  bind  to,  fasten  ;  moor. 

re-linquo,  liquT,  lictum,  3,  to  leave 
behind,  leave,  abandon,  forsake,  give 
up,  relinquish. 

re-luceo,  luxT,  2,  to  shine  again, 
blaze  vp. 

re-lucesco,  luxT,  to  flame  up  again, 
shine  again. 

re-maneo,  mansT,  mimsum,  2,  to 
remain  behind,  stay,  be  left. 

re-meo,  1,  to  go  or  turn,  back. 

remex,  igis,  m.  (rcmus  and  ago),  an 
oarsman,  a  rower. 

remigium,  T,  n.  (rSmcx),  oars,  oar- 
age ;  rowing  ;  poetically,  for  icings. 

reminiscor,  3,  v.  dep.  (B.  ma,  man, 
to  think,  men,  me-min-i,  re-min-i-sci), 
to  call  to  mind  again,  recall,  remember. 

re-mittO,  mlsT,  missum,  3,  to  send 
back,  let  go  (back) ;  send  forth,  give 


308 


RE-MOLIOR 


RE-TEXO 


out ;  (of  the  spider),  to  spin  the  threads 
(of  its  web)  ;  remit,  allow. 

re-molior,  4,  v.  dep.,  to  press  or 
push  back,  or  away. 

re-mollesco,  3,  to  become  soft  again, 
be  softened,  yield. 

re-moror,  1,  v.  dep.,  to  linger  or 
stay  behind ;  transitive,  in  remorata, 
delayed,  Met.  X,  671. 

re-moveo,  movl,  mOtum,  2,  to  move 
back,  remove,  separate;  stroke  back, 
put  aside. 

Remus,  T,  m.,  the  brother  of  Romu- 
lus. 

remus,  T,  m.  (R.  ar,  to  plow  (plow 
the  sea),  to  row,  eret-mos,  ret-mo-s,  re- 
mu-s),  an  oar  ;  figuratively,  with  ala- 
rum, oarlike  ivings. 

re-narro,  1,  to  tell  or  narrate  again. 

re-nascor,  nasci,.  3,  v.  dep.,  to  be 
born  again,  spring  up  or  grow  again. 

re-nideo,  2,  to  shine  forth,  shine. 

re-novo,  1,  to  renew. 

reor,  ratus,  2  (R.  ra,  to  join,  reckon), 
to  think,  believe. 

repagula,  Orum,  n.  pi.,  barriers. 

re-par  o,  1,  to  repair,  renew. 

re-pello,  -ppull,  pulsum,  3,  to  let  go. 

repens,  tis,  sudden. 

repercussus,  part.  (re-per-quatiO), 
reflected,  rebounding. 

re-perio  perl,  pertum,  4,  to  dis- 
cover. 

re-peto,  TvT,  il,  Itum,  3,  to  seek  again, 
repeat ;  heave. 

re-pleo,  plevl,  pletum,  2,  to  fill 
again,  fill,  satisfy. 

re-pono,  posuT,  positum,  3,  to  put 
back  or  away,  lay  aside,  lay  down ;  re- 
store, replace. 

re-primo,  press!,  pressum,  3,  to 
press  back,  repress,  suppress. 

re-pugno,  1,  to  fight  against,  resist, 
struggle  ;  to  be  repugnant  to,  oppose. 

repulsa,  ae,  f.  (repellO),  a  repulse, 
refusal,  denial. 

requies,  Otis,  f.,  ace.  requiem,  abl. 
requiS  (quigs  fr.  R.  ki,  to  lie  down), 
rest,  repose,  quiet. 

requiesco,  quievT,  quietum,  3,  to 
rest,  repose. 

re-quiro  (quaerO),  quTsTvT,  qulsltum, 
3,  to  seek  out,  search  for,  seek,  call  for, 
ask  for,  desire,  require. 


res,  rel  or  rel,  f.  (R.  ra,  to  lend, 
give,  ra-I,  ra-T,  ra-s,  re-s),  a  thing,  mat- 
ter, object,  affair,  circumstance,  event ; 
in  pi.,  realm,  state,  the  world,  nature, 
universal  dominion  ;  a  fact,  a  deed. 

re-seco,  secuT,  sectum,  1,  to  cut  off 
or  away,  cut. 

re-sequor,  resecutus  sum,  v.  dep., 
to  follow,  in  discourse,  answer. 

re-sideo,  sedl,  sessum,  2  (sedeO),  to 
remain  sitting,  sit  down,  sit  ;  reside. 

re-sido,  sedl,  3,  to  seat  one's  self ; 
subside,  settle  down. 

re-silio  (saliO),  ul,  4,  to  leap  or  spring 
back. 

re-sisto,  stiti,  3,  to  remain  stand- 
ing, stand ;  to  resist. 

re-solvo,  solvT,  solQtum,  3,  to  un- 
loose, loosen,  break  through,  relax,  dis- 
solve. 

re-sono,  1,  to  sound  again,  resound. 

respectus,  us,  m.  (respicio),  a  look- 
ing back ;  a  refuge,  retreat ;  respect, 
regard. 

re-spicio  (speciO),  spexT,  spectum, 
3,  to  look  back  or  about,  look  at  or  to- 
ward ;  have  regard  for,  respect. 

re-spondeo,  spondT,  sponsum,  2,  to 
reply,  answer,  respond ;  to  correspond 
or  answer  to  ;  to  be  fitting. 

re-stituo  (statuo),  stitui,  stitutum, 
3,  to  restore ;  to  put  in  (his)  former 
condition,  Met.  XI,  135. 

re-sto,  stitT,  1,  to  remain,  be  left; 
be  wanting  to. 

re-sumo,  sumps!,  sumptum  (re,  sub, 
emo),  3,  to  take  again,  win,  or  gain 
again ;  resume. 

resupinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bent  back, 
lying  on  the  back,  on  the  back. 

re-surgo,  surrexT,  surrectum,  3,  to 
rise,  or  raise  one's  self,  again  ;  to  arise, 
rise  again,  return. 

re-tard5,  1,  to  hinder,  retard. 

rete,  is,  n.  (R.  svar,  to  bind,  join, 
ser,  sre,  re,  re-te),  a  net. 

re-tego,  texl,  tectum,  3,  to  uncover, 
lay  bare,  open  ;  take  away  ;  disclose. 

re-tempto  (tento),  1,  to  try  again, 
try  anew. 

re-tex5,  texuT,  textum,  3,  to  un- 
weave ;  lessen,  or  diminish,  again,  to 
alter,  change,  annul ;  weave  again, 
renew,  repeat. 


RE-TICEO 


ROSTRUM 


309 


re-ticeo  (taceo),  to  be  silent,  keep 
silent,  refrain  from  ansioering,  be  ret- 
icent. 

retinaculum  (retineO,  re,  teneO, 
ten-Sx,  tenac-u-lu-m),  something  that 
holds  back,  a  cable,  rope,  fastening. 

retineo  (teneO),  retinul,  retentum, 
2,  to  hold  back,  stop,  detain,  retain,  re- 
strain ;  keep. 

re-torqueo,  torsi,  tortum,  2,  to 
twist,  or  turn,  back,  or  around. 

re-tract5,  1,  to  review. 

re-traho,  traxl,  tractum,  3,  to  draw 
back,  withdraw  ;  draw  again. 

retro,  adv.  (see  intro),  backward, 
back. 

re-vell5,  vulsl,  vulsum,  3,  to  tear,  or 
pull,  away,  drag  from. 

reverentia  (re,  vereor),  timidity, 
shyness  ;  reverence  ;  shame. 

re-vertor,  vertT,  versus  sum,  v.  dep., 
to  turn  back,  return. 

re-vivisco,  vixT,  3,  to  come  to  life 
again,  live  again,  revive. 

revocabilis,  e,  adj.  (revoco),  that 
may  be  recalled  or  revoked,  revocable. 

re-volvo,  volvl,  volutum,  3,  to  roll 
back,  sink  back  ;  renew,  repeat. 

rex,  rggis  (R.  reg,  r£g,  reg-s,  to 
rule),  a  king,  prince,  leader. 

Rhenus,  I,  m.,  the  Rhine,  the  river 
parting  Gaul  from  Germany. 

Rhodanus,  I,  m.,  the  Rhone,  river 
in  Gaul. 

Rhodope,  0s,  f.,  1,  a  mountain  in 
Thrace ;  2,  a  Thracian  woman,  who 
was  changed  into  a  mountain  of  this 
name. 

Rhodopeius,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  Rho- 
dope,  Rhodopeian  ;  Thracian,  used  of 
Orpheus,  Met.  VI,  87. 

rictus,  tls,  m.  (R.  rik,  to  cleave,  tear 
apart,  ric,  rig,  ri-n-gi  (infin.  pass.),  ric- 
tu-s,  part.,  then  rictus,  subst.,  cleft, 
opening),  the  opening  of  the  mouth,  the 
mouth  wide  open  ;  in  pi.,  mouth,  jaws. 

rideo,  rTsT,  rlsum,  2,  etym.  unc,  to 
laugh,  smile  ;  to  laugh  at  ;  to  ridi- 
cule. 

rigeo,  2  (same  R.  as  rex,  rectus,  rag, 
to  direct,  make  straight,  reg,  rig,  rig- 
Cre),  to  be  stiff,  to  stand  stiff  or  upright ; 
to  harden. 

rigesco  (rigeo),  3,  to  grow  stiff ,  stiffen. 


rigidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rigeO),  stiff, 
hard,  rigid,  rough. 

rigor,  Oris,  m.,  stiffness,  hardness, 
rigor ;  Hgid  cold. 

riguus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rigO),  watered, 
irrigated. 

lima,  ae,  f .  (same  R.  as  rictus,  rik, 
ric,  ric-ma,  rlma),  a  cleft,  crack,  fissure. 

rlpa,  ae,  f.  (R.,  according  to  Vani- 
cek,  same  as  rlma,  rik,  rig,  rip-a ;  but 
according  to  Corssen,  fr.  R.  ri,  to  flow, 
same  as  rlvus),  a  bank  (of  a  river). 

rlsus,  us,  m.  (rldeO),  laughter,  laugh. 

rltus,  us,  m.  (R.  same  as  ratus,  ra, 
re,  rl-tu-s),  something  established,  a  re- 
ligious usage,  rite,  ceremony,  form. 

rlvus,  T,  m.  (R.  ri,  to  flow,  ri,  rl- 
vu-s),  a  stream,  brook,  river,  rivulet. 

robig5  (rubTgO),  inis,  f.  (R.  rudh, 
to  be  red,  rud,  rub,  roub,  rflb,  rOb-T-gO), 
rust  (on  metals) ;  mold  or  deposit  on 
the  teeth. 

robur,  oris,  n.  (R.  rabh  (same  as 
rabies),  to  seize),  rab,  rob-ur),  trunk- 
wood,  hard  wood;  in  pi.,  trunks  of 
trees  ;  especially  oak-wood,  oak ;  figura- 
tively, strength,  hardness,  force,  cour- 
age, military  might. 

rogalis,  e,  adj.  (rogus),  belonging  to, 
orof,  a  funeral  pile. 

rogo,  1  (R.  same  as  rectus,  rag,  to 
set  straight,  reg,  rog,  roga-re,  to  put 
straight,  to  reach  after,  as  in  legem 
rogare,  to  try  for,  try  to  get  by  asking, 
ask),  to  ask,  beg,  sue  for. 

rogus,  I,  m.  (same  R.  as  rectus,  rag, 
reg,  rog,  rogu-s,  something  set  up),  a 
funeral  pile,  a  pyre. 

Roma,  ae,  f .  (R.  sru,  to  flow,  srou, 
sro,  ra,  rO,  Ko-ma,  the  stream-city), 
Rome. 

Romulus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Romulus. 

Romulus,  i,  m.  (Roma),  Romulus, 
son  of  Mars  and  Rhea  Silvia  or  Ilia. 

rOrS,  1  (ros),  to  bedew  ;  to  drop  or 
distill  dew  ;  to  trickle,  d?'ip. 

ros,  rOris,  m.  (R.  ras,  to  trickle,  to 
besprinkle,  rOs),  dew  ;  trickling  water, 
spring-water,  moisture,  spray ;  ros  ma- 
rlnus,  rosemary. 

rosa,  ae,  f .  (etym.  unc),  a  rose. 

rostrum,  T,  n.  (rOdO,  wh.  is  fr.  R. 
rad,  to  scratch,  gnaw,  rad,  rod,  rod-ere, 
to  gnaw,  corrode,  rod-tru-m,  ros-tru-m, 


310 


ROTA 


SAGAX 


something  that  scratches),  a  beak,  bill ; 
snout,  muzzle ;  beak  of  a  ship. 

rota,  ae,  f .  (B.  saine  as  remus,  ar, 
ra,  re,  ro,  ro-ta),  a  wheel ;  by  meton.,  a 
chariot,  wagon,  cart. 

roto,  1  (rota),  to  turn  as  a  wheel,  to 
whirl,  whirl  about. 

rubefacio,  feci,  factum,  3  (rubeO, 
facio),  to  make  red  or  ruddy,  to  redden. 

rubeo,  ui,  2  (B.  rudh,  to  be  red,  rud, 
rub,  rub-e*re),  to  be  red. 

rnbens,  tis,  part,  and  adj.  (rubeO), 
red,  ruddy  ;  blushing. 

rubesco,  rubul,  3,  to  grow  red. 

rubeta,  Orum,  n.,  bramble-thickets. 

rubor,  Oris,  m.  (rubeO),  redness. 

rudens,  tis,  m.  (B.  ru,  to  sound, 
ru-d,  rud-ere,  rud-e-ns,  whistling  sound, 
clamor  sibilus  (rudentum)),  a  (ship's) 
rope,  hawser,  line,  sheet,  cordage. 

rudis,  e,  adj.  (B.  vardh,  to  rise  up, 
to  grow,  vrad,  vrud,  rud,  rud-i-s,  grown, 
overgrown),  rough,  rude  ;  uncultivated, 
inexperienced,  unknown,  a  stranger 
to. 

ruga,  ae,  f .  (E.  varg,  to  turn,  vurg, 
vrug,  rug-a),  a  wrinkle. 

rugosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ruga),  full  of 
wrinkles,  wrinkled ;  dried. 

ruina,  ae,  f .  (ruo),  a  fall,  crash  ; 
ruin,  destruction  ;  ruins. 

Bfunina,  sc.  flcus  ;  see  n.  Fasti,  II, 
412 ;  of  Eumina. 


Rumor,  Oris,  m.  (B.  ru,  to  sound, 
ru,  rflm-or),  a  rumor,  report,  common 
talk ;  personified,  RumOres,  Rumors. 

rumpo,  ru.pi,  ruptum,  3  (B.  rap, 
Rup,  to  break,  ru-m-p-ere),  to  break, 
burst,  break  down,  burst  through  ;  to 
split,  bore  or  cut  through,  cleave,  tear 
apart ;  destroy. 

ruo,  rul,  rutum,  3  (B.  dar,  to  cleave, 
burst,  dru,  ru,  ru-ere),  to  rush,  run, 
rush  in,  fall  in,  fall  in  ruins. 

rupes,  is,  f.  (B.  same  as  rumpO, 
rlip-e-s,  something  broken  off  or  cleft),  a 
cliff,  a  precipitous  rock. 

ruricola,  ae,  m.,  adj.  and  subst. 
(rfls  and  colO),  one  that  tills  the  field,  or 
that  lives  in  the  country ;  rustic ;  peas- 
ant. 

rursus,  adv.  (re-vorsu-m,  fr.  re  and 
vertO,  vort,  vors,  fr.  B.  vart),  (turned 
backward),  back,  again,  anew. 

rus,  ruris,  n.  (B.  rav-as,  the  wide, 
the  free,  rov-os,  rus,  the  free,  open,  land), 
the  country  ;  land  ;  field,  fields. 

rustic  us,  a,  um,  adj.  and  subst. 
(rus),  rustic,  rural ;  boorish  ;  a  rustic ; 
a  boor. 

rutilus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  B.  as 
rubeO,  rudh,  rud,  rud-tu-lo  (Ru-tu-li), 
ru-ti-lu-s),  red,  bright-red,  flaming-red. 

Butull,  Orum,  m.  pi.  (B.  same  as 
rutilus),  a  people  in  Latium  ;  the  Rutu- 
li  or  Rutulians. 


Sablnl,  Orum,  m.,  a  people  in  Cen- 
tral Italy ;  the  Sabines. 

Sabinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Sabine. 

sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,  adj.  (B.  sak, 
sag,  to  make  firm,  ordain,  sac-er),  con- 
secrated to  a  deity,  sacred,  holy. 

sacrum,  i,  n.  (sacer),  something 
sacred,  a  sanctuary  ;  in  pi.,  sacred 
rites  ;  sacrifices,  offerings. 

sacrilegus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sacer  and 
lego),  plunderer  of  things  sacred,  sacri- 
legious, impious. 

sacro,  1  (same  B.  as  sacer),  to  con- 
secrate, make  sacred. 

saeculum,  I,  n.  (B.  sa,  to  strew, 
sow,  se,  se-r-ere,  se-vl,  sG-men,  se-(sae)- 
culu-m,  sowing,  increase),  (saeclum),  a 
generation,  race  of  men,  men ;  an  age, 


century,  lifetime  ;  in  pi.,  Saecula,  the 
Ages. 

saepe,  adv.  (same  B.  as  sacer,  sak, 
suak,  saep-e-s,  saep-i-s,  saepe,  ace.  n.), 
often,  oftentimes,  frequently. 

saepes  (sepes),  is,  f.  (see  saepe),  a 
hedge,  inclosure,  fence. 

saeta  (seta),  ae,  f.  (etym.  unc),  the 
short,  coarse  hair  of  an  animal,  a  bris- 
tle, bnstling  or  shaggy  hair. 

saevio,  IvI  (il),  Itum,  4  (saevus),  to 
rage,  be  angry,  be  furious. 

saevus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  savja,  skav- 
ja,  left,  unlucky  (scaevus,  laevus),  saiva, 
saevu-s),  fierce,  wild,  raging,  furious ; 
cruel,  savage. 

sagax,  acis,  adj.  (B.  sagio,  fr.  B. 
sak,  sag  (same  as  sacer),  to  seek  after, 


SAGITTA 


SCILICET 


311 


be  of  keen  perception),  of  keen  percep- 
tion, acute,  sagacious ;  sharp-sighted, 
keen-scented  ;  quick  of  hearing. 

sagitta,  ae,  f.  (same  R.  as  sagio),  an 
arrow. 

sagittifer,  -era,  erum,  adj.  (sagitta, 
fero),  arrow-bearing,  armed  with  ar- 
rows. 

salignus,  a,  um,  adj.  (salix),  of  wil- 
low. 

salio,  ul  (il),  turn,  4  (R.  sar,  to  go,  to 
flow,  sal,  sal-Ire),  to  spring,  leap,  hop, 
dance. 

salix,  icis,  f.  (same  R.  as  salio),  a 
willow-tree,  willow. 

saltern,  adv.  (same  R.  as  salvus 
(salti-m),  sal-te-m),  at  least,  at  any  rate. 

saltus,  fis,  m.  (salio),  1,  a  leaping, 
leap,  spring;  2,  an  uprising  place,  a 
nawow  pass  ;  an  opening,  a  forest-pas- 
ture, woodland,  wood. 

salus,  litis,  f.  (same  R.  as  salvus), 
welfare,  health,  safety,  rescue ;  by 
meton.,  a  greeting. 

saluto,  1  (salvus),  to  wish  one's  wel- 
fare, to  salute,  greet. 

salve,  imper.,  fr.  salveO,  be  well, 
hail ! 

salvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  sar,  to  pro- 
tect, heal,  sal,  sal-vu-s,  healed,  safe), 
unharmed,  safe,  well. 

Samos,  I  (-us),  f.,  1,  an  island  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor  ;  2,  an  island  in 
the  Ionian  sea  ;  Samos. 

sanabilis,  e,  adj.  (sanO),  curable. 

sanctus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
sacer,  sak,  sac,  sa-n-c-Ire),  part.  fr. 
sancio,  sacred,  holy,  inviolate  ;  pure ; 
unsullied. 

sanguineus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sanguis), 
of  blood,  bloody. 

san  gui  a  u  lent  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (san- 
guis), bloody,  sanguinary. 

sanguis,  inis,  m.  (R.  sak,  sag,  to 
drop,  drip,  taste,  sa-n-gu-i-s),  blood  (in 
the  body)  ;  bloodshed  ;  by  meton.,  race, 
blood,  family. 

sanus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  sava,  sound, 
well,  sav,  sav-no,  siX-nu-s),  sound, 
healthy ;  of  sound  understanding,  ra- 
tional, sane. 

sapiens,  tis  (sapio),  part,  adj.,  hav- 
ing taste,  sensible ;  wise,  discerning, 
shrewd. 


sapienter   (sapiens),    adv., 
sensibly. 

sapio,  IvI,  il,  3  (R.  same  as  sanguis, 
sak,  to  taste),  to  taste,  to  have  taste  or 
sense  ;  to  be  wise,  intelligent. 

sarcina,  ae,  f.,  a  burden  ;  see  note, 
Met.  VI,  294. 

sarculum,  I,  n.  (fr.  sar-(sarr)Ire,  R. 
sar,  to  weed),  a  light  hoe. 

Sardes,  ium  (Sardls),  f.  pi.,  capital 
of  Lydia. 

Sarmatis,  idis,  adj.,  of  Sarmatia, 
Sarmatian  ;  see  note,  Trist.  IV,  10, 
110. 

satio,  1  (see  satis  for  R.),  to  satisfy, 
satiate,  glut. 

satis  and  sat,  adv.  (R.  sa,  to  satisfy, 
sa-t,  sat-i-s),  enough,  sufficiently. 

satur,  ra,  rum,  adj.  (satis),  full,  sa- 
tiated ;  rich. 

Saturnius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Saturnus), 
of  Saturn,  Saturnian ;  subst.,  the  Sa- 
turnian,  Jupiter  ;  Satumia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Saturnus,  Juno. 

Saturnus,  I,  m.  (R.  sa,  to  sow,  sa- 
tur, Sa-tur-nu-s,  god  of  sowing,  of  Ag- 
riculture), son  of  Uranus  and  Gaea,  and 
father  of  Jupiter  and  Juno.  His  reign 
was  the  golden  age,  and  his  dethrone- 
ment by  Jupiter  was  followed  by  the 
silver  age  ;  Met.  I,  113. 

saturo,  1  (satis),  to  satiate,  saturate. 

Satyrus,  I,  m.,  a  Satyr. 

saucius,  a,  um,  adj.  (etym.  unc),  in- 
jured, wounded,  smitten,  struck. 

saxeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (saxum),  of 
stone,  stony. 

saxum,  I,  n.  (R.  sak,  ska,  to  cut, 
sac,  sac-so,  saxu-m),  something  cut  or 
split,  a  detached  fragment  of  rock,  a 
rock,  a  stone,  a  crag,  a  broken  rock  ;  a 
cave,  cavern. 

sceleratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (scelus), 
wicked,  guilty,  infamous,  accursed,  im- 
liious. 

scelus,  eris,  n.  (R.  skar,  to  turn 
quickly,  sway,  err,  skal,  scel-us),  <xn 
error,  crime,  evil  deed  ;  evil  word. 

sceptrum,  I,  n.  (R.  skap,  to  sup- 
port (aK^nrpov)),  a  sceptre,  royal  staff  ; 
by  meton.,  regal  rule,  dominion. 

Schoeneius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Schoe- 
neus,  king  of  Boeotia  ;  Schoeneian. 

scilicet  (sci,  imper.  of  sciO  and  licet), 


312 


SCINDO 


SENATUS 


adv.,  no  doubt,  certainly,  forsooth,  in- 
deed, namely. 

scindo,  scidl,  scissum,  3  (R.  game  as 
saxum,  sak,  to  cut,  ska,  sci,  skid,  scid, 
sci-n-d-ere),  to  cleave,  split,  cut,  tear 
aj>art,  tear  off. 

scid,  scivl,  scltum,  4  (same  R.  as 
scindo,  sak,  ska,  sci,  to  cut,  part,  de- 
cide), to  know,  experience. 

scitor,  v.  dep.,  1  (scIscS,  sciO),  to 
seek  to  know,  to  search  into,  inquire. 

sci t us,  a,  um  (part.  adj.  fr.  sciscO), 
experienced,  skilled,  versed  in. 

scopulus,  I,  m.  (Gr.  o-Koirekos),  a 
projecting  rock,  a  cliff,  a  crag. 

Scorpius  (-os),  I,  m.  (o-Kopirtos),  the 
constellation  Scorpion. 

scribo,  scripsl,  scriptum,  3  (R. 
skarp,  skarbh,  to  cut,  engrave,  scrabh, 
scritfh,  scrlb-ere),  to  write;  subst.,  scrip- 
tum, the  writing,  writing. 

scrobis,  is,  m.,  scrobs,  bis  (same  R. 
as  scribo),  a  pit,  trench,  ditch,  hole. 

Scylla,  ae,  f.,  a  rock  in  the  Strait  of 
Sicily  or  Messina,  opposite  the  whirl- 
pool of  Chary  bdis  ;  originally  fabled  as 
a  sea-monster  ;  or,  in  another  myth,  as 
a  nymph. 

Scythia,  ae,  f.,  the  land  of  the 
Scythians,  a  general  name  for  the  north- 
ern lands  of  Europe  and  Asia  from  the 
lower  Danube  to  the  Caspian  Sea ; 
Scythia. 

Scythicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Scythia), 
Scythian. 

se-cedo,  cessl,  cessum,  to  withdraw, 
go  aside,  retire. 

se-cerno,  crSvI,  cretum,  3,  to  set 
apart,  separate  ;  part.,  secrgtus,  sepa- 
rate, retired,  remote  ;  secret,  hidden. 

seco,  secul,  sectum,  1  (R.  sak,  sec, 
to  cut),  to  cut,  cut  off,  cleave,  separate, 
part,  cut  through. 

se-cumbfl,  cubul,  cubitum,  3,  to  lie 
apart,  lie  alone. 

secundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sequor,  fol- 
lowing), the  second,  next  following,  in 
time,  rank,  or  degree  ;  favorable,  sec- 
onding. 

securis,  is,  f.  (same  R.  as  secO, 
sec,  to  cut,  sec-ti-ri-s),  an  axe,  a  battle- 
axe. 

se-curu-s,  a,  um,  adj.  (se,  apart, 
without,  and  ctlra,  cQra  fr.  R.  skav, 


kav,  cav,  cov,  cov-i-ra,  ctl-ra),  without 
care,  secure  ;  free  from  care. 

secus,  adv.  (R.  sak,  to  follow,  sek 
(sequ),  sec,  comparative  sectius  (sak-ta- 
jans),  setius,  secus,  originally,  follow- 
ing, secus  fluvios,  Plin.  23,  15),  other- 
wise ;  generally  with  negatives  (nOn), 
not  otherwise,  no  less. 

sed,  conj.  (R.  sava,  sva,  reflex  pro- 
nom.,  sovo,  svo,  suu-s,  sua-d,  sva-d,  sed, 
of  itself,  for  itself  apart),  but,  but  yet, 
yet. 

sedeo,  sedl,  sessum,  2  (R.  sad,  to 
sit,  sed,  sed-ere),  to  sit,  sit  down  ;  settle. 

sedes,  is,  f .  (sedeo),  a  seat,  dwelling, 
residence ;  a  place,  spot,  foundation, 
soil,  ground. 

seditio,  Onis,  f.  (R.  i,  to  go,  e-o, 
i-tu-m,  sed-itiS,  a  going  apart),  a  sedi- 
tion, uprising,  faction,  mutiny. 

sedo,  1  (same  R.  as  sedeO,  sSd-es, 
seda-re),  to  cause  to  sit,  settle ;  to  still, 
quiet,  calm,  allay. 

se-duco,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  draw  aside, 
to  separate,  part. 

sedulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  sad,  to  go, 
sed,  se*d-ulu-s,  inclined  to  going  hither 
and  thither),  active,  busy;  sedulous. 

seges,  etis,  f .  (R.  sak,  sag,  to  make 
firm,  nourish  (same  R.  as  sacer),  sag- 
Ina,  seg-e-s,  the  nourishing  cro]j),  the 
seed  or  grain  from  the  planting  to  the 
harvest,  grain,  growing  grain,  crop  ; 
grain-field  ;  seed,  growth. 

segnis,  e,  adj.,  same  R.  as  seges, 
seg-ni-s. 

semel,  adv.  (R.  sa,  insep.  particle, 
meaning  union  or  likeness  ;  with,  to- 
gether with,  at  once,  sama,  semo,  semo-1, 
seme-1),  once,  at  a  single  time,  the  first 
time. 

semen,  inis,  n.  (R.  same  as  ser<3,  sa, 
sa,  sC,  to  sow),  a  seed,  seed  (of  grain) ;  (of 
men  and  beasts),  seed,  young ; principles. 

semesus,  a,  um,  adj.  (semi-edO),  half 
eaten. 

semper,  adv.  (scm-per,  sem  fr. 
same  R.  as  simul,  sa,  sama,  semo,  the 
whole,  all,  per  fr.  R.  par,  para,  per, 
through  (to  pass  through) ;  through  the 
whole,  ever),  always,  at  every  time, 
ever. 

senatus,  us,  m.  (R.  sana,  old,  sen, 
sen-e-c,    sen-e-x,    senec-tu-s,    sen-u-s, 


SENECTA 


STCULUS 


313 


sena-re,  sena-tu-s),  council  of  elders,  the 
senate. 

senecta,  ae,  f.  (for  R.see  scnatus), 
age,  old  aye. 

senectus,  utis,  f.  (same  R.  as  sena- 
tus),  age,  old  age. 

senex,  senis  (see  senatus  for  R.), 
adj.  and  subst.,  old,  aged  ;  an  old  man. 

seni,  ae,  adj.,  plural  distrib.  (same 
R.  as  sex,  svaks,  saks,  sechs,  seks,  sex, 
seos-ni,  ses-ni,  sen!),  six  each,  six  at  a 
time. 

senilis,  e,  adj.  (senex),  of  ox  belong- 
ing to  old  people,  aged,  senile. 

sensus,  tis,  m.  (sentIO),  feeling,  sen- 
sation, perception,  sense,  taste  ;  in  pi., 
the  senses,  feelings  ;  mind. 

sententia,  ae,  f .  (sentio),  a  feeling, 
opinion,  thought,  sentiment ;  determi- 
nation, decision,  mew. 

sentio,  sensl,  sensum,  4  (R.  sant, 
to  take  a  direction  or  tendency,  sent-Ire), 
to  feel,  perceive,  by  any  one  of  the  senses; 
to  trace,  expeHence,  observe,  have  intel- 
ligence of. 

sentis,  is,  m.  (etym.  unc),  a  thorn, 
thorn-bush,  brier. 

se-paro,  1,  to  separate,  part. 

sepelio,  IvT,  pultum,  4  (R.  SAK,  to 
follow,  sap,  to  strive  for,  be  dependent 
upon,  Vedic  saparj,  to  honor,  sepelT-re), 
to  bury  (honor  by  burying),  to  inter  ; 
part.,  sepultus,  buHed. 

se-pono,  posul,  positum,  3,  to  put 
aside,  withdraw,  put  away,  separate. 

septem,  adv.  num.  (R.  saptan, 
seven),  seven. 

sepulcrum,  T,  n.  (sepelio),  place  of 
burial,  grave,  sepulchre. 

sequor,  sequl,  secutus  sum,  3,  verb 
dep.  (R.  sak,  sec-,  sequ-or,  to  follow), 
to  follow,  folloiv  after ;  pursue  ;  go  after 
or  behind  ;  accompany. 

sera,  ae,  f .  (R.  svar,  to  bind,  join, 
ser,  ser-ere  (serul),  ser-a,  something  to 
bind  or  make  fast  with),  a  bolt. 

serenus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear. 

series,  eT,  f .  (same  R.  as  sera),  a  row, 
line,  train,  senes. 

sermo,  Onis,  m.  (same  R.  as  sera, 
serfi),  discourse,  conversation,  talk, 
speech. 

sero,  adv.  (serus),  late,  too  late ;  se- 
rius,  later. 
15 


sero,  sevl,  satum,  3  (R.  ha,  to  sow* 
si-s-ere,  si-r-ere,  se-r-erc),  to  sow,  plant  ; 
produce,  bring  forth,  beget;  part.,  satus, 
sown,  planted ;  sprung  from,  born,  de- 
scended ;  subst.,  son  of,  descendant  of. 

Serpens,  ntis  (fr.  scrpo,  R.  harp,  to 
creep,  serp),  (a  creeping  thing),  a  ser- 
pent, snake,  dragon  ;  the  constellation 
l)ragon.    serpo,  psl,  ptum,  3,  to  creep. 

serra,  ae,  f.  (R.  sak,  ska,  to  cut, 
sec,  sec-ra,  serra),  a  saw. 

serta,  Orum,  n.  pi.,  fr.  sero,  seruT, 
sertum,  garlands,  wreaths. 

serus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  sa,  to  bring 
to  an  end,  se-se-rus),  late,  too  late. 

servator,  oris,  m.,  a  preserver,  de- 
liverer. 

servatrlx,  Icis,  f.,  a  protectress,  pre- 
server. 

serviO,  IvT,  il,  Itum,  4  (servus),  to  be 
a  servant  or  slave,  to  serve,  to  be  in  ser- 
vice ;  to  be  enslaved  to,  be  serviceable  to. 

servitium,  I,  n.  (servus),  service, 
servitude,  slavery. 

servo,  1  (servio,  servus),  to  watch 
over,  preserve,  keep  ;  preserve,  spare. 

servus,  T,  m.  (R.  sar,  to  protect,  ser- 
vu-s,  one  that  is  protected  or  kept),  a 
servant,  slave. 

setius  (secius,  see  secus  for  R.), 
otherwise. 

sex,  num.  adj.  (R.  svaks,  six,  saks, 
sechs,  sex),  six. 

si,  conj.  (R.  sa,  pronom.  demons., 
3d  pers.,  sa,  sT,  cf.  sT-c),  in  that  case,  in 
case,  if,  if  indeed ;  since,  seeing  that ; 
when,  whether. 

slbilo,  1  (slbilus),  to  hiss. 

slbilus,  T,  m.  (R.  sip,  sir,  to  be  hol- 
low, to  whistle,  sib,  sib-ilus),  hissing, 
whistling  ;  piping  ;  also  n.,  sibila. 

sic,  adv.  (R.  same  as  si,  sa,  sa,  sl-ce, 
sl-c),  in  this  way,  thus,  so ;  in  like 
manner,  even  so ;  in  such  a  degree,  so 
very. 

SIcania,  ae,  f.,  poetical  for  Sicilia ; 
Sicily. 

sicco,  1  (siccus),  to  dry,  dry  up, 
drain  ;  stanch. 

siccus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  sik,  sic,  to 
dry),  dry  ;  dried  up,  parched. 

SIcelis,  idis,  adj.  f.,  Sicilian. 

Siculus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Sicilia),  Sicil- 
ian ;  Sicvlian. 


314 


SIC-UT 


SIRENES 


sic-ut,  comp.  adv.,  so  as,  as,  just  as. 

sidereus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sldus),  belong- 
ing to  the  stars,  starry,  star-like ;  be- 
longing to  the  sun. 

sldo,  sldl,  3  (R.  same  as  sedeo,  sad, 
sed,  sld,  to  sit),  to  seat  one's  self,  to  sit 
down. 

Sidon,  Onis,  f.,  a  city  in  Phoenicia. 

STd cuius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Sidonian. 

sldus,  eris,  n.  (R.  svid,  to  sweat,  to 
smelt  (of  metals),  sld,  to  be  molten, 
smooth,  bright),  a  constellation,  star ; 
in  pi.  mostly,  the  stars  ;  by  meton.,  the 
heavens. 

sigillum,  I,  n.  (dimin.  fr.  slgnum),  a 
little  sign,  an  image,  a  little  figure,  pic- 
ture. 

signo,  1  (slgnum),  to  set  a  mark  or 
sign  upon,  to  mark,  designate;  to  trace; 
to  color. 

slgnum,  I,  n.  (R.  sak,  to  show,  sec, 
slg-nu-m),  a  sign,  mark,  trace,  indica- 
tion ;  a  (memorial)  sign  ;  a  statue,  pic- 
ture ;  a  sign  in  the  heavens,  sign  (of  the 
zodiac). 

silentium,  I  (il),  n.  (sileo),  silence, 
stillness. 

Silenus,  I,  name  of  a  Satyr;  Silenus. 

sileo,  ul,  2  (R.  sil,  to  be  silent),  to  be 
silent,  still,  quiet ;  part.,  silentes,  the 
silent  (shades  of  the  lower  world). 

silex,  icis,  m.  (R.  sar,  to  protect, 
make  whole,  sal  (sal-vu-s),  sol  (soli- 
du-s),  sile-x),  a  hard  stone,  flint,  stone. 

silva,  ae,  f .  (R.  svar,  to  shine,  sval, 
sil,  sil-va),  a  wood,  forest ;  woodland, 
wood;  by  meton.,  forest-trees. 

silvestris,  e,  adj.  (silva),  of  a  wood, 
woody,  wild. 

Silvia,  ae,  f .,  the  mother  of  Romulus 
and  Remus  ;  Silvia. 

si  mills,  e,  adj.  (R.  same  as  semel, 
wh.  see,  sa,  sama,  semo,  semo-li,  simi- 
lis),  similar,  like,  resembling,  the  same. 

Simois,  entis,  m.,  a  river  near  Troy; 
the  Simois. 

simplex,  icis,  adj.  (R.  sa,  same  as 
of  semel,  similis,  sama,  semo,  simo, 
sin-gull,  single,  one,  and  R.  park,  to 
fold,  plak,  plec,  =  sem-plic,  sim-plex, 
one-fold),  single,  simple,  pure,  plain. 

simplicities,  atis,  f.  (simplex),  sim- 
plicity ;  naturalness. 

simul,    adv.    (same   R.    as    semel, 


simul,  at  the  same  time ;  simul  ac 
(atque),  as  soon  as),  at  once,  together ; 
immediately. 

simulacrum,  T,  n.  (simulo),  a  like- 
ness, image  ;  a  ghost,  phantom  ;  imita- 
tion. 

simulamen,  inis,  n.  (simulo),  imi- 
tation. 

simulator,  Oris,  m.,  imitator. 

simulo,  1  (see  similis  for  R.),  to 
make  similar,  imitate  ;  to  counterfeit ; 
to  pretend,  feign. 

sincerus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  same  as 
the  first  part  of  simplex,  sa,  sama,  sam, 
sin,  whole,  all,  and  R.  skar,  kar,  to 
part,  divide,  cer,  sin-cer-u-s,  all  sepa- 
rated, quite  pure),  unmixed,  pure,  gen- 
uine, sincere ;  sound,  unhurt. 

sine  (si  and  ne,  if  not,  since  not, 
separated  from),  prep,  with  abl.,  with- 
out. 

singulT,  ae,  a,  adj.  (see  semel,  simi- 
lis for  R.),  single,  one  by  one,  singly. 

singultus,  fis,  m.  (R.  sa,  sama,  sam, 
sin-  (as  in  singull)  +  R.  gar,  to  swallow, 
hiccup,  gal,  gul ;  =  sin-gul-tu-s),  a  sob- 
bing, speech  interrupted  by  sobbing ; 
hiccup  ;  rattling  in  the  throat. 

sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum,  adj.  (R. 
sana,  old,  sin,  sin-is,  then  with  repeated 
compar  suffix,  sin-is-ter,  properly  older, 
worthier,  with  the  Romans,  lucky,  as 
the  augur  faced  the  south,  and  so  had 
the  east  on  his  left ;  with  the  Greeks, 
unlucky  (sinister),  as  the  Greek  in  ob- 
serving auspices  faced  the  north),  left, 
on  the  left  side  or  hand  ;  perverse,  awk- 
ward; (with  manus  understood),  subst., 
sinistra,  the  left  hand. 

sinS,  sivT,  situm,  3  (R.  sa,  to  sow,  si, 
to  plant,  set,  to  lay,  lie),  to  let  take  place, 
allow,  permit ;  part.,  situs,  laid  away, 
buried;  situated. 

sinuo,  1  (sinus),  to  bend  like  a  bow, 
fold,  twist,  curve,  arch. 

sinus,  lis,  m.  (R.  sanu,  ridge  of  a 
mountain,  sinu-s,  a  rounding,  bending), 
a  fold  of  the  dress  on  the  breast,  a  bend, 
curve,  coil  of  a  serpent  ;  by  meton.,  the 
breast,  bosom  ;  lap  ;  also  fr.  the  bend  of 
a  shore,  a  bay,  a  gulf. 

Sipylus,  I,  m.,  1,  a  mountain  in 
Lydia  ;  2,  son  of  Niobe. 

Sirenes,  um,  sing.   Siren,   enis,  f., 


SISTO 


SOMNIUM 


315 


the  Sirens,  a  Siren,  daughters,  daughter, 
of  the  river-god  AchelOus  ;  fabled  to 
have  women's  heads  and  bodies  of 
birds,  and  to  entice  by  their  song  the 
mariners  who  passed  their  islands  off 
the  bay  of  Naples. 

sisto,  stitl,  statum,  3  (B.  sta,  to 
stand,  si-sta-re,  si-ste-re,  to  cause  to 
stand),  to  place,  set,  put  ;  to  bring  to  a 
stand-still,  to  stop,  stay  ;  to  bring  to 
rest,  to  quiet  ;  to  put  one's  self,  to  stand, 
remain,  stay. 

sistrum,  I,  n.  (Gr.,  trharpov),  the 
metallic  rattle  used  in  the  service  of 
lsis. 

Sisyphus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Aeolus,  and 
notorious  for  his  cruel  robberies,  and 
punished  in  the  lower  world  by  ever 
rolling  a  huge  stone  up  hill,  which  ever 
rolled  down  again. 

sitis,  is,  f .  (B.  sati,  to  desire,  siti-s), 
thirst ;  drought. 

si ve,  sl-ve  (seu),  conj.  (see  B.  for  si; 
ve  fr.  B.  val,  vol,  vol-o,  to  will),  if  you 
will,  or  if  ;  either— or,  whether — or. 

smaragdus,  I,  m.  and  f.,  a  precious 
stone  of  a  bright-green  color  ;  smarag- 
dus. 

socer,  socerT,  m.  (fr.  B.  sava,  sva 
(sa  +  va),  sovo,  suo.  sua,  one's  oivn,  +  H. 
ku,  kvi,  kva-n,  to  be  strong,  to  lord  it, 
ku,  ku-ra ;  =  sva-kura,  so-cerO  (Gr., 
e-Kvp6-s),  one's  own  lord),  father-in-law; 
pi.,  parents-in-law. 

socialis,  e,  adj.  (socius),  companion- 
able, sociable,  social ;  conjugal,  nuptial. 

socio,  1  (socius),  to  associate,  make 
in  common,  unite,  join,  share  with. 

socius,  T.  m.  (B.  sak,  to  follow,  sec, 
soc,  soc-iu-s,  a  follower),  adj.  and  subst., 
associated,  joined,  social,  united,  in  com- 
mon ;  companion,  ally,  associate,  com- 
rade ;  shipmate. 

sodalis,  is,  comm.  (B.  sva,  sua,  one's 
o?n;.  +  DHA,  to  make  ;=sva-dha,  making 
one's  own,  custom,  habit,  so-da-li-s),  a 
companion,  comrade. 

sodalicius,  a,  um,  adj.  (sodalis),  of 
or  belonging  to  a  comrade  ox  friend. 

sol,  solis,  m.  (B.  svar,  to  shine,  sval, 
sol),  the  sun,  sunlight,  heat  of  the 
§un  ;  in  pi.,  rays  of  the  sun,  sun- 
beams •  personified,  SOl,  the  Sun-god, 
the  Sun. 


solarium  (solatium),  I,  n.  (sOlor), 
solace,  comfort,  consolation . 

soleo,  2  (etym.  unc),  to  be  wont,  be 
accustomed ;  solitus,  part,  and  adj., 
wonted,  customary,  usual. 

solidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  sar,  to  pro- 
tect, make  whole,  sal  (solu-s),  soli-du-s, 
properly,  whole,  complete),  firm,  solid, 
strong,  entire  ;  subst.,  solidum,  T,  n., 
the  solid  ground. 

solium,  I,  n.  (B.  same  as  sedeO,  sad, 
sed,  then  with  (1  instead  of  d,  cf.  odor, 
ol£re),  sol-iu-m,  a  seat),  a  throne. 

sollemnis,  e,  adj.  (sollennis),  (B. 
same  as  solidus,  sar,  sal,  sol,  sollu-s, 
whole,  all,  +  B.  of  an-nu-s,  ak.  ank,  to 
bend)  round,  ac,ac-nu-s,  an-nu-s,  around, 
circle  ;=soll-emnis),  all-yearly,  annual  ; 
stated  ;  then,  fr.  sacred  rites  occurring 
annually,  solemn,  festal,  sacred. 

sollers,  rtis,  adj.  (B.  sar,  soil  (see 
sollemnis),  +  B.  ar,  to  join,  fit,  ar-s  ;  = 
soll-ers,  all-art),  skillful,  well  skilled,  ex- 
pert, inventive. 

sollerter,  adv.,  skillfully(so}]ere). 

sollertia,  ae,  f .  (sollers),  skill,  inven- 
tiveness. 

sollicito,  1  (B.  soil,  as  in  sollers,  + 
B.  ki,  to  call,  move,  ci,  ci-jo,  ci-e-re,  ci- 
tu-s,  cita-re ;  solli-citus,  solli-cito,  to 
wholly  move),  to  move  strongly,  stir  up, 
agitate  ;  to  disturb,  harass,  make  solici- 
tous. 

sollicitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for  B.  see 
sollicito),  strongly  moved,  troubled,  so- 
licitous, anxious. 

so  lor,  1,  v.  dep.  (B.  same  as  salvus, 
solidus,  sar,  to  make  whole,  heal,  sal, 
sol,  soia-rl),  to  console,  comfort. 

solum,  adv.  (solus),  only,  alone. 

solum,  T,  n.  (B.  sad,  to  go,  sod,  then 
(d  changed  to  1)  sol,  sol-u-m  ;  but  Cors- 
sen  takes  it  fr.  B.  sar,  same  as  solidus, 
wh.  see),  the  ground,  foundation  ;  the 
soil ;  land. 

solus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  same  as  soli- 
dus), whole  ;  alone,  only,  single,  the 
only  ;  unattended,  solitary. 

solvo,  solvl,  solatum,  3  (B.  lu,  to 
loose,  se-lu-ere,  so-lv-ere),  to  loose  any- 
thing wh.  is  bound ;  to  open  ;  to  pay, 
fulfill ;  to  discharge  ;  to  dissolve,  see 
note.  Met.  XI,  135;  to  free  from. 

somnium,  T  (il),  n.  (for  B.  see  som- 


316 


SOMNUS 


SPIRA 


nus),  a  dream  ;  Somnia  (by  personifica- 
tion, Breams,  dream-gods. 

somnus,  T,  m.  (B.  svap,  to  sleep, 
svop,  sop,  sop-nu-s,  soni-nu-s),  sleep, 
slumber;  a  dream;  Somnus,  the  god  of 
sleep,  Sleep. 

sonitus,  us,  m.  (sonO),  sound,  noise, 
roar,  din. 

sono,  uT,  sonitum,  1  (sonus),  to  sound, 
resound,  m,ake  a  noise ;  to  rattle,  ring, 
twang,  tvhiz. 

sonus,  I,  m.  (B.  svan,  to  sound,  son, 
son-u-s),  a  sound,  tone,  noise  ;  a  ring  ; 
a  din,  a  crash,  a  roar. 

Sophocleus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Sopho- 
cles, Sophoclean. 

sopio,  Ivi  (il),  Itum,  4  (sopor),  to  lull 
to  sleep. 

sopor,  Oris,  m.  (B.  same  as  somnus, 
sop,  sop-or),  deep  sleep. 

soporifer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.  (sopor), 
sleep-bringing,  drowsy. 

sorbeo,  uT,  rptum,  2  (B.  svakbii,  to 
swallow,  sorb,  sorb-ere),  to  swallow, 
suck  in  ;  swallow  up  ;  absorb. 

sordidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (from  sordes, 
wh.  is  fr.  B.  svar.  to  be  foul ;  dark, 
svar-da,  sorde-s,  is),  foul,  filthy;  sordid. 

soror,  Oris,  f .  (B.  vas,  to  dwell,  sa- 
vas-tar,  dwelling  ivith,  sa-s-tar,  sa-s-sar, 
sa-sar,  so-ror,  originally  one  ivho  dwells 
tvith  her  brother),  a  sister  ;  a  near  rela- 
tion (wife),  as  in  Met.  I,  351 ;  sister- 
nymph. 

sors,  sortis,  f .  (B.  svar,  to  join,  bind, 
ser  (ser-ere),  sor-s),  a  lot,  a  part ;  an  al- 
lotment, oracle  ;  oracular  saying,  fate  ; 
destiny. 

sortior,  4,  v.  dep.,  sortltus,  to  gain 
by  lot,  gain,  reach,  obtain. 

sospes,  itis  (B.  sava,  whole,  well, 
sov-os,  sos- + pa,  to  protect,  keep,  pa-t, 
pat,  pet-s,  pe-s  ;=sos-pe-s,  well  protect- 
ing; pass.,  well  protected),  unhurt,  safe, 
saved,  sound. 

spargo,  sparsT,  sparsum,  3  (B. 
spark,  to  sprinkle,  sparg  (k  to  g),  sparg- 
ere),  to  sprinkle,  scatter,  strew,  spread, 
bespread,  diffuse. 

S  parte,  es,  Sparta,  ae,  f.,  the  city  of 
Sparta  in  Laconia. 

spatior,  1,  v.  dep.  (spatium),  (to 
space  it),  to  go  back  and  forth,  wander; 
spread  one's  self,  spread. 


spatiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (spatium), 
wide,  great,  roomy,  spacious ;  far  ex- 
tended, long  continuing, 

spatium,  I  (il),  n.  (B.  spa,  spa-n,  to 
span,  extend,  spa-ti-iu-m),  span,  reach, 
space,  room  ;  extent,  greatness;  interval 
of  space  or  of  time  ;  time. 

species,  el,  f .  (K.  spak,  to  see,  spec 
(spec-ere),  spec-ie-s),  an  appearance,  a 
look  or  sight,  form  ;  vision. 

speciosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (species), 
fine-looking,  beautiful,  shining,  bril- 
liant. 

spectabilis,  e,  adj.  (spectO),  visible; 
splendid ;  fine. 

spectaculum,  I,  n.  (spectO),  a  spec- 
tacle, sight,  an  exhibition. 

spectator,  Oris,  m.  (spectO),  a  specta- 
tor. 

specto,  1  (B.  same  as  species,  spak, 
to  see,  spec  (spec-ere),  spec-ta-re),  to  be- 
hold, gaze  upon,  look  at  or  on  ;  to  con- 
sider, mew ;  part.,  spectatus,  looked 
upon,  tried,  approved. 

speculum,  I,  n.  (same  B.  as  species, 
wh.  see,  spec-u-lu-m),  a  looking-glass, 
mirror. 

specus,  Us  (R.  same  as  speculum, 
wh.  is  a  dimin.  of  specus),  m.  f .  n.,  a 
cave,  cavern,  hollow,  den. 

spelunca,  ae,  f.  (fr.  Gr.,  <rirrj\vyg),  a 
cavern,  cleft ;  grotto. 

Sperclieis,  idis,  adj.  f.,  belonging  to 
the  Sperchius,  a  river  in  Thessaly  ;  Met. 
II,  250,  ripae  Sp. 

spern5,  sprevl,  spretum,  3  (B.  spar, 
to  keep  off  (spur  ?),  separate,  sper-n-ere), 
to  spurn,  disdain,  despise. 

spero,  1  (fr.  spe-s,  wh.  is  fr.  B.  spa, 
to  stretch,  span,  spe-rare),  to  hope. 

spes,  el,  f.  (see  sperO),  hope,  expecta- 
tion ;  a  hope  (the  thing  hoped  for). 

spiceus,  a,  um,  adj.,fr.  spica,  wh.  is 
fr.  same  B.  as  spes,  span,  to  span, 
stretch,  spl,  spl-ca,  a  point,  then  an 
ear  (of  grain),  a  spike,  a  beard),  of  ears 
or  beards  of  grain,  bearded. 

spina,  ae,  f .  (B.  same  as  spica,  spi- 
na, something  pointed),  a  thorn;  the 
spine. 

spinous,  a,  um,  adj.  (spina),  of 
thorns,  thorny. 

spira,  ae,  f .  (B.  spar,  to  wind,  splr-a, 
a  winding),  the  coil  of  a  snake. 


SPIRITUS 


STILLO 


317 


spirit  us,  iis,  m.  (spTro),  breath  (of 
air),  breath, breathing ;  life;  spirit. 
splro,  1  (R.  bpas,  to  breathe,  blow, 

spasa,  splsa,  spira-rc),  to  breathe,  blow  ; 
breathe  forth  ;  live. 

spissus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  spi,  to  unite, 
;>/«. s,v,  spi-t-tu-s,  spi-s-tu-s,  spi-s-su-s), 
thick,  close-pressed,  close,  dense. 

splendeo,  2  (R.  skard,  to  shine, 
Bkrad,  splad,  spied,  sple-n-d-ere),  to 
shine,  glisten,  be  bright. 

spleudesco,  splenduT,  splendescerc, 
to  grow  splendid,  to  shine. 

splendid  us,  a,  um  (splendeo), 
bright,  glistening,  splendid. 

spolio,  1  (R.  skar,  to  cut,  strip  off, 
skal,  Bpal,  spol-iu-m,  skin  stripped  off, 
memy  stripped  of  armor,  spolia-re),  to 
rob,  of  clothing,  armor,  to  despoil ;  to 
plunder. 

spolium,  I  (il),  n.  (for  R.,  see  spo- 
liO) ;  the  skin  of  an  animal  stripped  off; 
spoil,  spoils,  booty. 

sponda,  ae,  f.  (R.  spa,  spa-n,  to 
stretch,  span,  span-d,  spond-a),  a  bed- 
stead ;  a  bed,  couch. 

spondeo,  spopondl,  sponsum,  2  (R. 
skad,  skand,  to  please,  to  offer,  spond- 
cre),  to  agree,  promise  in  marriage,  be- 
troth ;  promise. 

sponte,  abl.  f.,  fr.  lost  nom.  spon-s 
(R.  same  as  spolium  and  spatium,  spa-, 
spa-n,  to  stretch,  make  efort,  of  one's 
own  effort),  voluntarily,  of  one's  own 
accord,  spontaneously  ;  of  one's  self. 

spuma,  ae,  f.  (R.  spju,  spu,  spu-ere, 
to  spit,  spew),  foam,  froth  ;  scum. 

spiimans,  tis  (part,  v.,  spumo,  fr. 
spiio,  see  spuma),  foaming,  foamy, 
frothy. 

spumiger,  era,  erum,  adj.  (spuma 
and  gerO),  foam-carrying,  or  -making, 
foaming. 

squaleo,  uT,  2  (R.  skar,  to  cover, 
clothe,  seal,  sqmll-6re),  to  be  rough  or 
stiff ;  to  be  rough  f r.  dirt,  or  f r.  slovcn- 
liiicss  ;  to  be  dirty  or  slovenly. 

squalidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (squaleo), 
st'/ff,  rough  fr.  dirt,  dirty,  foul,  squal- 
id ;  in  mourning  (as  persons  in 
mourning  were  dressed  in  squalid  gar- 
ments). 

squama,  ae,  f.  (R.  skad,  to  cover, 
scad,  squa-ma),  a  scale,  of  a  fish  or  ser- 


pent, scaly  covering ;  in  pi.,  scales  or 
plated  in  armor. 

squainiger,  era,  mini,  adj.  (squama 
and  gerO),  scale-bearing,  scaly. 

squaniosus,  a,  inn,  adj.  (squama), 
full  of  scales,  scaly. 

stabulor,  1,  v.  dep.  (stabulum,  fr. 
sto),  to  be  in  dull  or  stable,  to  stable, 
kennel,  be  stalled. 

stabulum,  I,  n.  (sto),  a  standing- 
place,  viable,  stall,  fold. 

stagno,  1  (stagnum),  to  be  covered 
with  standing  water,  to  be  stagnant,  to 
stagnate. 

stagnum,  I,  n.  (fr.  sto,  wh.  see,  sta, 
sta-k,  sta-g),  standing  water,  a  pool, 
pond,  marsh ;  lake. 

stamen,  inis,  n.,  fr.  sto,  sta,  stfi-re, 
stfi-men,  the  standing  tiwends  or  fibres 
of  the  warp,  in  weaving ;  the  warp ; 
the  thread,  threads  (in  spinning)  ;  see 
note,  Met.  VI,  55 ;  then  the  threads  of 
fate  (as  spun  by  the  Parcae) ;  the 
threads  or  strings  of  the  lyre  or  other 
stringed  musical  instrument,  as  in  Met. 
XI,  169,  where  see  note. 

static,  Onis,  f.  (fr.  sto),  a  standing, 
standing-place,  a  station,  position  ;  post, 
watch. 

statuo,  statu!,  statfitum,  3  (sta-tu.  f  r. 
sto,  sta,  statu-cre),  to  cause  to  stand, 
to  set  in  position,  to  set,  set  up  ;  to  set 
firm,  determine,  ordain. 

status,  as,  m.  (statuO),  a  standing, 
a  position,  condition,  state,  status. 

stella,  ae,  f.  (R.  star,  to  cover, 
strew,  ster  (ster-n-ere),  ster-u-la,  stel-la 
(cf .  astrum)),  a  star  (single  one  in  dis- 
tinction fr.  sldus,  a  co?istellation). 

s  tell  at  uk,  a,  um,  adj.  (stella),  cov- 
ered or  studded  with  stars;  starred, 
starry. 

sterilis,  e.  adj.  (R.  same  as  sto, 
sta-r,  ster,  ster-ili-s),  sterile,  barren, 
unfruitful. 

sterno,  stravl,  strtltum,  3  (for  R.  see 
stella),  to  spread,  spread  out,  strew, 
cover  over,  throw  down. 

Stheneleius,  a,  um.  adj.,  of  Sthene- 
lus.  king  of  Lignite  ;  Stheneleian. 

stillo,  1  (fr.  same  R.  as  sto,  sta-r, 
stir,  stir-ia,  stil-la,  standing,  firm,  a 
drop,  stilla-re,  to  drop),  to  drop,  drip, 
trickle,  distill ;  to  let  drop. 


318 


STIMULUS 


SUB-IOIO 


stimulus,  I,  m.  (JR.  stig,  to  prick, 
goad,  stig-mo,  sti-mu-lu-s),  a  goad,  a 
spur ;  an  incentive,  incitement ;  a  spur, 
stimulus. 

stipes,  itis,  m.  (same  R.  as  sto,  sta, 
stip,  stlp,  stlpe-s),  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a 
post,  stock,  log. 

stipula,  ae,  f.  (same  It.  as  stipes, 
stip-a,  stip-u-la),  a  stalk ;  straw ;  a 
blade. 

stirps,  stirpis,  f.  (same  R.  as  sterno, 
star,  star-p,  stirp-e-s,  stirp-s),  a  stock, 
stem,  root ;  figuratively,  slock,  race, 
family. 

stiva,  ae,  f.  (same  R.  as  sto,  sta,  sta- 
i-va,  stl-va),  a  plow-handle. 

sto,  stetl,  statum,  1  (R.  sta,  to  stand, 
make  to  stand,  sta,  sta-re),  to  stand, 
stand  by,  stand  fast,  remain  standing, 
to  stay  quiet ;  to  stand  by,  come  to  one's 
aid. 

stolid  us,  a,  urn,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
sto,  sta,  sta-1,  sto-1,  stoli-du-s,  standing, 
immovable) ;  dull,  slow,  coarse  ;  stolid. 

stra-meu,  inis,  n.  (fr.  sterno,  star, 
stra),  straw. 

stratum,  I,  n.  (sterno),  something 
spread  out  or  upon  a  couch,  bed,  bed- 
ding, blanket ;  a  covering  (for  a  table), 
cover. 

strenuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
sterilis,  sto,  sta,  sta-r,  ster,  stre,  stre-nu- 
u-s),  quick,  busy,  active,  strenuous. 

strepitus,  tls,  m.  (strepO,  etym. 
unc).  a  noise,  rushing  sound  ;  din,  roar. 

strideo,  stridl,  2,  and  strido,  strldl, 
8  (R.  star,  to  sound,  star-g,  star-dh, 
stra-dh,  stri-dh,  strld-ere,  ere),  to  make 
a  harsh  sound,  to  hiss,  whiz,  creak,  rush, 
roar,  rattle,  buzz. 

stridor,  Oris,  m.  (strTdeO),  a  harsh 
sound  or  noise,  a  hissing,  whizzing, 
creaking,  rattling,  roaiing. 

stridulus,  a,  um.  adj.  (strldeO),  to- 
ing,  whizzing,  rattling. 

stringo,  strinxl,  strictum,  3  (R.  same 
as  sterno,  star,  stra-g,  strig,  string, 
stri-n-g-ere),  to  touch  lightly,  graze  ;  to 
wound  slightly  ;  to  draw  (of  weapons), 
as  to  draw  a  sword. 

struo,  xl,  ctum,  3  (R.  same  as  stringO, 
star,  stra,  stri,  stru,  stru-ere),  to  pile, 
heap  up ;  to  join  or  Jit  together ;  to  build, 
construct. 


Strymon,  on  is,  m.,  a  river  in 
Thrace  ;  the  Strymon. 

studiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (stadium), 
full  of  zeal  or  desire;  zealous,  eager, 
desirous. 

studium,  I  (il),  n.  (R.  spa,  spa-n,  to 
make  effort,  spa-d,  spu-d,  stu-de-re, 
stud-iu-m),  intense  effort,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, earnestness,  studious  fondness,, 
study  ;  an  occupation,  a  pursuit. 

stultus,  a,  um,  adj.  (same  R.  as 
stolidus,  wh.  see,  sta-1,  sto-1,  stul-tus), 
stupid,  dull,  foolish,  fool. 

stupeo,  uT,  2  (same  R.  as  stultus, 
stu-p,  stiip-ere),  (to  be  stupid),  to  be 
dazed,  amazed,  dazzled,  from  terror  or 
other  strong  emotion. 

Stygius,  a,  um.  adj.  (Styx),  Stygian; 
hateful,  abhorred. 

Styinphalis,  idis,  adj.,  Stympha- 
Han,  of  the  river  or  lake  Stymphalus, 
in  Arcadia, 

Styx,  ygis,  f.  (2tv'£),  the  river  of 
hate,  '"  abhorred  Styx,'1  name  of  a  river 
in  the  lower  world,  the  Styx. 

suadeo,  suasl,  suasum,  2  (R.  svad, 
to  please,  taste,  suad,  suad-u-s,  suad-ere, 
to  make  pleasing),  to  persuade  ;  to  ad- 
vise, counsel,  encourage. 

sub,  prep.  (R.  upa,  under  (vn-d), 
sub),  1,  with  the  abl.,  under,  under- 
neath, below,  beneath,  close  under ^  under 
in  or  within,  close  by,  under  the  nde  of, 
under  the  influence  of,  in  consequence  or 
by  occasion  of;  2,  with  the  ace,  upon, 
up  to,  toward,  under,  against,  close  by, 
about,  forth. 

sub-do,  didl,  ditum,  dere,  3,  to  put 
or  lay  under,  bring  under. 

sub-duco,  xl,  ctum,  3,  to  draw  un- 
der or  away,  draw  up ;  to  draw  in  ;  to 
withdraw. 

sub-eo,  IvT,  il,  itum,  4,  to  go  under 
or  beneath,  to  go  into,  undergo,  take 
upon  one's  self ;  to  go  toward  ;  to  take 
the  place  of,  to  follow  ;  to  occur  to,  come 
into  the  mind  of. 

sub-igo,  egT,  actum,  3,  to  drive  or 
force  under,  to  compel,  force,  subdue ; 
to  work  through,  plow. 

sub-icio,  j5cT,  jeetum.  3,  to  throw  or 
cast  under,  to  subject ;  part.,  subjectus, 
cast  under,  lying  under ;  to  throw 
(from  under),  on  high  (into  the  air). 


SUBITUS 


SUPER 


319 


subitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (subeO),  that 
comes  unexpectedly  or  stealthily ;  sud- 
den, unexpected. 

sub-jungO,  junxl,  junctum,  3,  to 
attach  or  join  to  ;  add  to  or  unite  with. 

sub-lev5,  1,  to  lift  up  from  beneath, 
hold  up,  support. 

sublimit),  c,  adj.  (fr.  sub  and  llmis, 
fr.  R.  lak,  to  bend,  lac,  lie,  lie,  lic- 
mu-s,  He-men,  H-men,  head-piece  or  top 
of  a  door- way,  sub-llmis,  under  the 
top  of  a  door,  high),  lifted  up,  high, 
lofty,  uplifted,  on  high ;  sublime,  noble  ; 
subst.,  subllmia,  the  lofty,  the  sublime. 

sub-merg5,  mersl,  mersum,  3,  to 
sink  under,  submerge. 

sub-mitto  (summ-),  mlsl,  missum, 
3,  to  send  or  sink  under,  sink,  let  down  ; 
to  submit,  lower  ;  to  yield  to,  give  up  to. 

sub-move5  (summ-),  mOvI,  mOtum, 
2  (to  move  from  under),  to  move  away, 
remove,  carry  or  drive  away. 

sub-necto,  nexul,  nexum,  3  (to  bind 
from  beneath),  to  bind  under,  bind 
around,  fasten  under. 

suboies,  is  (sub-olescO),  something 
that  grows  after,  an  after-growth,  a 
new  race,  offspring,  progeny ;  a  de- 
scendant ;  descendants. 

sub-sequor,  sequi,  sectltus  sum,  v. 
dep.,  to  follow  upon  or  after. 

sub-sido,  seal,  sessum,  to  set  one's 
self  down,  sink  down  ;  to  sink,  settle ; 
subside. 

sub-sum,  ful,  esse,  to  be  under,  lie 
under,  underlie  ;  to  be  near  by. 

subtemen,  inis,  n.  (fr.  sub  and  texo, 
fr.  R.  tak,  to  order,  arrange,  tak-s, 
tax,  tex,  tex-ere,  sub-tex-men,  sub-te- 
men),  the  woof ;  see  note,  Met.  VI,  55. 

subter  (fr.  sub),  prep,  with  ace.  or 
abl.,  under,  beneath. 

succedo  (sub,  cgdO),  cessl,  cessum, 
3,  to  go  or  pass  under,  or  into,  step  in 
one's  place,  succeed,  follow  after,  follow ; 
to  succeed,  be  successful. 

suc-cendo  (sub,  candO,  candeo,  fr. 
R.  skand,  kand,  to  shine,  burn,  cand- 
Cre),  cendT,  censum,  3,  to  set  on  fire  from 
under,  to  inflame,  burn. 

successor,  Oris,  m.  (succCdO),  a  suc- 
cessor ;  an  heir. 

successus,  tls,  m.  (succGdO),  fortu- 
nate result,  success. 


succingo,  cinxT,  cinctum  (sub  and 
cingO),  to  bind  under  or  about,  to  gird 
about,  gird  up  ;  to  bind  up  ;  part.,  suc- 
cinctus,  girt. 

succumbo  (sub  and  cumbO),  cubuT, 
cubitum,  3,  to  fall  under  ;  to  give  way 
to,  succumb. 

suc-curro  (sub  and  currO),  currT, 
cursum,  3,  to  ?*un  to  the  aid  of,  help,  suc- 
cor. 

succutio  (subc-),  (sub  and  quatiO), 
cussl,  cussum,  3,  to  throw  or  fling  up, 
fling  on  high,  toss  up. 

sucus,  I,  m.  (R.  sak,  sag,  to  drop, 
flow,  svak,  sflc-u-s),  juice,  moisture, 
sap  ;  flavor ;  vigor. 

sudo,  1  (R,  svid,  to  sweat,  sad, 
suda-re),  to  sweat ;  to  be  wet  with. 

sudor,  Oris,  m.  (sfldO),  sweat ;  poi- 
son. 

sufficio  (sub  and  faciO),  feci,  fectum, 
3,  to  suffice,  be  enough  for;  to  be  at  one's 
service,  be  ready. 

suftundo  (sub  and  fundo),  ftldl,  fa- 
sum,  3,  to  pour  in  or  upon  ;  to  suffuse. 

sui,  reflex,  pron.  3d  pers.  (R.  sava, 
sva,  sovo,  svo,  sovo-s,  suu-s,  sui),  one's 
self,  himself,  herself,  itself,  themselves, 
each  other,  one  another. 

sulco,  1,  etym.  unc.,  to  furrow ;  to 
plow. 

sulcus,  T,  m.,  a  furrow. 

sulphur  (sulpur),  uris,  n.,  etym. 
unc.,  sulphur . 

sum,  ful,  esse  (R.  as,  to  be,  es,  es- 
u-m,  s-u-m),  to  be,  exist,  live  ;  to  stand, 
find  one's  self,  to  be  really;  with  dat.,  to 
have,  possess  ;  with  gen.,  to  be  of,  to  be- 
long to,  to  pass  for;  with  dat.  of  end,  to 
serve  for,  be  for,  to  cause;  part.,  futarus, 
futarum,  about  to  be,  the  future. 

summa,  ae,  f.  (fr.  summus,  fr.  R. 
upa,  upa-ma,  up-mu-s,  s-up-mu-s,  sum- 
mu-s,  summa),  the  uppermost  thing,  the 
chief  thing,  the  conclusion  of  the  whole, 
the  sum,  the  whole. 

summus  (R.  as  in  summa ;  for 
meaning,  see  superus). 

sumo,  sumpsT,  sumptum,  3  (sub- 
emO),  to  take,  take  up,  bear,  wear,  put 
on,  lay  hold  of,  receive,  choose. 

super  (R.  same  as  sub,  upa,  upari, 
above,  over  (vndp),  super),  adv.  and  prep., 
above,  over,  upon,  over  above,  in  addi- 


320       SUPERATOR 


TABES 


Hon  to,  besides  ;  furthermore ;  from 
above;  concerning,  about,  of. 

superator,  oris,  m.  (supero,  super), 
(an  overcomer),  a  conqueror. 

superbia,  ae,  f.  (super),  pride, 
haughtiness. 

superbus,  a,  um,  adj.  (super),  one 
that  raises  himself  above  another, haugh- 
ty, high-spirited,  proud;  Superbus,  epi- 
thet of  the  younger  Tarquin. 

super-in-icio,  jecT,  jcctum,  3,  to 
throw  or  cast  over  or  above  or  upon. 

super5  (same  R.  as  super,  upa, 
above,  supe-ru-s,  supera  (sc.  parte,  su- 
pra), supera-re),  to  be  above,  rise  above  ; 
to  get  the  better  of,  overcome,  surpass;  to 
exceed,  rise  above,  project  beyond ;  to 
conquer. 

superstes,  stitis,  adj.  (super  and 
sto),  standing  over,  projecting  over ; 
surviving,  outliving  ;  a  survivor. 

super-sum,  fui,  esse,  to  be  over,  re- 
main over  ;  to  survive,  abound. 

superus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for  R.  see 
supero),  being  above,  on  high,  high ; 
heavenly ;  in  plM  superl,  the  heavenly 
ones,  the  gods,  the  gods  above  ;  superl., 
1,  supremus,  a,  um  (probably  also  fr. 
supero,  super),  the  highest,  extreme, 
last ;  2,  summus,  a,  um  (see  summa), 
the  highest,  top  of,  uppermost,  head  of  ; 
supreme,  most  distinguished,  chief, 
greatest ;  subst.,  summum,  n.,  the 
chief  thing,  chief  point,  the  end. 

supinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fr.  sub,  \vh. 
see.  sup,  sup-lnus),  bent  back,  laid  on 
the  back  ;  (of  the  hands),  turned  back, 
upturned,  in  supplication. 

suppleo  (sub  and  pleo),  plevl,  ple- 
tum,  2,  to  fill  out  or  up,  to  supply. 

supplex,  icis,  adj.  (sub  and  plex  fr. 
R.  park,  parsk,  to  ask,  demand,  plak, 
plic  ;  =  sup-plicare,  sup-plex,  sup-plic- 
is),  asking  humbly,  begging,  entreating, 
suppliant,  as  a  suppliant,  in  supplica- 
tion. 

supplicium,  I  (if),  n.  (see  supplex, 
supplic-iu-m),  the  bending  or  kneeling 
down,  in   punishment ;    supplication  ; 


punishment ;  heavy  penalty  ;  capital 
punishment ;  torture. 

supplico,  1  (see  supplex  for  R.),  to 
ask  humbly,  supplicate. 

suppuno  (sub  and  pOnO),  posul, 
positum,  3,  to  put  ox  place  under;  to  put 
in  place  of,  substitute. 

supra  (supera,  sc.  parte,  sec  supero), 
above,  over. 

sura,  ae,  f.,  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

surdus,  a,  um,  adj.,  deaf. 

surgo  (sub  and  rego),  surrexl,  sur- 
rectum,  3,  to  raise  on  high,  lift  up  ;  to 
raise  one's  self ;  to  arise,  rise ;  to  join 
on,  Jit  to. 

sus,  suis,  comm.  (R.  su,  to  produce, 
beget,  su-s,  a  sow),  a  boar,  pig,  soiv,  swine. 

suscito  (fr.  sub  and  cito),  1,  to  stir 
up,  arouse. 

suspends  (sub  and  pendo),  to  hang 
up,  hang,  suspend;  to  leave  in  suspense. 

suspicio  (sub  and  specio),  to  look  up 
(from  under),  to  observe,  notice  ;  part., 
suspectus,  suspected. 

suspicor,  1,  v.  dep.  (sub  and  specio, 
spicari),  to  suspect,  conjecture. 

suspirium  (sub  and  -splrium  fr. 
splro),  to  breathe  up  from  below),  a 
sigh,  sighing. 

sustine5  (sub  and  teneo),  to  hold  up, 
support,  sustain ;  to  bear,  carry,  hold  ; 
to  withstand,  hold  out. 

susurrus,  I,  m.  (R.  svar,  to  sound, 
sar,  sar-sar,  sur-sur,  su-surr-u-s),  a 
whisper,  whispering ;  a  murmur;  per- 
sonified, SusurrI,  the  Whispers. 

suus,  a,  um,  reflex,  pron.  possessive, 
3d  pers.  (for  R.  see  sul),  one's  own,  his 
ownx  her  own,  its  own,  their  own  ;  fa- 
vorable, propitious ;  pi.,  sul,  substan- 
tively used,  his  (her,  their)  friends,  com- 
panions. 

Symaethius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  or 
descended  from  Symaethus  ;  Symae- 
thian. 

Symplegades,  um,  f.  pi  (fr.  Gr.), 
the  Symplegades,  two  islands  in  the 
Euxine,  that  dash  against  (av/xn-A^o-o-w), 
one  another. 


tabella,  ae,  f.  (R.  ta,  to  extend, 
broaden,  ta-bola,  tabula),  aplank,board, 
a  little  board ;  a  tablet  (covered  with 


wax,  to  write  upon  with  a  stilus)  ;  a  vo- 
tive tablet ;  by  meton.,  a  letter. 
tabes,  is,  f .  (R.  tak,  to  run,  flow,  ta- 


TABESCO 


TECTUM 


321 


bes),  a  flowing  away,  wasting,  pining, 
consumption ;  a  corrupting  moisture, 
corruption  ;  iioison. 

tabesco  (tabes),  tabul,  3,  to  waste 
away  ;  to  dissolve,  waste  away,  melt. 

tabula,  ae,  f.  (for  R.  sec  tabella),  a 
tablet,  a  painting. 

tabu  in,  I,  n.  (tabes),  wasting,  mois- 
ture, corruption  ;  wasting  disease,  con- 
sumption. 

taceo,  ul  (R.  tak,  to  be  silent,  tac- 
ere),  to  be  silent  (not  to  speak),  keep 
silent,  be  still. 

taciturnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (taceO),  rf- 
Unt,  si  Ul ;  taciturn. 

tacitus,  a,  um,  ad^'.  (taceO),  silent, 
quiet,  still. 

tactus,  lis,  m.  (tango),  touch,  con- 
tart. 

tarda,  ae,  f .  (R.  tu,  to  swell,  grow, 
tau,  tav,  tav-i-da,  ta-i-da,  tae-da),  a  pine- 
tree,  pine-wood,  a  pitch-pine,  a  pine- 
torch,  torch  ;  (from  torches  being  used 
at  marriages),  a  wedding-torch,  a  wed- 
di/ir/,  marriage,  marriage  union. 

taedium,  I  (il),  n.  (R.  same  as  taeda, 
tu,  tau,  tav,  ta-vido,  taedo,  taede-t,  it 
swells,  over-swells),  it  disgusts,  wearies, 
is  irksome,  one  is  weary  of. 

Taenarides,  ae,  one  from  Taena- 
rus,  a  promontory  in  Laconia  ;  a  Laco- 
nian,  Hyacinthus,  in  Met.  X,  183. 

Taenarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Taenarus. 

taeter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  foul. 

Tagus,  I,  m.,  a  river  in  Spain ;  the 
Tagus. 

till  aria,  um,  adj.,  n.  pi.  (talus),  of 
the  heel,  the  talaria,  the  winged  sandals 
of  Mercury. 

talis,  e,  adj.  (R.  ta  (?)  as  in  tantus, 
pron.  stem,  3d  pers.,  ta-lis),  such,  of  such 
kind  or  sort  ;  subst.,  talia,  such  things, 
things  of  that  kind. 

talus,  T,  m.  (R.  tak,  to  cut,  hew,  ar- 
range, tak-s,  tax-lu-s,  tas-lu-s,  ta-lu-s), 
the  ankle-bone,  ankle. 

tarn,  adv.  (R.  ta,  pron.  stem,  3d 
pers.,  ta  +  me;  loc.  f em.,  ta-m,  originally 
referring  to  time,  then  to  manner),  so,  so 
much,  so  very,  so  far ;  with  quam,  so — 
as,  as  well— as. 

Tamasenus,  a,  um,  adj.  (-sGnus),  of 
the  city  of  Tamasus,  in  Cyprus;  Ta- 
masean. 


tamen,  conj.  (R.  same  as  tarn, 
ta-m,  ta  +  pron.  sma  ;  locat.,  ta+smi- 
n,=  ta-mc-n),  for  all  that;  yet,  net' 
ertheless,  still,  however,  after  all,  at 
least. 

tarn  quam  (tanq-),  adv.  (tam-quam, 
for  RR.  see  tarn  and  quam),  so  as,  just 
as,  as  if,  as  when. 

Tanais,  is,  m.,  a  river  in  Scythia  ; 
the  Don. 

tandem,  adv.  (fr.  ta,  pron.  stem,  3d 
pers.,  ta-m,  ta-n  +  da,  pron.  stem  de, 
ace.  de-m,=tan-dem,  so  far  (in  time), 
to  that),  at  last,  finally,  at  length,  yet 
again. 

tango,  tetigl,  tactum,  3  (R.  stag,  to 
grasp,  tag,  ta-n-g-ere),  to  touch,  come  in 
contact  with ;  to  tread ;  to  impress, 
touch  ;  to  lay  hold  of,  seize. 

Tantalis,  idis,  daughter  of  Tantalus; 
Niobe,  Met.  VI,  211. 

Tantalus,  T,  m.,  1,  son  of  Jupiter, 
father  of  Pelops,  and  of  Niobe  ;  see 
notes  on  Met.  VI,  173,  X,  41  ;  2,  grand- 
son of  the  T.  just  mentioned,  and  son 
of  Niobe,  Met.  VI,  240. 

tan  turn,  adv.  (tantus),  so  much,  only, 
merely,  with  ne,  only  that  not,  with  non 
and  verum,  not  only— but,  not  only — but 
also. 

tantum-modo,  adv.,  only,  merely. 

tantus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  same  as  tarn, 
ta,  ta-ntu-s),  so  great,  so  much,  such, 
such  great;  neut.,  tantum,  so  much,  so; 
gen.  of  price,  tanti,  of  so  much,  such  a 
price,  used  with  sum,  to  be  worth  so 
much. 

tarde,  adv.  (tardus),  slozvly,  tardily. 

tardus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  tar,  tra, 
to  move,  tar-du-s),  slow-moving,  slow, 
sluggish,  dull,  tardy,  late. 

Tartarus,  I,  m.,  pi.  Tartara,  Orum, 
n.  (R.  (fr.  Gr.),  tar,  tremble,  make 
tremble,  terrify),  terrible,  the  terrible 
(terrO-re  fr.  same  R.),  a  deep  abyss 
fabled  to  be  under  the  infernal  regions; 
Tartarus,  as  the  abode  of  the  lost ;  by 
meton.,  the  lower  world. 

Taurus,  I,  m.,  1,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Asia  Minor ;  the  Taurus ;  2, 
(R.  same  as  sto,  sta,  sta-vara,  stau-ru-s, 
oravpd?,  tau-ru-s,  a  steer),  a  bull,  steer ; 
3,  the  constellation  Taunts. 

tectum,  I,  n.  (tegfi),  a  covering  ;  a 


322 


TEGIMEN" 


TERGUM 


roof ;  ceiling  ;  by  meton.,  a  dwelling,  a 
house,  an  abode,  a  home,  a  hiding-place, 
a  room. 

tegimen,  inis,  n.  (tegum-,  synco- 
pated to  tegmen,  fr.  tegO),  a  covering, 
garb,  clothing,  protection,  defense,  ar- 
mor, a  skin  (a  tegument). 

tego,  texi,  tectum  (R.  stag,  to  cover, 
steg,  teg,  teg-ere),  to  cover,  cover  over, 
clothe;  to  surround,  attend,  defend, 
adorn,  veil,  to  hide,  conceal ;  part.,  tec- 
tus,  covered,  protected,  sheltered,  hid- 
den, secret. 

tela,  ae,  f.  (fr.  texO  (texla),  tela),  the 
web;  the  warp;  the  loom;  see  note, 
Met.  VI,  54. 

Telemus,  T,  m.,  son  of  Eurymus,  a 
seer  ;  Met.  XIII,  770. 

tellus,  Oris,  f .  (R.  tar,  tal,  to  lift, 
weigh,  to  make  like  or  level,  tal,  tel,  tell- 
u-s,  level  or  surface  of  the  earth),  the 
earth,  land,  soil,  ground ;  a  land,  dis- 
trict, country,  region. 

telum,  i,  n.  (R.  tak,  to  cut,  hew, 
tec,  tec-lu-m,  te-lu-m),  a  weapon,  mis- 
sile, javelin,  dagger,  sword. 

teinerarius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (temere,  fr. 
R.  tam,  to  be  stunned,  be  beside  one's 
self,  tem-ere,  temer-arius),  inconsid- 
erate, thoughtless,  heedless,  rash. 

temero,  1  (temere,  see  temerarius), 
to  treat  rashly,  to  defile,  stain,  pollute ; 
part.,  temeratus,  stained,  unclean,  im- 
pure. 

teino,  Onis,  m.  (R.  tak,  to  hew,  cut, 
tec,  tec-mOn),  the  pole  of  a  chariot ; 
beam  of  a  plow. 

temperies,  el,  f .  (tempus,  wh.  see), 
a  right  mingling  of  heat  and  cold,  a 
mild  climate,  an  agreeable  temperature  ; 
moderation. 

tempers,  1  (tempus),  to  mingle  in 
right  proportion,  to  rule,  moderate,  gov- 
ern ;  to  temper. 

tempest! vus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tempus, 
(wh.  see),  tempes-tas,  tempestat,  Ivu-s, 
tempest-Ivu-s),  suited  to  the  time  or 
occasion,  timely,  seasonable,  opportune, 
fitting. 

tempestive"  (tempest! vus),  adv.,  sea- 
sonably, opportunely ;  happily. 

templum,  i,  n.  (R.  tam,  to  cut  off, 
tem,  tem-u-lu-m,  tem-lu-m,  tem-p-lu-m), 
a  place  cut  off,  set  apart,  for  uses  of 


augury,  a  free  space,  then  a  sacred 
place,  a  sanctuary,  temple. 

tempto  (tento),  1  (fr.  tendO),  to  put 
to  a  trial,  attempt,  prove ;  tempt. 

tempus,  oris,  n.  (R.  ta,  tan,  to 
stretch,  span,  tan-p,  tam-p,  temp-us, 
time  as  a  span  ;  but  others  take  it  fr. 
tam,  tem,  to  cut  off,  same  R.  as  tem- 
plum), a  time,  opportunity,  season  ;  a 
period  ;  a  right  time,  an  occasion  ;  the 
time,  the  age  ;  the  times,  circumstances  ; 
the  temple  on  the  head,  the  temples. 

tendo,  tetendl,  tentum,  tensum,  3 
(R.  same  as  tempus,  ta,  tan,  ten-do),  to 
stretch,  span,  extend,  stretch  out ;  tend, 
strive  for,  hasten. 

tenebrae,  arum,  f .  pi.  (R.  same  as 
temere,  tem,  then  (m  to  n),  ten-e-brae), 
darkness,  gloom ;  terror. 

tenebrSsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tenebrae), 
full  of  darkness,  dark ;  gloomy. 

Tenedos,  I,  f.,  an  island  in  the  Ae- 
gean, off  the  Trojan  coast. 

teneo,  ul,  tentum,  2  (R.  same  as 
tendO,  ta,  tan,  ten-ere),  to  hold,  hold 
fast,  grasp,  bear,  keep ;  to  possess  ;  to 
reach  ;  to  hold  back,  restrain. 

tener,  era,  erum,  adj.  (R.  same  as 
teneO,  ta,  tan,  ten,  ten-er),  soft,  tender  ; 
weak;  youthful. 

tenor,  Oris,  m.  (teneo),  a  course, 
progress,  tenor. 

tenuis,  e,  adj.  (R.  same  as  tener), 
thin,  fine,  narrow,  weak,  tender. 

tenuo,  1  (R.  same  as  tenuis),  to  make 
thin,  to  thin,  to  make  weaker,  weaken. 

tenus,  prep.  (R.  same  as  tendO),  as 
far  as,  up  to. 

tepeo,  2  (R.  tap,  to  be  warm,,  tep, 
tep-ere),  to  be  warm. 

tepesco,  3  (tepeO),  to  grow  warm. 

tepidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tepeO),  warm, 
tepid. 

ter,  num.  adv.  (R.  same  as  trSs,  tri, 
tirs,  ters,  ter),  thrice,  three  times. 

terebro,  1  (R.  tar,  to  move,  to  rub, 
ter,  ter-ere,  terebra-re),  to  bore,  to  bore 
through  or  into. 

teres,  etis,  adj.  (terO),  (rubbed,  worn), 
rounded,  smooth,  well  rounded. 

tergeo,  tersl,  tersum,  2  (also  tergO), 
(R.  same  as  sternO,  star,  star-g,  ster-g, 
terg-ere),  to  wipe  off,  to  clean. 

tergum,  T,  n.  (R.  targh,  to  move, 


TERGUS 


TIMIDUS 


323 


hasten,  terg-u-m),  the  back ;  the  rear ; 
a  hide,  buWs-hide. 

tergus,  oris,  n.  (tergum),  the  back ; 
a  hide. 

term,  ac,  a,  num.  adj.  (ter),  three  by 
three,  three  each  ;  threefold. 

terd,  trlvl,  trltum,  3  (for  R.  see  tere- 
brO),  to  rub,  to  rub  smooth ;  to  wear 
away  ;  to  touch  lightly,  graze. 

terra,  ae,  f .  (R.  tars,  to  be  dry,  ters, 
ters-a,  terr-a),  dry  land,  as  opposed  to 
the  sea,  the  earth ;  earth,  land,  main- 
land, region  ;  soil ;  the  Earth. 

terrenus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (terra),  of  the 
earth,  earthy,  earthen ;  belonging  to 
the  earth,  earthly. 

terreo,  ul,  itum,  2  (R.  tar,  to  trem- 
ble, make  tremble,  tars,  ters-ere,  terr-ere), 
to  terrify,  frighten. 

terribilis,  e,  adj.  (terreo),  terrible, 
frightful. 

terrigena,  ae,  comm.  (terra,  gigno), 
one  born  of  earth,  earth-born. 

terror,  Oris,  m.  (terreo),  terror;  a 
terror ;  fright. 

tertius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ter),  the  third. 

tesca,  Orum,  n.  (tuska,  tesqua, 
empty,  worthless,  tesca),  rough,  wild 
regions,  deserts,  wilds,  wilderness. 

testa,  ae,  f .  (R.  same  as  terra,  tar, 
tars,  ters,  ters-ta,  tes-ta),  baked  clay, 
pottery,  a  tile,  potsherds. 

testis,  is,  m.  (R.  tars,  to  hold,  sup- 
port, ters,  ters-ti,  tes-ti-s),  a  witness. 

testor,  1,  v.  dep.  (testis),  to  testify, 
bear  witness  to,  declare  ;  to  summon  as 
a  witness,  call  upon. 

Tethys,  yos,  f.,  a  sea-goddess,  wife 
of  Oceanus,  and  mother  of  Clymene. 

texo,  texul,  textum,  3  (R.  tak,  to 
cut,  to  set  in  order,  tak-s,  tax,  tex-ere), 
to  put  together,  to  weave,  braid. 

textum,  T,  n.  (texO),  something 
woven,  a  fabric,  texture. 

thalamus,  T,  m.  (0aAa/uos.  fr.  R. 
dhar,  dhra,  to  hold),  a  room,  cham- 
ber, a  bed-chamber;  by  meton.,  mar- 
riage. 

Thalia,  ae,  f.,  one  of  the  Muses,  the 
Mnse  of  Comedy  ;   Thalia. 

Thaumantis,  idos,  daughter  of 
Thaumas  ;  Iris. 

theatrum,  I,  n.  (0ea-o-/u.<n,  to  see),  a 
theatre ;  by  meton.,  the  spectators. 


ThSbae,  arum,  f.,  Thebes,  capital  of 
Boeotia. 

Thebals,  Tdis,  f.  (ThGbae),  a  woman 
of  Thebes  ;  in  pi.,  Thebaides,  the  wo- 
men of  Thebes. 

Themis,  idis,  f .,  daughter  of  Uranus, 
and  goddess  of  order  and  justice. 

TherniOdon,  ontis,  m.,  a  river  in 
Cappadocia. 

Thermodontiacus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of 
the  Thermodon. 

Theseus,  el  (eos),  son  of  king  Ae- 
geus  of  Athens,  Theseus. 

Thisbe,  es,  f.,  the  maiden  loved  by 
Pyramus  ;  Met.  IV,  55. 

Thracius,  a,  um,  adj.  (Thracia),  of 
Thrace ;  a  Thracian. 

Thrax,  acis,  adj.  (Thracia),  a  Thra- 
cian. 

Threicius,  a,  um,  adj.,  the  Thra- 
cian ;  Orpheus. 

Thynibreius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Thym- 
breian,  of  the  river  Thymbris. 

thyrsus,  I,  m.,  a  stalk  of  a  plant ;  a 
staft  twined  round  with  ivy  ;  the  Bac- 
chic staff,  the  thyrsus. 

tiara,  ae,  f.,  or  tiaras,  ae,  m.,  an 
Eastern  head-dress,  worn  by  Orientals 
of  rank,  a  turban,  a  tiara. 

Tiberis,  is,  or  idis,  m.  (Tibris,  Ty- 
bris),  the  river  Tiber,  in  Latium,  now 
the  Tevere  ;  the  Tiber. 

tibia,  ae,  f .  (R.  sta,  to  stand,  make 
to  stand  .firm,  sta-bh,  tib,  tlb,  tlb-ia, 
the  shin-bone,  as  something  standing 
firm)  ;  by  meton..  a  pipe  or  flute,  be- 
cause made  of  bone. 

Tibullus,  I,  m.  ;  see  note,  Am.  I, 
15,  28. 

lignum,  I,  n.  (R.  tak,  to  hew,  tig- 
nu-m),  a  beam,  rafter. 

tlgris,  idis,  and  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  tiger. 

tilia,  ae,  f .  (R.  pat,  to  spread  out, 
be  open,  pat-ere,  patul-ia,  patil-ia,  ptil- 
i-a.  til-ia),  the  linden. 

timeo,  ul,  2  (R.  same  as  temerarius, 
tam,  to  be  stunned,  to  be  beside  one's 
self,  tem,  tim,  tim-or,  tim-Ore,  prima- 
rily, to  be  disturbed  in  one's  mind),  to 
fear,  be  afraid,  to  have  fear  of. 

timide,  adv.  (timeO),  timidly,  fear- 
fully. 

timidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (timeo),  timid, 
fearful,  frigh  tened. 


324 


TIMOR 


TRAHO 


timor,  Oris,  m.  (for  R.  see  timeo), 
fear,  fearf ulness  ;  by  meton.,  object  of 
fear,  a  terror. 

tingo  (tinguO),  tinxi,  tinctum,  3  (R. 
tvak,  to  wash,  tak,  tag,  tig,  ti-n-g-ere), 
to  wet,  dip,  bathe,  color  ;  tinge. 

tin  us,  I,  m.,  a  tree  resembling  the 
wild  laurel,  and  having  bluish  berries. 

Tiresias,  ae,  m.,  a  Theban  seer. 

Tiryntliius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the  city 
Tiryns,  in  Argolis  ;  Tirynthian  ;  the 
Tirynthian. 

Titan,  anis,  m.,  the  Sun-god  (Sol), 
son  of  Hyperion. 

Titania,  ae,  f.,  and  Tltanis,  idos, 
daughter  of  a  Titan ;  1,  Pyrrha,  as 
grand-daughter  of  Iapetus  ;  2,  Latona, 
as  daughter  of  Coeus. 

titubo,  1  (etym.  unc.),  to  reel,  stum- 
ble, stagger. 

titulus,  I,  m.  (R.  ki,  to  notice,  honor, 
ti,  ti-tu-lu-s,  means  of  honor),  a  name 
of  honor,  honor ;  a  mark  of  honor,  a 
title. 

Tityos  (-us),  I,  m.,  a  giant-son  of 
Earth  ;  see  note,  Met.  X,  43. 

Tmolus  (TImolus),  I,  name  of  a  wine- 
growing region  in  Lydia. 

toga,  ae,  f .  (fr.  tegO,  fr.  R.  stag,  to 
cover,  steg,  teg,  tog-a),  the  toga,  the 
gown-like,  outer  garment  of  the  Roman 
citizen. 

tolero,  1  (R.  tar,  tal,  to  lift,  carry, 
tel,  tol,  tol-lo  (tol-es,  toler-u-s),  tol-era- 
re),  to  bear,  carry,  tolerate. 

tollo,  sustull,  sublatum,  3  (for  R. 
see  tolero),  to  lift  or  take  up,  to  raise 
up  ;  to  carry  away,  to  remove  ;  to  put 
aside. 

Tomltae,  arum,  name  of  a  town  ; 
see  note,  Tr.  IV,  10,  97. 

tondeo,,  totondT,  tonsum,  2  (R.  tam, 
tan,  to  cut,  ton-d-ere),  to  shear,  cut, 
trim,  strip. 

tonitrus,  Us,  m.  (tono),  thunder. 

tono,  tonuT,  1  (R.  ta,  tan,  to  stretch, 
sound,  ten,  ton,  ton-arc),  to  sound,  to 
thunder;  part.,  tonans,  sc.  Juppiter, 
the  Thunderer. 

tormentum,  T,  n.  (torqueo),  an  in- 
strument of  torture,  the  rack  ;  torture ; 
also  an  engine  for  throwing  missiles, 
so  called  because  thrown  by  means  of 
twisted  (torqueO)  ropes. 


torpeo,  2  (R.  takp,  to  be  stiff,  torp, 
torp-ere),  to  be  stiff ;  to  stiffen. 

torpor,  oris,  m.  (torpeO),  stiffness, 
numbness,  torpor. 

torqueo,  torsi,  tortum,  2  (R.  tark, 
to  turn,  tar+k,  torqu-ere),  to  turn,  twist, 
wind  ;  to  throw,  hurl. 

torreo,  torrul,  tostum,  2  (R.  same  as 
terra,  tars,  ters,  tors,  tors-ere,  torr-ere), 
to  dry  ;  to  roast,  to  parch. 

tortilis,  e,  adj.  (torqueo),  twisted 
around,  encircling. 

torus,  T,  m.  (R.  star,  to  strew, 
spread,  ster,  stor,  tor-u-s,  something 
spread  out  or  spreading),  a  mattress, 
couch,  bed,  marriage-bed ;  by  meton., 
marriage ;  a  bolster,  cushion  ;  a  bier  ; 
also  the  (spreading)  swelling  muscles, 
especially  of  the  neck ;  the  dew-lap  or 
brawn  ;  see  note,  Met.  IX,  82. 

torvus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  targ,  to 
threaten,  torg-vu-s,  tor-vu-s),  gloomy, 
grim, fierce,  savage ;  angry;  earnest. 

tot,  num.  adj.  (R.  ta,  3d  pers.  prbn. 
stem  ta  +  ti,  to-t),  so  many. 

totidem,  adj.,  fr.  tot,  toti-dem  (ta  + 
da),  just  so  many,  just  as  many,  as 
many. 

totiens,  adj.  (toties),  tot-iens,  so 
many  times,  as  many  times,  so  often. 

totus,  a,  um,  adj.,  lus  in  gen.,  I  in 
dat.  (R.  tu,  to  swell,  groiv,  tau,  tav, 
tou,  to,  to-tu-s,  full,  whole),  entire, 
ivhole  ;  wholly ;  all,  all  together. 

trabea,  ae,  f .  (R.  tarpja,  a  cloak, 
mantle,  trab-ea),  a  robe  woven  in 
stripes,  and  worn  by  magistrates,  a 
trabea,  a  robe. 

trabs  (trabes),  -is,  f.  (R.  tark,  to 
turfi,  tarp,  tarb,  trab-es,  trab-s),  a  beam, 
timber  ;  the  trunk  of  a  tree  ;  a  tree. 

Trachin,  Tnis,  a  city  in  Thessaly. 

Trachinius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Trachin, 
Trachinian. 

tracto,  1  (traho),  to  touch,  handle. 

tractus,  Us,  m.,  a  drawing ;  a  stretch. 

trado  (trans-dO),  -didl,  ditum,  -dere, 
3,  to  give  over,  hand  over,  surrender;  to 
communicate,  teach. 

traho,  traxT,  tractum,  3  (R.  targh, 
to  move,  set  in  motion,  tragh,  trah-ere), 
to  draw,  drag,  carry  away,  to  carry 
with  or  behind  or  after  one's  self;  to 
attract ;  to  receive,  get ;  to  draw  in, 


TRATCIO 


TRUNCUS 


325 


breathe ;  to  draw  up,  heave ;  to  draw 
out ;  to  extend  ;  to  spend ;  white  away. 

traieio  (trans,  jaciO),  jecT,  jectum,  3, 
to  pierce  through . 

trames,  itis,  m.,  a  cross-way,  path. 

trans,  prep,  with  ace.  (B.  tar,  tra, 
to  move,  move  one's  self,  tra-re,  tra-ns, 
part,  present,  passing  over),  over,  across, 
through. 

trans-co,  il  (Tvl),  itum,  4,  to  go  or 
pass  over,  cross,  pass  or  go  by,  pass 
over  to,  change  one's  self ;  to  spring  over. 

trans-ferC,  tull,  latum,  3,  to  carry 
over. 

transilio,  Tvl  or  ul,  4,  to  leap  over. 

transitus,  Us,  m.  (transeO),  a  pas- 
sage over  or  across  ;  a  transition. 

trans-mitto,  mlsT,  missum,  3,  to 
carry  or  send  over  or  across,  send. 

tremebundus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (for  B. 
see  tremO,  and  -bundus,  see  Grammar, 
333,  note  2),  trembling,  quivering. 

tremefacio  (tremO  and  faciO),  feci, 
factum,  3,  to  make  tremble,  to  shake. 

tremo,  ul,  3  (B.  tar,  to  quiver, 
shake,  tar-m,  trem,  trem-ere),  to  tremble, 
quiver,  quake,  shake  with  fear. 

tremor,  Oris,  m.  (tremO),  a  trem- 
bling, quivering,  tremor. 

tremulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tremO),  trem- 
bling, tremulous. 

trepido,  1  (B.  tark,  to  turn,  hurl, 
tarp,  trep,  trep-i-du-s,  trepida-re,  mean- 
ing hasty  (tripping?)  movement,  through 
fear),  to  hurry  to  and  fro  in  fear,  to 
move  tremulously  ;  to  tremble,  quake, 
quiver. 

trepidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for  B.  see 
trepidO),  in  tremulous  movement,  hur- 
rying, hastening,  trembling  ;  fright- 
ened, fearful.  • 

tres,  tria,  adj.  num.  (B.  tri,  three, 
treis,  trgs),  three. 

tribulus,  T,  m.  (rpt/SoAos),  1,  an  in- 
strument used  against  the  approach  of 
cavalry,  having  three  prongs,  on  which  it 
rested,  and  a  fourth  thrown  upward  ;  a 
caltrop ;  2,  a  species  of  thorn,  land- 
caltrop. 

tribuo,  ul,  fltam,  3  (B.  tri,  three,  + 
BHU,  to  grow,  become,  be,  bu,=tri-bu, 
tri-bu-s  (tri-be),  meaning  three-  (or  tri-) 
being,  one  of  three  stocks  or  races  of  free 
Roman   citizens  (Ramnes,  Tities,  Lu- 


ceres)  ;  then  tribu-ere),  to  divide,  dis- 
tribute, bestow,  allow,  grant. 

tricuspis,  idis,  adj.  (tri  and  cuspis, 
etym.  unc),  three-pointed,  three-tined. 

tridens,  ntis,  adj.  (tri  and  dens), 
three-toothed,  three-pronged. 

trifidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lindO),  three- 
cleft,  three-forked. 

triforinis,  e,  adj.  (forma),  three- 
formed,  threefold,  triple. 

trio,  Onis,  m.  (B.  same  as  tero,  ere, 
tar,  ter,  tir,  tir-o(n),  tri-O(n)),  an  ox,  a 
steer;  in  pi.,  TriOnes,  the  constellation 
of  the  Wain,  having  seven  stars— five 
for  the  wagon  and  two  for  the  steers,  or 
the  team  ;  see  note,  Met.  I,  G4  ;  but  Max 
Miiller  makes  trio  originally  striO,TA  ka, 
Skr.  star,  meaning  a  star ;  by  nieton. 
(Met.  I,  64,  septem-triO),  the  north. 

triplex,  icis,  adj.  (B.  tri  +  park,  plak, 
plec,  plec-s,  plex,  see  sim-plex),  three- 
fold, triple ;  three. 

tristis,  e,  adj.  (B.  same  as  tremO, 
tar,  ters,  tris,  tris-ti-s),  sad,  mournful, 
gloomy,  sorrouful. 

triticeus,  a,  um,  adj.  (trlticum,  fr. 
same  B.  as  tero,  tar,  ter,  ter- ere,  trT-vT, 
trl-tu-m,  tri-ti-cu-m,  from  the  rubbing 
or  threshing  of  the  grain  ;  wheat),  of  or 
pertaining  to  wheat,  whealen. 

Triton,  Onis,  m.,  a  sea-god,  son  of 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite  ;  Triton. 

Tritonia,  ae,  f.,  a  name  of  Minerva; 
see  note,  Met.  II,  782. 

Tritoniacus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Tri- 
tonia, Tritonian. 

Tritonis,  idis,  f.,  same  as  TrltOnia  ; 
also  as  an  adj.,  of  Tritonia,  Tritonian. 

triumpho,  1  (for  B.  see  triumphus), 
to  triumph,  celebrate  a  triumph  ;  exult, 
triumph  over  or  in. 

triumphus,  I,  m.  (B.  TRiAMro,  a 
shout  of  joy,  triumpu-s,  triumphu-s), 
the  triumph,  triumphal  2^'ocession  ;  a 
triumph,  victory. 

Trojanus  (Troja),  a,  um,  adj.,  Tra- 
jan ;  the  Trojans. 

truculentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  tru, 
to  threaten,  tru-co,  tru-c,  tru-cu-lentu-s, 
truc-s,  tru-x),^ra?,  savage,  wild. 

truncus,  a,  um,  adj.  (B.  tauk,  turk, 
to  break,  tear,  tru-n-cu-s),  broken. 

trunco,  1,  to  strip  (haves  of). 

truncus,  I,  m.  (B.  same  as  the  adj. 


326 


TRUX 


ULTERIOR 


truncus),  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  the  trunk 
of  a  human  body,  a  headless  trunk. 

trux,  trucis,  adj.  (for  R.  see  trucu- 
lentus),  savage,  wild,  grim,  fierce,  defi- 
ant. 

tu,  tul,  pers.  pron.  (R.  tva,  tu), 
thou  ;  pi.,  vos,  ye  or  you. 

tuba,  ae,  f .  (R.  same  as  tibia,  sta, 
to  stand,  make  firm,  sta-bh,  stab,  tib, 
tob,  tub-a;  a  reed,  a  tube),  a  trumpet. 

tueor,  tuitus  (tutus),  v.  dep.  2  (R. 
tu,  to  behold,  protect,  tu-o-r,  tu-e-or),  to 
behold,  contemplate,  consider  ;  to  pro- 
tect, defend,  guard. 

turn,  adv.  (R.  ta,  demon,  pron. 
stem,  3d  pers.,  tu-m,  ace.),  at  that  time, 
then ;  in  that  case ;  thereupon,  then 
again,  then. 

tumefacio  (tumeo  and  facio),  -feci, 
factum,  3,  to  cause  to  swell,  to  swell. 

tumeo,  2  (R.  tu,  to  swell,  tu-mo,  tu- 
rn e-re),  to  swell,  be  swollen ;  to  be  puffed 
up. 

tumesco,  tumul,  3  (tumeo),  to  begin 
to  swell,  to  swell. 

tumid  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (tumeO),  swell- 
ing,   tumulus,  I,  m.,  a  mound. 

tunc,  adv.  (R.  same  as  turn,  tu, 
tu-m,  tum-ce,  tun-c). 

tundo,  tutudl,  tunsum,  and  tusum, 
3  (R.  stu,  to  thrust,  stu-d,  tud,  tu-n-d- 
erc),  to  beat,  strike,  thrust. 

tunica,  ae,  f.,  etym.  unc,  the  under- 
garment of  the  Komans,  a  tunic,  frock. 

turba,  ae,  f.  (R.  stvar,  stur,  to 
press  forward,  tvar-va,  tur-ba),  apress, 
confusion,  disturbance  ;  a  crowd, 
throng. 


turbo,  inis,  m.  (R.  same  as  turba), 
a  whirl,  whirling,  eddy,  whirlwind, 
storm,  hurricane;  a  round,  a  circle. 

turbo,  1  (R.  same  as  turba),  to  dis- 
turb, confuse,  agitate,  alarm. 

turpis,  e,  adj.  (R.  tark,  tarp,  to  be 
ashamed,  turp,  turp-i-s),  shameful,  base, 
foul,  unseemly,  disgraceful. 

turris,  is,  f.  (R.  tursi,  a  lower, 
turri-s),  a  tower. 

tus  (thus),  turis,  n.  (R.  dhu,  to 
smoke,  to  offer  sacrifice,  tus,  thus,  fr. 
Gr.  0u-os),  incense,  frankincense. 

tutela,  ae,  f.  (tueor),  protection  ;  de- 
fense ;  by  meton.,  protector,  guardian. 

tiito,  adv.  (tutus),  safely,  securely, 
without  danger. 

tutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tueor),  safe,  se- 
cure, protected,  without  danger,  un- 
harmed. 

tuus,  a,  um,  possessive  pron.  (for  R. 
see  tu),  thine,  thine  own,  your,  your 
own  ;  in  pi.  as  subst.,  tul,  your  friends 
{yours). 

Tyaneius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Tyana,  a 
city  in  Cappadocia. 

tympanum,  I,  n.,  a  drum,  timbrel, 
used  in  the  service  of  Bacchus,  and  of 
Cybele. 

Typhoeus,  el,  m.,  a  giant-son  of 
Earth  ;  see  note,  Met.  V,  347. 

tyrannus,  I,  m.  (Gr.  Tvpavvoi),  a 
sovereign  ;  a  ruler,  a  king. 

Tyrieius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  Tyriaeum, 
a  city  in  Phrygia. 

Tyrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Tyrian,  of  Tyre. 

Tyros  (-us),  I,  Tyre,  a  city  in  Phoeni- 


U 


uber,  eris,  n.  (R.  vadii,  udii,  to 
make  fwitful,  ub,  ub-er),  an  udder  ; 
the  breast. 

uber,  eris,  adj.  (see  preceding  word 
for  R.),  fruitful,  rich,  fertile,  produc- 
tive. 

ubi,  adv.  (R.  ka,  pron.  stem  indef., 
kva,  qua,  quo  +  bi  =  quo-bi,  cu-bi,  u-bi), 
where  ;  when,  after,  as  soon  as. 

xidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  vag,  ug,  to  be 
damp,  ugv,  ugvu-s,  uvu-s,  Hve-re,  uvi- 
dus,  uv-du-s,  tl-du-s),  damp,  wet,  moist. 

ulciscor,  ultus  sum,  v.  dep.,  3  (R. 
VAit,  to  guard,  protect,  var-k,  volc-i-sc-i, 


ulc-i-sc-i),  to  avenge  one's  self,  take 
vengeance  ;  to  punish,  recompense. 

ullus,  a,  um,  gen.  lus,  dat.  I,  adj. 
pron.  (R.  i,  pron.  stem,  3d  pers.,  ai, 
ai-na  (oi-no-s,  early  Latin),  u-nu-s,  uni- 
cu-s,  dimin.  unu-lu-s  =  ul-lu-s),  any, 
any  one,  mostly  in  negatives,  e.  g., 
haud  ullus,  not  anyone. 

ulmus,  I,  f .  (R.  ar,  to  lift  up,  grow, 
al,  or,  ol,  ul,  ul-mu-s),  an  elm,  elm-tree. 

ulna,  ae,  f.  (R.  ar,  to  bend,  al,  ul, 
ul-na),  elbow ;  by  meton.,  arm ;  as  a 
measure,  an  ell. 

ulterior,  us,  adj.   comp.   (R.  ana. 


ULTOR 


UT 


32? 


pron.  stem,  3d  pers.,  ana-la,  ollu-s 
(illu-s,  ilk'),  ul  s,  on  that  side,  ul-ter, 
era,  erum,  ulter-ior,  ul-tinm-s,  ultra,  sc. 
parte,  ultro),  (over  there),  farther,  on 
the  farther  side ;  (ulterior) ;  super}., 
ultimue,  a,  am,  farthest,  extreme  (ulti- 
mate). 

ultor,  oris,  in.  (ulciscor),  an  avenger; 
avenging* 

ultra,  prep.,  and  adv.  (.see  ulter),  be- 
yond, farther,  on  the  other  side  ;  fur- 
ther, more,  besides. 

ultro,  adv.  (see  ulter),  beyond,  fur- 
thermore, besides  ;  also  (when  nothing 
more  is  required),  of  one's  own  accord, 
voluntarily,  without  solicitation. 

ululatus,  us,  m.  (ululO),  a  howling, 
howl,  shriek. 

ululo,  1  (R.  tjl,  to  howl,  ul-ul-a, 
ulula-re,  ulula-tu-s),  to  howl,  shriek, 
cry  out. 

ulva,  ae,  f .  (R.  same  as  ulmus,  \vh. 
see,  ul-va),  coarse  grass,  sedge. 

umbra,  ae,  f.  (R.  amb,  to  envelope, 
umb-ra),  shadow,  shade  ;  darkness, 
gloom  ;  shading  ;  a  shade,  a  ghost  ;  the 
Shade,  the  Shades. 

umbrosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (umbra), 
shady. 

umeo  (humeo),  2  (R.  same  as  ndus, 
wh.  see),  to  be  damp,  to  be  wet. 

umerus,  I  (hum-),  (R.  am,  to  be 
strong,  am-e-so-s,  om-e-ro-s,  um-e-ru-s), 
the  shoulder. 

umldus  (hum-),  (for  EL.  see  ndus),  a, 
um,  adj.,  wet,  damp. 

unior,  oris  (hum-),  (see  fldus),  moist- 
ure, dampness ;  juice. 

unquam  (umquam),  adv.  (un-qi>am, 
un  fr.  unus,  quam  fr.  qui,  both  wh. 
see),  (any  one  time),  at  any  time,  ever. 

una,  adv.  (Onus),  (by  cue  way),  at 
once,  together,  along  with. 

uncus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  ak,  ank,  to 
bend,  unc-u-s),  bent,  crooked,  hooked. 

unda,  ae,  f.  (R.  vad,  ud,  vfiwp,  to 
well  up,  bathe,  u-n-d-a),  a  wave,  billow, 
sea  ;  by  meton.,  water,  the  waters,  the 
sea. 

uncle,  adv.  (R.  ka  +  R.  da  ;  f r.  ka, 
qua, quo,  qui,  quo-m,  cu-m,  cu-n,  then  (e) 
un  ;  fr.  da,  de  ;  =  (c)  un-de),/rom  what 
place,  whence  ;  from  whom,  from  what. 

undecimus,  a,  um,  num,  adj.  (unus 


and  decimus,  for  RR.  see  those  words), 
the  eleventh. 

undique,  adv.  (fr.  unde  and  que), 
from  all  sides,  from  every  quarter, 
everywhere. 

unguis,  is,  m.  (R.  agii,  angh,  to 
strangle,  bind,  join,  ungu-i-s),  a  nail,  a 
claw. 

unguo  (ungO),  xl,  ctum,  3  (R.  ao, 
ang,  to  anoint,  ung,  ungu-ere),  to  anoint. 

ungula,  ae,  f.  (R.  ak,  ank,  to  bend, 
crook,  unc-,  ung-u-s,  ungu-lu-s),  a  claw, 
hoof. 

unicolor,  oris,  adj.  (anus,  color),  of 
one  color. 

unicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (unus,  fr.  R.  i, 
pron.  stem,  3d  pers.,  ai,  ai-ua  (oinos, 
early  Latin),  u-nu-s,  (ini-cu-s),  (one,  one- 
ly),  only,  single,  the  only  one  ;  singular, 
remeirkable,  unique. 

unus,  a,  um,  gen.  unlus,  dat.  uul 
(for  R.  see  unicus),  one,  the  one,  single, 
a,  the  single  ;  only  one,  alone,  one  and 
the  same. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.  (R.  vardh,  to  grow, 
vardh-i,  flrdh-i,  urb-s,  =  something 
grown),  a  city  ;  by  meton.,  for  the  in- 
habitants of  a  city,  the  city. 

urgeo  (urgueO),  ursl,  2  (R.  vakg,  to 
turn,  press,  urg,  urg-  (urgu)-ere),  to 
press,  to  press  hard  or  close  ;  pursue, 
attack  ;  urge,  urge  on. 

urna,  ae,  f.  (R.  vas,  to  shine,  burn, 
aus,  Os,  tls,  tis-ere,  tlr-ere,  ur-na,  a  ves- 
sel of  burnt  clay),  an  urn,  a  jar ;  a 
cinerary  urn. 

tiro,  ussT,  ustum,  3  (for  R.  see  urna), 
to  burn,  singe,  burn  up,  consume. 

ursa,  ae,  f.,  a  she-bear. 

usquam,  adv.  (fr.  R.  ka,  qua,  quo 
(qui),  cu,  u-  +  bi,  u-bi,  ubi-s,  s  being 
locative,  ub-s,  us  +  quam,  us-quam), 
anywhere,  at  or  in  any  place. 

usque,  adv.  (for  R.  see  us-quam,  us 
fr.  ub-s  +  que  =  qued,  old  abl.  of  quis), 
all  the  way  to,  even  to,  as  far  as ;  all 
the  time,  ever,  quite,  even. 

usns,  tls,  m.  (dtor),  the  using,  use, 
employment,  application ;  use,  advan- 
tage; experience,  habit,  intercourse; 
usufruct,  see  note,  Met.  X,  37. 

ut,  utl  (fr.  pron.  stems,  ka  +  ta,  cu- 
te! (tei  being  locative),  u-ti,  ut),  1,  adv., 
how,  as,  since ;  just  as,  ut-sic,  as— so  = 


328 


UTER 


VE-CORS 


though— yet ;  offer  that ;  2,  conj.,  that, 
in  order  that,  so  that ;  supposing  that. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  gen.  lus,  dat.  I, 
pronom.  adj.  (fr.  R.  ka  (qui),  ka-tara, 
quo-tero,  cu-tero),  u-ter),  which  of  the 
two. 

uterque,  utraquc,  utrumque,  pro- 
nom. adj.  (nter-que),  each  of  two,  both. 

uterus,  I,  m.  (R.  ud,  upon,  out,  ut- 
teru-s,  n-teru-s),  the  womb  ;  fruit  of  the 
womb,  child,  young. 

utilis,  e,  adj.  (fltor),  useful,  service- 
able, advantageous,  profitable. 

utilitas,  atis,  f.  (utor),  utility,  ad- 
vantage, profit,  service. 

utiliter,  adv.  (titilis),  usefully,  with 
advantage. 


utinam,  adv.,  oh  that  !  would  that! 

utor,  uslls  sum,  3,  v.  dep.  (R.  av,  to 
like,  help,  av-ere,  av-ta,  av-a-ti,  av-a-ti-s, 
ov-i-t-i-s,  o-i-ti-s,  u-ti-s  (in  early  Latin, 
oitier,  oisus)),  to  help  with,  to  use,  make 
use  of,  enjoy,  employ,  take  advantage 
of 

utrimque,  adv.  (uterque),  on  both 
sides,  on  each  (of  two)  side,  from  both 
sides. 

iiva,  ae,  f.  (R.  vag,  ug,  to  be  ivet, 
ugvu-s,  uvu-s,  uve-re,  ugv-a,  uva\  the 
grape,  grapes,  cluster  or  bunch  of 
grapes. 

uxor,  Oris,  f .  (R.  yak,  to  desire, 
love,  vac,  voc-tor,  early  Latin  voxor, 
uxsor,  uxor),  a  wife  (the  loving  one). 


vacca,  ae,  f .  (R.  vak,  to  sound,  vak 
(vaca).  vacca,  the  lowing),  a  cow. 

vaco,  1,  etym.  unc,  to  be  empty,  free 
from,  to  be  without ;  to  be  without  oc- 
cupation, at  leisure. 

vacuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  empty,  free,  at 
leisure ;  op?n. 

vatlo,  vasum,  3  (R.  ga,  to  go,  gva, 
va-d,  va-d-u-m,  a  place  where  one  may 
go  (a  going-place),  ford,  vad-e-re),  to  go 
firmly,  to  go,  jiass. 

vadum,  I,  n.  (for  R.  see  vado),  a 
ford,  shoal,  shallow. 

vagio,  4  (R.  vak,  to  sound,  vag,  vilg- 
Ire),  to  cry,  wail ;  ivhimper. 

vagor,  v.  dep.,  1  (for  R.  see  vagus), 
to  rove  about,  roam,  wander,  stray. 

vagus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  vagh,  to 
move  to  and  fro,  vag,  vag-u-s,  vaga-re, 
rT),  rambling,  roving,  roaming,  stray- 
ing ;  uncertain,  vagrant. 

valeo,  ul.  itum,  2  (R.  bal,  to  breathe, 
be  strong,  val5-re),  to  be  strong,  sound  ; 
to  be  well ;  vale,  farewell ;  to  be  power- 
full,  vigorous  ;  to  avail,  have  influence; 
part.,  valens,  ntis,  as  adj.,  strong,  stout, 
vigorous  (valiant). 

validus,  a,  um,  adj.  (valeo),  strong, 
vigorous,  violent  (valid). 

vallis  (-es),  is,  f .  (R.  var,  to  cover, 
surround,  val,  val-le-s,  val-li-s,  a  cov- 
ered, protected,  place),  a  valley,  vale. 

valva,  ae,  f .  (R.  var,  to  wind,  roll, 
fold,  val-v),  a  folding-door. 

vanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  etym.  unc,  emp- 


ty, void,  vain;  null,  groundless,  without 
success ;  deceptive,  untrustworthy. 

vapor,  Oris,  m.  (R.  kvap,  to  smoke, 
steam,  vap,  vap-os,  -or),  steam,  vapor  ; 
warmth,  heat. 

vario,  1,  etym.  unc,  to  make  vanous, 
variegate  ;  to  vary ;  to  diversify ;  to 
make  one's  self  different. 

varius,  a,  um,  adj.,  various,  varying, 
manifold,  diverse,  different. 

Varro,  Onis  ;  see  note.  Am.  1, 15,  21. 

varus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  kau,  bent, 
crooked,  kvar,  cvar-u-s,  var-u-s),  bent 
outward,  bent. 

vastator,  Oris,  m.  (vastus),  one  that 
laijs  waste,  a  ravager,  destroyer  ;  deso- 
lating, 

vast?,  adv.  (vastus),  vastly,  immense- 
ly, violently. 

vastus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  vasta,  waste, 
desolate,  vastu-s),  waste  ;  then  with  the 
idea  of  extent,  vast,  immense,  huge, 
powerful. 

vates,  is,  comm.  (R.  ga,  to  sing,  gS, 
gva,  va,  va-te-s),  a  soothsayer,  seer ; 
singer,  bard,  poet. 

vaticinor  (vates,  canO),  to  announce 
as  seer  ;  to  prophesy ;  to  sing. 

-ve,  conj.  (R.  var,  to  choose,  val,  vol, 
vol-O,  vl-s,  vi-s,=ve),  or  (you  will  or  you 
please),  or — or,  either— or. 

ve-cors,  rdis,  adj.  (ve  fr.  R.  dva, 
dvi,  two,  dva,  dva-i,  va-i,  ve,  too  little, 
not  very,  not,  +cor,  not  very  intelligent 
^■unintelligent),  not  having  sense  or  in- 


VEIIO 


VERUS 


329 


telligence,  senseless,  silly,  foolish,  mad, 
Insane. 

veho,  vexl,  vectum,  3  (B.  vagii,  to 
move,  vag,  veh,  veh-ere),  to  carry,  bear; 
to  drive  ;  in  pass.,  vehl,  to  be  borne,  to 
ride,  sail,  journey. 

vel,  conj.  (fr.  volO,  vel-le,  sec  ve),  or 
(you  will  or  please),  either — or ;  even. 

velamen,  inis,  n.  (velO),  a  veil,  cov- 
ering ;  garment. 

vello  (velll),  vulsT,  vulsum,  3  (B. 
var,  to  draw,  pull,  vel,  vel-1-ere),  to 
pull,  pluck  ;  to  tear  out  or  up. 

vellus,  eris,  n.  (fr.  vello,  as  some- 
thing pulled  off),  wool  shorn  off,  a  fleece; 
a  sheep-skin,  fell ;  a  hide. 

velo,  1  (for  B.  see  velum),  to  cover, 
surround,  veil,  clothe. 

velociter,  adv.  (vglox),  swiftly,  rap- 
idly. 

velox,  Ocis,  adj.  (B.  val,  to  go,  move 
one's  self,  vel,  v6l-ox),  swift,  fleet. 

velum,  I,  n.  (B.  vagh,  to  move,  vag, 
veh,  veh-s-lu-m,  vec-s-lu-m,  ve-s-lu-m, 
velum,  something  moving),  a  sail ;  by 
meton.,  for  a  ship,  a  sail ;  a  covering, 
awning. 

velut,  velutl,  adv.  (for  B.  see  ve, 
vel,  vel-utl),  as  if,  as  when,  just  as,  as, 
as  it  were,  as  though. 

vena,  ae,  f .  (B.  same  as  velum,  vagh, 
vag,  veh,  veh-na,  vC-na),  a  vein,  an  ar- 
tery ;  a  vein  of  water,  a  stream;  also  a 
vein  of  metal. 

venabulum,  T,  n.  (vSnor,  fr.  B.  vi, 
to  chase,  vai,  ve-na-rl),  a  hunting-spear. 

vendo,  vendidl,  venditum,  3  (vSnum- 
dr>,  vennndo),  to  give  for  sale,  to  sell. 

venenifer,  fera,  ferum,  adj.,  poison- 
bearing,  poisonous. 

venSnum,  I,  n.,  etym.  unc.,  poison. 

veneror,  1,  v.  dep.  (B.  van,  ven,  to 
desire,  value,  ven-ia,  Yen-us,  ven-es-u-s, 
vene-ra-rl),  to  value,  honor,  venerate. 

venia,  ae,  f.  (for  B.  see  veneror), 
grace,  permission,  favor,  indulgence, 
pardon. 

veniO,  vCnT,  ventum,  4  (B.  ga,  to  go 
or  come,  gva,  va,  ga-n,  ve-n,  ve-n-Ire),  to 
come,  to  reach,  arrive  at,  to  come  near, 
approach. 

venter,  ventris,  m.  (B.  gatara, 
belly,  ge-n-ter,  gve-n-ter,  vc-n-ter),  the 
belly ;  stomach. 


ventus,  I,  m.  (B.  va,  to  blow,  va-nt, 
ve-ntu-s),  wind. 

Venus,  eris,  f.  (B.  same  as  veneror), 
grace,  beauty ;  the  goddess  of  love, 
Venus ;  love. 

vSr,  veris,  n.  (B.  vas,  to  shine,  ves, 
ves-er,  ve-er,  vGr),  the  spring,  spring- 
time, Spring. 

verbenae  (verbena),  arum,  f.  (B. 
vardh,  to  grow,  verb,  verb-es-na,  vcrb- 
S-na),  vervain ;  herbs  or  branches  from 
a  sacred  place. 

verber,  eris,  n.  (B.  same  as  preced- 
ing, vardh,  vardh-as,  verb-es,  verb-er,  a 
bough,  branch),  a  whip,  a  lash ;  a  thong. 

verbero,  1,  to  strike,  beat. 

verbosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (verhnm),  full 
of  words,  wordy;  prolix,  verbose. 

verbum,  I,  n.  (B.  var,  to  speak,  var- 
dha,  ver-bu-m),  a  word,  words. 

verecundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vereor), 
modest,  bashful ;  respectful. 

vereor,  veritus  sum,  v.  dep.,  2  (B. 
var,  to  guard,  protect,  ver,  ver-erl),  to 
feel  awe,  be  awed  ;  to  fear,  dread. 

Vergilius,  I  (il),  Publius  Ycrgilius 
Maro  ;  Vergil. 

vernus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vOr),  of  or  per- 
taining to  spring,  vernal. 

vero,  adv.  (verus),  in  truth,  truly, 
assuredly ;  but. 

VerSna,  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul ;  Verona. 

verro,  verrl,  versum,  3  (B.  var,  to 
draw  through,  drag,  var-s,  vers,  vcrr- 
ere),  to  sweep  ;  draw. 

verso,  1  (vertO),  to  turn  again  and 
again,  to  turn. 

versus,  us,  m.  (verto),  a  turn,  turn- 
ing ;  a  line,  a  verse  ;  verse,  poetry. 

vertex  (vor-),  icis,  m.  (vertO),  a  turn, 
whirl,  whirlpool,  an  eddy  ;  the  crown 
of  the  head  ;  head,  top. 

vertigo,  inis,  f.  (verto),  a  turning,  a 
whirling,  of  the  water ;  a  whirling  of 
the  head,  vertigo. 

verto  (vor-),  vertl,  versum,  3  (B. 
vart,  to  turn,  vert-ere),  to  turn,  to  turn 
away  or  around,  or  about,  to  turn  up, 
overturn  ;  to  change  ;  to  overthrow. 

verum  (verus),  conj.,  but,  yet,  how- 
ever, still. 

verus,  a.  um,  adj.  (B.  var,  to  be- 
lieve, ver,  v6r-u-s),  credible,  true  ;  real. 


330 


VESPER 


VILIS 


genuine;  subst.  neut.,  the  true,  the 
truth ;  truthful,  veracious. 

vesper,  -eris,  and  -erl,  m.  (R.  vas, 
to  clothe,  envelope,  ves,  ves-ti-s,  ves-per 
(k  to  p),  ecnrepos),  the  evening  (vespers)  ; 
land  of  the  evening  ;  land  of  the  setting 
sun,  the  west. 

Vesta,  ae,  f.  (R.  vas,  to  light,  shine, 
burn,  ves,  ves-ta,  cori'a,  the  (burning) 
hearth;  Vesta,  as  the  goddess  of  the 
hearth,  of  home,  of  domestic  purity  and 
order ;  in  mythology,  the  daughter  of 
Saturn  ;  the  perpetually  burning  fire  in 
the  temple  of  Vesta,  as  the  goddess  of 
the  national  home  or  household,  a  sym- 
bol of  the  perpetuity  of  the  national 
life,  of  Rome,  as  the  Eternal  City. 

vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  possess. 
pron.  (fr.  R.  tva,  tu,  pi.  sva,  svo,  vo-s, 
nom.  and  ace.,  te-vo-s,  tuu-s,  vos-,  ves- 
ter), your,  yours. 

vestigium,  I  (il),  n.  (R.  stigh,  to 
step,  stlg,  preceded  by  ve,  wh.  see,  ve- 
stTg-iu-m),  a  trace,  a  track, footprint,  a 
vestige  ;  footstep,  step,  the  foot. 

vestigo,  1  (vestigium),  to  trace,  to 
track,  follow  one's  track  ;  to  search  for, 
investigate. 

vesti5,  Tvl  (il),  Itum,  4  (for  R.  see 
vestis),  to  clothe  ;  cover. 

vestis,  is,  f.  (R.  vas,  to  clothe,  ves, 
ves-ti-s),  a  clothing,  garment,  robe ; 
drapery,  hangings,  tapestry,  carpet. 

veto,  vetuT,  vetitum,  1  (R.vat,  year, 
adj.  old,  vet,  veta-re  (inveterare,  -turn, 
inveterate),  to  let  grow  old,  let  go  for 
nothing,  not  to  let  take  place},  to  do 
away  with  ;  to  forbid,  prohibit,  re- 
fuse. 

vetus,  eris,  adj.  (R.  same  as  preced- 
ing), long  standing,  old,  former,  earlier, 
early. 

vetustas,  atis,  f.  (vetus),  age,  long 
time,  lapse  of  time  ;  old  age. 

vexo,  1  (veho,  vectum,  vex-0,  to  car- 
ry, chase  to  and  fro),  to  chase,  shake ; 
to  annoy,  vex. 

via,  ae,  f .  (R.  same  as  veho,  vagh, 
vag,  veh,  veh-ja,  veh-ia  or  veha,  vea, 
via),  a  way,  road,  street ;  a  course,  jour- 
ney, passage,  voyage. 

viator,  Oris,  m.  (via),  a  traveler, 
wanderer. 

vibro,  1  (R.  vir,  to  quiver,  tremble, 


vib,  vib-ru-s,  vibra-re),  to  put  into  quiv- 
ering or  swinging  motion  ;  to  brandish, 
shake  ;  quiver,  wave  ;  to  gleam. 

vicinia,  ae,  f.  (viclnus),  nearness, 
vicinity,  neighborhood. 

viclnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (R.  vik,  to 
come,  reach,  voik,  vie,  vlc-u-s,  vlc-Inu-s), 
(come  to,  reached),  near,  neighboring, 
close  by,  in  the  vicinity  or  neighborhood  ; 
subst.  neut.  pi.,  vlclna,  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

vicis,  gen.,  nom.  not  in  use,  vicem, 
vice,  pi.  vices,  vlcibus,  f.  (R.  vik,  to 
change,  vie-,  vic-is),  change,  changes, 
chances,  vicissitudes  ;  in  vicem,  in  turn; 
a  (changing  in  succession)  place,  office, 
duty,  function. 

victor,  oris,  m.  (vincO),  a  victor,  con- 
queror;  adj.,  victorious. 

Victoria,  ae,  f.  (vincO),  victory,  con- 
quest ;  Victoria,  goddess  of  victory. 

victrix,  Icis,  f .  (vincO),  a  conqueror  ; 
adj.,  victorious. 

victus,  us,  m.  (vivo),  means  of  living, 
subsistence,  sustenance,  food. 

video,  vldl,  visum,  2  (R.  vid,  to  see, 
know,  vid-Sre),  to  see,  look  upon  ;  pass., 
videri,  to  be  seen,  to  seem  ;  part.,  vlsus, 
seen,  looked  upon,  videndus,  visible,  to 
be  seen  ;  subst.  pi.  neut.,  visa,  the  sight, 
vision  (the  seen) ;  to  experience,  to  visit, 
go  to  see. 

vietus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vieo,  fr.  R.  gi, 
to  overcome,  gvi,  vi,  vi-s,  vi-u-s,  vio,  vio- 
late, vie,  vie-tu-s,  overcome  with  age), 
old,  withered,  weak. 

vigeo,  2  (R.  vag,  to  be  strong,  veg, 
vig,  vig-ere),  to  be  strong,  vigorous  ;  to 
bloom,  to  live. 

Vigil,  ilis,  adj.  (R.  same  as  preceding 
word,  vag,  veg,  vig,  vig-il),  wakeful, 
awake,  watchful,  lively,  vigilant ; 
subst.,  a  ivatchman,  sentinel,  guard. 

vigilax,  Scis,  adj.  (vigil),  watchful, 
vigilant. 

vigilo,  1  (vigil),  to  watch,  tobe  watch- 
ful, vigilant. 

vigor,  Oris,  m.  (vigeo),  strength,  ac- 
tivity, force,  vigor. 

vilis,  e,  adj.  (same  R.  as  veho,  vagh, 
vag,  veh-0,  veh-i-culu-m,  veh-ili-s,  vc- 
ili-s,  vi-ili-is,  vlli-s,  something  that  ir 
vehicle-full,  and  so  is  cheap),  cheap,  com- 
mon, worthless ;  vile. 


V1LL0SUS 


I  VIVO  33 


villosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (villus),  hairy. 

villa,  ae,  f.,  a  farm-house,  villa. 

villus,  I,  m.  (B.  same  as  vail  is,  var, 
to  surround,  val,  val-na,  vil-lu-s),  coarse 
hair,  hair  of  animals. 

vlmen,  inis,  n.  (vieo,  B.  oi,  gvi,  vi-, 
vi-inen),  a  twig,  osier;  coll.,  bushes. 

vinciO,  vinxl,  vinctuin,  4  (B.  vi,  to 
wind,  braid,  vi-k,  vi-n-k,  vine-Ire),  to 
wind  around,  bind,  join,  make  firm;  to 
twine,  encircle. 

vinco,  vlcl,  victnm,  3  (B.  vik,  to 
fight,  strike,  vi-n-c-ere),  to  conquer, 
overcome,  be  victorious  ;  to  surpass,  ex- 
cel, prevail. 

vinculum,  vinclum,  I,  n.  (vinciO),  a 
bond,  fetter,  band,  a  bond  of  union  or 
of  relationship. 

vindex,  icis,  comm.  (B.  same  as 
venia,  van,  ven,  vin, +  B.  da,  to  show, 
learn,  speak,  di-k,  die  (+dex),  die-is,  = 
vin-dex,  -die-is,  a  speaker  in  one's  favor 
or  behalf),  a  defender,  protector;  an 
avenger. 

vindico,  1  (same  B.  as  the  preced- 
ing, vindex-dic,  vindic-u-s,  vindica-re), 
to  claim,  defend,  protect,  vindicate;  to 
avenge,  punish. 

vindicta,  ae,  f .  (vindico).  vengeance. 

vlnetum,  i,  n..  a  vineyard. 

vlnum,  I,  n  (B.  same  as  vlmen,  vi, 
to  ivind,  vi,  vl-ti-s  (a  winding  plant,  a 
vine),  vT-nu-m,  cf.  otros),  wine. 

viola,  ae,  f .  (B.  same  as  preceding, 
vi,  vio,  vio-la),  a  violet. 

violentus  (f r.  violo,  wh.  see),  a,  um, 
adj.,  violent  fierce,  wild,  threatening. 

violo,  1  (B.  gi,  to  overcome,  gvi,  vi, 
vis,  vi-u-s,  vio-,  vio-la-re,  vio-lere,  vio- 
lent-u-s),  to  violate,  injure,  do  violence 
to ;  to  wound ;  to  stain,  outrage. 

vlpera,  ae,  f .  (fr.  B.  of  vivo,  wh.  see, 
+  B.  of  pariO,  wh.  see,  =  vivi-paru-s, 
that  brings  forth  live  young,  vivi-pera, 
vT-pera),  a  viper,  snake. 

vlpereus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vlpera),  of 
vipers  or  snakes  ;  venomous. 

vir,  virl,  m.  (B.  vira,  man,  hero, 
viro,  vir),  a  man ;  a  hero ;  in  pi.,  men, 
people  ;  a  husband. 

virago,  inis,  f .  (B.  same  as  vir),  an 
heroic  or  a  masculine  woman  ;  used  of 
Minerva,  Met.  VI,  130,  where  see  note. 

vireo,  ul,  2  ( B.  guar,  to  be  green, 


331 


ghvar,  var,  viri-di-s,  viri-du-s,  virida-re, 
virc-re),  to  be  green,  grow  green,  to  flour- 
ish; part.,  virGns.  fiouHshing. 

virga,  ae,  f.  (B.  vaug,  to  push,  swell 
(urg-urgGre),  virg-a),  a  (swelling)  shoot, 
twig,  sapling  ;  a  rod,  a  wand. 

virgineus,  a,  um,  adj.  (virgS),  (B. 
same  as  preceding),  of  a  virgin. 

virg5,  inis,  f.,  a  virgin,  maiden. 

viridis,  e,  adj.  (for  B.  see  vireO), 
green. 

virtus,  Otis,  f.  (fr.  vir),  manliness  ; 
manlwod  ;  force,  strength  ;  courage  ; 
merit  ;  excellence  ;  virtue. 

virus,  I,  n.  (B.  vis,  to  work,  to  be 
active,  vis-u-s,  vlr-u-s),  poison,  venom  ; 
virus. 

vis,  gen.  and  dat.  not  used,  vim,  vi ; 
pi.,  vires,  -ium,  ibus,  f.  (B.  gi,  to  over- 
come, gvi,  vi,  vi-s),  force,  strength, 
power,  might ;  in  pi.,  forces,  2>owers, 
virtues. 

viscus,  oris,  n.  (B.  viska,  soft,  visc- 
us,  the  soft  parts  of  the  body),  the  in- 
wards ;  entrails  ;  viscera  ;  the  flesh  ; 
the  vitals  ;  the  vital  point  in  anything. 

vlso,  visT,  visum,  3  (video),  to  go  to 
see,  to  behold  ;  to  visit ;  to  examine. 

vita,  ae,  f .  (B.  same  as  vivo,  giv,  to 
live,  vlv,  vlv-u-s  (early  Latin,  veiv-o-s), 
vlvi-du-s,  vlv-ax,  vlv-ere  (vivita),  vl-ta), 
life  ;  the  living  or  vital  principle  ;  way 
of  life,  living. 

vitio,  1  (B.  same  as  vlnum,  vi,  to 
wind,  wind  around  or  into,  vi-t-iu-m, 
something  that  winds  into  one,  vice, 
vitia-re),  to  vitiate  ;  to  injure,  destroy, 
ruin. 

vitis,  is,  f.  (B.  same  as  vlnum,  wh. 
see),  a  vine,  a  grape-vine. 

vitium,  I  (il),  n.  (for  B.  see  vitiol,  a 
defect,  fault,  blemish ;  an  injurious 
thing  ;  vice,  a  vice. 

vi  to,  1  (B.  vik,  to  separate,  to  sepa- 
rate one's  self,  vie,  vlca-re,  vici-ta-re,  vT- 
ta-re),  to  shun,  avoid. 

vltrum,  I,  n.  (B.  same  as  video,  vid, 
to  see,  vid-tru-m,  vl-tru-m,  something  to 
see  with  or  through),  glass. 

vitta,  ae,  f.  (B.  vi,  to  bind,  vi-ta, 
vitta).  a  band,  fillet. 

vivo,  vixl,  victum.  3  (for  B.  see  vita), 
to  lire,  be  alive;  to  subsist;  to  keep  alive, 
continue  in  life. 


332 


YIVUS 


ZONA 


vivus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vivo),  alive, living; 
quick  ;  fresh,  flowing,  natural. 

vix,  adv.  (R.  same  as  vincD,  vik,  vic-s, 
vix),  with  difficulty,  with  pains,  hardly, 
scarcely. 

vocalis,  e,  adj.  (R.  same  as  vocO, 
vak,  to  sound,  voc,  voca-re,  voca-bili-s, 
voc-ali-s),  sounding,  sonorous  ;  weal. 

voc5,  1  (see  vocalis  for  R.),  to  call, 
to  call  upon,  invoke ;  to  name,  to  call  by 
name. 

volatus,  as,  m.  (volo,  1),  a  Jlying, 
Mght. 

volito,  1  (volo,  1),  to  fly  to  and  fro, 
to  flit,  flutter. 

volo,  1  (R.  val,  to  go,  move  one's 
self,  vol,  voia-re),  to  fly.  fly  about,  flit. 

volo,  velle,  volul  (R.  var,  to  will, 
vel,  vol,  vol-O,  6  before  11  and  I  becomes 
g,  volis,  vilis,  vils,  vis,  vol-t  early  Latin, 
vul-t ;  vol-u-mu-s,  vol-tis,  vul-tis,  vol-u- 
nt;  subj.,  vel-ie-m,  vel-i-m;  inf.,  vel-se, 
viel-le ;  imperf.,  vol6-bam  ;  subj.,  vel- 
se-m,  vel-le-m;  int.,  vol-a-m;  perf.,  vol- 
ul ;  part.,  vol-S-ns),  to  will;  to  wish;  to 
be  willing,  to  consent,  allow,  choose  ;  to 
have  in  view,  to  purpose. 

voltus,  see  vultus. 

volubilis,  e,  adj.  (volvo),  rolling, 
whirling. 

volucer,  volucris,  volucre,  adj.  (R. 
same  as  volo,  are,  val,  vol,  vol-u-cer), 
flying,  winged. 

voiucris,  f.  (see  preceding),  a  flying 
creature ;  a  fowl ;  a  bird. 

volumen,  inis,  n.  (fr.  volvO),  a  roll- 
ing, winding,  coiling,  coil ;  a  roll  of 
writing  ;  a  volume,  book. 

voluntas,  atis,  f .  (from  volo,  velle), 
will,  wish,  desire  ;  purpose  ;  good  will. 

voluptas,  atis,  f .  (R.  same  as  pre- 
ceding, val,  vol,  val-p,  vol-o-p,  vol-u-p, 
\o\\\y-t%$\ pleasure,  enjoyment,  delight; 
lust. 

voliito,   1  (volvO),   to  keep  rolling; 


to  roll  to  and  fro ;  to  revolve  in  one's 
mind. 

volvS,  volvl,  volutum,  3  (R.  var.  to 
wind,  whirl,  val,  vol,  val-v,  vol-v-ere), 
to  roll,  roll  over,  whirl ;  to  be  rolled;  to 
revolve  ;  of  time  (as  annus),  part.,  vol- 
vens,  rolling,  the  rolling  year. 

vomer,  eris,  m.  (R.  vasmi,  plow- 
share, vosmi,  vomi-s,  voin-er),  a  plow- 


vomo,  uT,  itum,  &(R.vam,  to  spew, 
vom,  vom-ere),  to  vomit,  belch  forth. 

votum,  T,  n.  (voveO),  a  thing  vowed; 
avow;  prayer,  wish, promise;  a  votive 
offering. 

voveo,  vovT,  votum,  2  (R.  git,  to 
sound,  to  sj)eak  out,  gvov,  vov,  vov-ere), 
to  make  known  by  speaking,  to  promise, 
voio,  wish  ;  to  devote,  dedicate. 

vox,  vOcis.  f .  (R.  vak,  to  sound,  voc, 
vOc,  vox),  a  sound,  a  voice,  the  voice,  a 
song  ;  a  cry  ;  a  tone  ;  a  word,  words, 
discourse. 

Vulcanius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  or  per- 
taining to  Vulcan. 

Vulcanus,  I,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Juno,  Vulcan,  the  god  of  fire ;  by 
meton.,  fire. 

vulgaris,  e,  adj.  (valgus),  general, 
common,  ordinary  ;  vulgar. 

vulgo,  1  (vulgus),  to  make  common, 
publish  abroad,  make  known ;  to  di- 
vulge. 

vulgus  (volgus),  T,  n.  (R.  varg,  to 
press,  to  include  and  exclude,  valg, 
vulg,  vulg-us),  the  crowd,  the  great  mul- 
titude, the  common  people  ;  the  rabble. 

vulnus  (volnus),  eris,  n.  (R.  var,  to 
pull,  tear,  wound,  vel,  vol,  vul,  vul-nus), 
a  wound,  a  stroke,  blow ;  a  bite. 

vultus,  us,  m.  (volnus),  (R.  var,  to 
will,  wish,  val,  vol,  val-tu,  vul-tu-s,  ex- 
pression of  wilt),  expression,  mien,  as- 
pect,  countenance,  face  ;  a  look,  form, 
appearance. 


Xanthus,  I,  m.,  a  river  near  Troy,  also  called  Scamander. 


Zephyrus,  I,  m.,  the  west  wind,  the 
Zephyrus,  Zephyr. 

Zetes,  ae,  m.,  one  of  the  winged  sons 
of  Boreas  ;  Zetes. 


zona,  ae,  f.,  Gr.  {(ovy,  a  girdle,  a 
belt;  a  zone  of  the  earth  or  of  the 
heavens. 


^ 


14  DAY  USE 

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